Tiye wechipiri Bush hutongi hwakanga huchangotanga uye hondo yeAmerica muMiddle East yakanga ichikuya munzira yayo inouraya, isina gwara pandakasangana nomurongi neboka reNew York City rainzi Mbuya Vanopesana neHondo. Vane gumi nevasere vevamwe vake vakasungwa paTimes Square Recruiting Center nguva yapfuura pavakaedza kunyoresa kutsiva vechidiki vaishandira Bush muIraq. Vakanga voda kuenda kunotongwa nemhosva yekuvharisa vanhu vanofamba netsoka.
Mukati megore rakatevera nehafu, ndakabetsera kunyora nokuparadzira zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvomupepanhau nokuda kwaMbuya. Dzimwe nguva ndaiita navo uye nemamwe mapoka avaishanda nawo mukurwisa hondo. Ndakatangawo kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pevamiririri vevakuru ava. Vaive nenzira ine hungwaru yekupesana nezvinofungwa nevanhu nezve vanhu vakura, nepo vachishandisa fungidziro idzodzo nenzira yekugadzira kuti vabatane neruzhinji. Zvainakidza, zvakawana kutariswa, uye zvakasimudzira tsika yakasarudzika, inosanganisirwa yevamiriri.
Maitiro aya aive nemidzi yawo - sezvakaita vamwe vanaMbuya - neGrey Panthers, imwe yemafambiro anoshamisa kubuda kubva kuma1960. Nepamusoro-soro, maPanthers aive boka rekumanikidza kodzero uye chiremera chevakwegura. Asi semamwe maratidziro ema1960 ekufamba, anosanganisira Students for a Democratic Society neBlack Panther Party, vakavaka kushingaira kwavo pachiratidzo chenharaunda itsva umo vanhu vakura vanogona kuwana hutongi hwakakura hwehupenyu hwavo nekushanda kuburikidza nemuenzaniso wenharaunda yakavakirwa chikamu. pakubatsirana. Vakapikisa fungidziro yese yemagariro ekuti vakweguru vanofanira kugara sei uye kupi, mabatiro avanoita nevanhu vechidiki, uye kunyange mafambisirwo avanofanira kuita hupenyu hwavo hwepabonde.
Kana izvo zvakavaisa kunze kwekupenya kwezvematongerwo enyika, zvakavaita rimwe remapoka anozivikanwa evaratidziri panguva iyoyo. Izvi ndezvimwe nokuti Grey Panthers yaida zvinopfuura kungochengetedza kodzero dzakawanda uye zvigadziro zve "boka rekufarira." Vakatsvaka kuchinja nzira iyo veruzhinji vaiona vakwegura uye, kupfuura ipapo, basa renzanga raitarisirwa kuita vanhu pachikamu chose choupenyu. Vakatangisa nyika yese Media Watch iyo yakaona uye yakashevedzera stereotypical mifananidzo yevakuru. Zvakadaro vakashandisawo mukana wakazara mukutanga kwema1970 apo vezvenhau vakayeverwa nemufananidzo wechembere nevarume vadiki vachigadzira mitsetse yepikicha vachikwereta zita rebato rechimurenga revatema.
Vakadzosa nyasha muna 1973 apo Bobby Seale aimirira meya weOakland uye veBlack Panthers muguta iri vaitsungirira kudzvinyirirwa kwakanyanya kubva kumapurisa, FBI, nemamwe masangano. Sechikamu cheProjekti yavo SAFE (Vakuru Vanopesana Nenzvimbo Inotyisa), veOakland Grey Panthers vakaronga kuti zvikwata zveBlack Panther zviperekedze vakuru vaigara munzvimbo dzine ngozi. Mhinduro iri pachena uye inoshanda kune dambudziko remazuva ese, yakasimbisawo kubatana kweGrey Panthers nemafambiro emamwe mapoka asina kubatanidzwa uye anoshaya. Chaive chikamu chekuedza kusinga peri kuvhiringa zvinotarisirwa neveruzhinji uye kuvhura mikana mitsva yekuti mapoka akaita sevakuru nevemukati meguta vemuAfrica vekuAmerica vangadyidzana sei.
