The Bush/Cheney manejimendi akabvisa fracking kubva mukutarisisa kwehurumende yemubatanidzwa nekupasiswa kweEnergy Policy Act ya2005, iyo yairegedza hydraulic fracturing (fracking) mashandiro kubva kumitemo yemubatanidzwa uye yakapa hutongi nechiremera pamusoro pekubira kumatunhu, makanzuru, uye. varidzi vezvivakwa zvavo. Kubva ipapo, indasitiri yekubira yazara munyika kubva kuPennsylvania kuenda kuWyoming kuenda kuTexas, ichikura nechikamu che50 muzana pagore. Zvichienderana, uye vachitevera zvakananga mumakwara evano fracking, huwandu hwenyaya dzemvura yekunwa ine muchetura, mhuka dzepapurazi dzakafa, mhuka dzemumba dzakaremara, pombi dzemvura dzinopfuta moto, mapundu eganda, mamota anodzokororwa, kutsva huro nemhino, asthma, kufema kwakaoma. zvezvipfuyo zvemumba, mombe dzakaonda, kuparara kwebvudzi, manyoka, uye kutakurwa kwemvura yemubhodhoro nemarori zvawedzera pamwero unotyisa.
Indasitiri yeoiri negasi ndiyo yega indasitiri muAmerica inotenderwa neEPA kupinza zvinhu zvine njodziโzvisina kuvharwaโzvakananga mukati, kana padyo ne, pasi pevhu mvura yekunwa.
Sekureva kwemushumo wekuferefeta neUS House of Representatives muna 2011, fracking inoshandisa 750 makomisheni ayo mazana matanhatu nemakumi mashanu eawa ane makemikari anozivikanwa, kana anogoneka, ecarcinogens yevanhu. Makambani eFracking anoputika makemikari aya mamaira imwe kusvika matatu pasi pevhu kuti abvise mafuta negesi. Ko kana mishonga iyi ikapinda mumvura yedu? Izvi zviri kutoitika. Fracking inosunungurwa kubva kune:
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Yakachengeteka Yekunwa Mvura Mutemo
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Akachena Mvura Mutemo
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Yakachena Mhepo Mutemo
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CERCLA (Superfund Act)
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Resource Conservation uye Recovery Act
(Njodzi ine ngozi) -
Environmental Policy Act
Muna 2001, bato rakakosha pagwaro remagetsi rakadaidzwa neMutevedzeri weMutungamiriri Dick Cheney rakakurudzira kuti Congress ibvise hydraulic fracturing kubva kuSafe Drinking Water Act. Iyo Energy Policy Act ye2005- yakavakirwa pa "suspect" 2004 EPA kudzidza pamusoro pemarasha hydraulic fracturing kururamisa kupfuudzwa kubva kuSafe Drinking Water Act-inozivikanwa seHalliburton Loophole. Bhodhi rekuongorora rekuongorora kweEPA raisanganisira vanomwe vakagadzwa vakazvimiririra nyanzvi, kusanganisira: (1) Morris Bell weAmoco, (2) David Hill, weEmerging Resources-Gas Technology Institute, (3) Buddy McDaniel weHaliburton, (4) Jon. Olson weExxon, uye (5) Ian Palmer weBP. Vashanu vevanomwe "vasarudzo" vakabva zvakananga kubva ku indasitiri yemafuta uye gasi.
Kurudziro dzavo dzekusabuda muMutemo weMvura Inonwa Yakachengeteka dzakazosimudzwa nemuridzi weEPA Weston Wilson (EPA, Environmental Engineer), uyo akatumira tsamba achinyunyuta musi wa8 Gumiguru 2004 kumaSeneta eUS nenhengo dzeImba. Zviri pachena kuti havana kukoshesa Wilson.
Pamusoro pezvo, iyo Oiri neGasi Kuzvidavirira Project yakashoropodza chidzidzo chimwe chete cheEPA, ichipedzisa chidzidzo ichi nekusafuratira zvinhu zvakakosha zvisingatsigire zvakabuda muongororo. Ongororo yavo inoti: "Takaona kuti EPA yakabvisa ruzivo kubva muzvinyorwa zvekare zvairatidza kutsemuka kusingadzoreki kunotyisidzira hutano hwevanhu uye kuti Sangano harina kusanganisira ruzivo runoratidza kuti kuputika kwemvura kunogona kutyisidzira mvura yekunwa ...." (โMvura Yedu Yekunwa Panjodzi: Chii EPA uye Indasitiri yeOiri neGasi Isingade kuti Tizive NezveHydraulic Fracturing,โ Oil and Gas Accountability Project, Kubvumbi, 2005.)
Zvese zviri pamusoro apa padivi, panogona kuve nekuzorora munzvimbo nekuti fracking indasitiri behemoths seHalliburton naBaker Hughes vari kushanda pakugadzira "green fracking". Asi izvi hazvisati zvakwanisa kumira muyedzo weruzhinji ruchangobva kumutswa kune njodzi dzinowanikwa mukutsikirira jecha, mvura, uye makemikari munzvimbo dzakasimba mukati mepasi, zvichigona kuburitsa radioactive zvinhu zvakanhongwa mumvura ine tsvina panguva yekuputika, izvo zvinozoonekwa zvichidzika. mumigove yemvura yekunwa, sezvakataurwa ne New York Times mukutanga 2011.
Fracking ndiyo itsva indasitiri yemagetsi Holy Grail, mhinduro kune simba rekuzvimirira, rakachena simba rakavharirwa muhumongous maumbirwo mukati menyika pasi pematunhu akaita seOhio, Pennsylvania, New York, North Dakota, uye makumi maviri nevamwe. Zvisinei, kukanganisika kumwe chete uye kusvibiswa kukuru kwekemikoro inodonhedzwa mumugero usiri iwo kungaguma nokuparira chepfu mumatsime emvura enyika. Izvi zvakatoitika kuWyoming uko vagari vePavilion vakayambirwa neEPA kuti vashandise mhepo yekufefetera kana vachigeza kuitira kuburitsa makemikari ane njodzi uye kunwa uye kubika kubva mumvura yemubhodhoro.
Makemikari MuMvura
Muna Zvita 2011, EPA yakazivisa kuwanikwa kwekemikari inopwanya gasi mune imwe aquifer yemvura yekunwa muWest-Central Wyoming. Sezvinei hapana nzira iyo imwe aquifer ine muchetura munzvimbo iri kure yeWest-Central Wyoming inomira kuputika, asi funga zvinotevera: fracking iindasitiri inopokana ine vakwikwidzi vazhinji pahuro yemumwe nemumwe, vachirwira zvinzvimbo uye kuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvemakemikari mafomula. kuitira kuti vakwikwidziri vavo vagone kwazvo mukuburitswa kusinganzwisisike kwesimba repasi pevhu rakavharirwa mune zvakaomesesa. Izvo chaizvo nekuda kwehutsinye, kukwikwidza chimiro cheindasitiri izvo njodzi dzinowedzerwa.
Zvichemo zvega zvega hazvina nzira nekuti makambani ekunyepa, seHalliburton, akakwanisa kuchengetedza zviri pamutemo kuzivikanwa kwemakemikari avanoshandisa mumatsime ega sezvakavanzika zvekutengeserana. Saka, hapana nzira yekuti hurumende inodzora agency kana muridzi wezvivakwa ega aenzanise kemikari ine chepfu mumvura nemupari wemhosva. Nguva pfupi yadarika iyo EPA yakafunga izvi-semuenzaniso, muPavilion, Wyoming. Zvakangodaro, kubva kuPennsylvania kuenda kuMontana kuenda kuTexas kune huwandu hukuru hwekugara zviri pamutemo pakati pevaridzi veminda nemvura ine muchetura uye simba rekuputika, nyaya imwe neimwe inosanganisira kugadzirisa mari kune munhu akakuvadzwa (uyo kazhinji anenge asisina mvura inonwiwa - maererano Gazette yeMontreal yaNdira 7, 2012, vatongi vemubatanidzwa vari kufunga nezvekutakura mvura yakachena kuenda kuDimock, Pennsylvania mushure mekunge vagari vemuguta vapa EPA mazana emapeji edata rinobatanidza kusvibiswa kwemvura muguta nekutsemuka) uye chibvumirano chekuti magwaro emutemo anofanira kuiswa chisimbiso, kwete. inowanikwa kune veruzhinji. Nyaya yakavharwa.