MaGrey Panthers akaenderera mberi. Pasinei nenguva yekudzikira uye dambudziko rekuzivikanwa, sangano rakapona uye rakatanga kuzvimutsiridza muzana ramakore idzva, uku richiparadzira nzira yaro yakasarudzika kuburikidza nemapoka akaita saMbuya Kurwisa Hondo. Asi maonero ezvemagariro evanhu vePanthers - ayo aisanganisira dzimba dzemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, makiriniki anotungamirirwa nenharaunda achisimbisa kudzivirira, uye kubatana pakati pemabasa emagariro evanhu uye demokrasi yehupfumi - inogona kuva chinhu chinonyanya kufadza pamusoro pavo nhasi. Mumakore ekutanga esangano, chiono ichocho chakavakirwa pakufungidzira kuti nzanga yakapfuma inofanira kukwanisa kuzvinatsa. Asi zvinopawo dzimwe mhinduro dzisina kukwana kudambudziko redu razvino, zvinoti, nzira yekutsanangura pamwe chete uye kuzadzisa zvido zvedu zvemagariro panguva iyo hurumende iri kudzoka kubva pakupa rubatsiro rwemagariro evanhu uye kurwisana kuri kuramba kuchipisa kwehupfumi kuti varambe vakabatirira. simba.
"Grey Panthers ari kuda kuchembera chinhu chakanaka, kwete chimwe chinhu chingavanzwa asi chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuziviswa nekusimbiswa," muvambi Maggie Kuhn akadaro, achitsanangura chirongwa chePanthers. "Chinhu chatiri kukwira ndechekuti hupenyu kuenderera uye zera inguva yekuzadzikiswa, yekuenderera mberi nekukura uye hunyanzvi uko zvinoiswa, ruzivo rwehupenyu hwese hunogona kuve hwakabatana neboka revanhu vari kuuya mukati mavo. makore ekugadzira ekugadzira, uye kune vechidiki vedu."
Iyi pfungwa youpenyu ine revo dzakajeka dzinoshanda nhasi, apo mhuri dzakawanda dzinoshanda dzinozviwana dzimene dzichirera vana panguva imwe cheteyo nokutarisira hama dzokunyama dzakwegura. Nzvimbo ine zvibereko yekutanga kuongorora kubatana kwakadaro ibhuku idzva Grey Panthers, nhoroondo yakareba yaidiwa yesangano, naRoger Sanjek, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu uyo โโanga ariwo mutori wechikamu-ne-off kwemakore anopfuura 30. Bhuku rake rakapfupika uye rinofema zvishoma sezvo richiroverera kutambura kukuru, kuita, uye mutambo wega wega mumapeji ari pasi pe300.
The Grey Panthers vakazvitakura sesangano remarudzi akawanda uye vakashanda pane zvinoshamisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu panguva imwe chete, kusanganisira kururamisira kwevanhu uye zvikonzero zvekurwisana nehondo zvisina hukama zvakananga nekukwegura. Ichi chikamu chezvinoenderera mberi nekuita kuti vafadze kune vemazuva ano vanoedza kuumba hukama pakati pemakakatanwa akasiyana asi ane hukama, uye Sanjek aive akarurama kusanganisa yakawanda yenyaya yavo sezvinobvira mubhuku rake.
Nekure mukuru-mbiri Grey Panther aive Kuhn, muratidziri webasa, murongi, uye murongi wechirongwa cheYoung Women's Christian Association-uye gare gare United Presbyterian Church-akatanga kuisa pfungwa iyi pamwe chete kune bato rakakura revanhu vakura vanoziva magariro. apo iye pachake akatarisana nekumanikidzwa kuenda pamudyandigere aine makore 65. Sanjek anoita nepaanogona napo kuti asarega Kuhn achitonga bhuku rake, achipa nzvimbo yakawanda kune mamwe akakosha Grey Panthers, kusanganisira Lillian Rabinowitz, akatanga nheyo yeBerkeley, Frances Klater, Elma Griesel, neNew York. varongi Lillian Sarno naSylvia Wexler.
Asi nzvimbo yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi inoramba ichidzokera kuna Kuhn uyo anobuda semuratidziri anoshamisa uye muoni, pamwe nemagineti enhau akaita kuti Panthers kuvepo kwetsika yepop pamwe nekufamba kunoshanda. Zvimwe izvi imhaka yekuti aive mutauri ane hunyanzvi uye mutauri uye aiyevedza kuvapo. Kuonekwa kwake naPhil Donahue naJohnny Carson kwaisayeukwa uye aigara ari munhau uye mumapepanhau muma1970 nema1980. Chimwe chikonzero, zvakadaro, ndechekuti akasimbirira, mukati meGrey Panthers uye neruzhinji, pakuisa kuratidzira kwevakuru pakuona kwakafara magariro, kwete nyaya yenguva.
Kuhn aigara mumhuri yemarudzi akawanda muPhiladelphia iyo yakashanda semufananidzo werudzi rwenharaunda yaaida kuti Panthers ibatsire kuvaka. Pane imwe nguva iyo yakanga ichiri kuonekwa sechinhu chisina kunaka, akaomerera pakutaura nezvepabonde sechikamu chinokosha chehupenyu kune vakwegura, kusanganisira ukama hwake hwenguva refu nemurume akaroora uye gare gare kubatanidzwa kwake nemurume ane makore 21 okukura Black Panther. Kutyora taboos yaive nzira yake yekuwedzera nhaurirano yekuti hupenyu hungave hupi kune vakwegura uye kuchengetedza kufamba kwakanangana nezvinogoneka kwete pane inotevera hurongwa hwekukanganisa.
Vanhu vechikuru vaive vekupedzisira uye, nepamusoro, boka risingaite rekuzivikanwa kuti risvike pakuziva muma1960s. Asi vaiva nezvikonzero zvose. Panguva iyoyo, chikamu chepamusoro kwazvo chevakwegura vekuAmerica vaigara muurombo kupfuura huwandu hwevanhu. Social Security yakanga isati yanyatsorongedzerwa ku inflation uye Medicare yakanga ichangotanga. Vazhinji vevakwegura vakachengetwa mumisha inochengeterwa vakwegura, kazhinji mumamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa. Kana vaida kuramba vachirarama hupenyu hunesimba, makadhi acho airongwa kwavari. Vashandirwi vakuru vaiwanzosimbisa mitemo yekurega basa uye hapana kwaidiwa nzvimbo dzebasa kana zvivakwa zveveruzhinji kuti vawane zvavanoda.
Izwi rokuti "ageism" rakagadzirwa muna 1968, gore rekumukirana, ne gerontologist Robert Butler sekubata-zvese kune vazhinji vanozvidza rusaruro rwakaunganidzirwa kune yekare, kubva kune yakaipa (doddering, "senile," crotchety) kusvika patronizing (passive, old-fashioned, cute). Vanhu vakura vakanga vava kutanga kunyunyuta, kushanda nesimba, uye kuumba mapoka okurwira kodzero dzavo. IAmerican Association of Retired People (AARP) yakatangwa mukupera kwema1950. Makumi gumi akatevera mamwe masangano makuru ekukurudzira akaonekwa, kusanganisira National Council of Senior Citizens inotsigirwa nevashandi neNational Caucus on the Black Aged.
Vakatanga kufambira mberi nokukurumidza. Muna 1965, Congress yakapfuura Medicare pamwe neOlder Americans Act, iyo yakapa mari muunganidzwa webasa idzva uye zvirongwa zvebasa zvevakwegura. Kwapera gore kwakauya yekutanga iteration yeAge Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), iyo yakatanga danho rekubvisa zvekumanikidzwa kuenda pamudyandigere.
MaGrey Panthers, ayo akabatana muna 1972, akanga akasiyana, zvisinei. Havana chinangwa chekuve sangano revanhu vazhinji rinotungamirwa nevashandi veWashington vaiunganidza nhengo dzaro kubva kumusoro zvichidzika. Pane kudaro, vakaronga kuburikidza nevemunharaunda kana "networks" zvakasununguka zvakabatanidzwa kuhofisi yenyika. Pakukwirira kwavo mukutanga kwema1980, maPanthers aingova nenhengo 5,000 kusvika 6,000 chete nemanetiweki zana nemakumi maviri nemaviri, nepo AARP's rolls akawedzera mamirioni makumi matatu. Asi maPanthers aive akaoma-musimboti, akazvipira vatsigiri, vazhinji vavo veterans vekare kuruboshwe uye bapiro rakasimba rebato revashandi, vakabatana nekuti vaida kupa nguva yakakosha uye hunyanzvi kune chikonzero.
Saizvozvo, vakabatsira kusundira vamwe varwiri vevakuru munzira ine hukasha. Kuhn akatsanangura Grey Panthers se "mapunzi kuti arambe akakura, akasimba ... Apa havana kubudirira nguva dzose. Kupa muenzaniso mumwe chete, vakarwa, asi vakatadza kudzivirira, kugadziridzwa kweSocial Security muna 1983 kwakasimudza mutero wemitero, kucheka mabhenefiti, uye kuwedzera zera rekurega basa.