Makemikari Hatina Chatinoziva Nezvawo
Izvo remangwana rakabata fracking uye nekuita kwemvura yedu yekunwa yepasi pevhu zvinogona kuenderana nekuona kuti mvura inonwiwa inoyerera sei uye kuti nzira dzemvura dzinobatana sei pasi pevhu uye / kana kuti yakawanda sei mvura inoputika inodzokera pamusoro. Maererano a NY Times ongororo yekuongorora, gasi rapinda mumvura yekunwa pasi pevhu munzvimbo dzinosvika shanu, kusanganisira Colorado, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, uye West Virginia. Vagari vanopomera kuchera gasi. Imwe yenyanzvi dzepamusoro pamakemikari ekupwanya, Dr. Theo Colborn, Mutungamiri weEndocrine Disruption Exchange, anoti indasitiri inoshandisa makemikari e944 ayo isu tisingazive chinhu-inenge 43 muzana yemakemikari anonyorwa zviri pamutemo sezvakavanzika zvekutengeserana neindasitiri yemafuta negesi. . Kupfuurirazve, Colborn anoti 30-70 muzana yemakemikari anomanikidza pasi pevhu kudzokera pamusoro. Colborn anoyambira pamusoro pekubuda kwe endocrine malaises senge cancer kana makemikari amuka kana kupinda mumvura yekunwa pasi pevhu. Dambudziko nderekuti matambudziko eendocrine anotora makore kuratidza.
Iko hakuna yepakati yekurevera sosi yekusvibiswa kwemvura yepasi kubva mukuputsika, asi maererano waterdefense.org, Vatongi vehurumende vakanyora pamusoro pezviitiko zvinopfuura chiuru zvekusvibiswa kwemvura yepasi zvine chekuita nekuputika munyika yose. Fracking anoshandisa mvura yakachena yakawanda zvikuruโanenge marita mamiriyoni mana kusvika mapfumbamwe anobayiwa nejekiseni rimwe nerimwe. Izvi zvakaenzana nekushandiswa kwemvura yakachena zuva nezuva ne1,000 US dzimba. Tsime rimwe chete rinogona kutsemurwa ka60,000, zvichireva kuti kweupenyu hwose tsime rinogona kushandisa marita mamiriyoni 12 emvura yakachenaโyakaenzana ne100 1,200,000 10 inoshandiswa navanasaimba mvura yakachena zuva nezuva. MuDelaware River Basin muNew York nePennsylvania, indasitiri yegasi inofungidzira kuti ichashandisa anopfuura mabhiriyoni gumi emarita emvura mumakore gumi anotevera, ichibvisa kubva munzvimbo dzakafanana dzinopa veruzhinji.
Yakawanda yemvura inoputika inogara pasi pevhu, asi hapana ane mudziyo wekuyera zvinoitika. Zvinotendwa nevamwe vari kunze kweindasitiri yemagetsi, senge waterdefense.org, kuti kuputika kwakagadzirwa nekutsemuka kunogona kupindirana nepakatsemuka iripo pasi, zvichibvumira makemikari negasi kuti "vabate rwendo pahova dzepasi pevhu" munzira yekuenda. matsime emvura yekunwa. Ehe iyi ichokwadi hypothesis nekuti hapana anogona kuona zviri kuitika chaizvo. Iyo chete nzira yatichazoziva nayo chokwadi ndeye kana makemikari akabuda mumvura, yakafanana nePavilion, Wyoming kesi. Mubvunzo unobva wava wokuti, Tinodzorera sei mvura ine chepfu?
Ndiani anoziva kuti mazana emamiriyoni emarita, angangoita mabhiriyoni emarita, emvura yakasanganiswa nekemikari achaguma kupi rimwe zuva. Pamwe muvana vako kana vazukuru vako mvura. Zvino chii? Nyaya iyi inobvunza mubvunzo: Kana zvidzidzo zvakatsigirwa neEPA muna 2004 pasi pehutongi hweBush zvakaratidza pachena kuti hapana kunetseka kunokuvadza kubva ku hydraulic fracking, saka sei uchiregeredza kubva kuSafe Water Drinking Water Act?
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Robert Hunziker anogara muLos Angeles, California uye akaburitsa nyaya dze fracking pa Counterpunch uye mukati Firebrand Magazine.