Achiedza kupupura pamberi peGreenspan komisheni, iyo yakaratidza zvinhu zvikuru zvekugadziridza, Kuhn akatakurwa ndokusungwa, achiita misoro. Mamwe mapoka okukurudzira vakweguru akaendawo, zvisinei, nokuti aifunga kuti ndiro rakanakisisa ravaigona kuwana. Kuda kwavo kukanganisa kwakaratidza kupera kweanopfuura makore makumi mana ekuwedzera nekuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwekutsigira hweAmerica kune vakwegura. Nenguva isipi, bato rinopikisa Social Security raizotanga kuparadzira hunhu hwayo hwevakweguru se "magweta anokara" achidya zviwanikwa zvevadiki.
Asi maGrey Panthers aive nesimba kupfuura huwandu hwavo mukukurudzira shanduko yemusha wevakoti, kupera kwerusarura rwezera mukuhaya, inishuwarenzi yenguva refu yekuchengeta, uye masevhisi ari nani aizobatsira vakwegura kurarama hupenyu hwakazvimirira. Vakarwira zvakasimba hurongwa hwehutano hwenyika uye vakaumba mibatanidzwa yakasimba nevanhu vane simba vakaita seVamiriri Ron Dellums naClaude Pepper, Senator Paul Wellstone, naRalph Nader. Vakapindawo mumishandirapamwe yekumisa nyukireya uye kupera kwekupindira kweUS muCentral America nerutsigiro rwayo rwerusaruraganda rweSouth Africa.
Kubva pakutanga, Grey Panthers aitora izvi zvimwe zvikonzero sechinhu chakakosha pachinangwa chavo. Izvi zvakange zvine zvazvinoreva zvakanyanya, kusungira maPanthers nehuzivi kune mamwe mapoka ainzwisisa kukosha kwekumisikidza mwero wekuzvitonga uye kutonga nharaunda yavo kana vaida kuvandudza nekuwana ruremekedzo rwehupenyu hwavo. Semuyenzaniso, iyo itsva yeOver 60 Health Center, yakavhurwa neGrey Panthers muBerkeley muna 1977, chaive chibereko chechido chavo kwete chekiriniki yainyanya kukosha pane zvavanoda, asi iyo yaisimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwekudzivirira uye yaifambiswa nenharaunda. vashandisi, kwete chete nyanzvi dzakapa sevhisi.
Imba yakagovaniswa - "kuunganidza hurongwa hwekugara" umo vanhu kubva muzera rezvizvarwa vakaungana kuti vaumbe imba kana mhuri yesarudzo - yaive imwe yemafungiro eGrey Panthers 'anonyanya kuda chinzvimbo. Networks muBerkeley, Brooklyn, Denver, uye Boston akaongorora zano. Boka reGrey Panthers muBoston rakawana rubatsiro rwekuvhura nzvimbo yekugara yeShared Living Project, uye tsika iyi inoramba ichipararira zvine mwero mune dzimwe nharaunda.
Zvakaitwa neOver 60 Clinic, dzimba dzakagovaniswa, uye mamwe mapurojekiti ePanther aive akafanana yaive yakadzika, kana isiri nguva dzose yavanoziva, tsoropodzo yeNew Deal-Great Society modhi yekufambira mberi munharaunda. Muenzaniso iwoyo unoisa tsananguro uye kuzadzikiswa kwezvido zvevanhu mumaoko ema technocrats: avo vakadzidza, vakadzidziswa, uye vakadzidziswa kuti vape unyanzvi "basa." Kunyange zvazvo yakaita zvishoma mumakumi emakore Reagan uye "Great Reversal," yakapa izwi shoma kune vanhu vakapinda muzvirongwa zvehurumende uye vakagamuchira rubatsiro rwehurumende. Kunze kwezita, chimwe chezvinhu izvo Grey Panthers yakagovaniswa neBlack Panther Party yaive chishuwo chekudzosa hupfumi hwemagariro pasi pehutongi hwenharaunda.
"Kuronga mudemokrasi yehupfumi kunofanirwa kuve pasi pekutonga kwevamiriri vakasarudzwa vevanhu vachishandisa hunyanzvi hwesainzi, matekiniki, vezvehupfumi, vashandi, [uye] vatengi," akadaro Grey Panther manifesto kubva muna 1977. "Kumwe kuronga [kunofanira kuitwa] padanho remubatanidzwa, asi zvakawanda zvinogona kuitwa nematunhu nenharaunda [ane] kutonga kwenzvimbo kwakawanda sezvinobvira."
The Grey Panthers, semafambiro mazhinji anorerekera kugutsaruzhinji muma1970, akakurudzira rudzi rwehupfumi hwakasanganiswa hwakaisa pasi pasi pemabhizinesi akazvimirira kune zvinodiwa neveruzhinji. Asi rudzi irworwo rwemagadzirirwo rwakazotadza kutarisika mushure meReagan, apo kuenderera mberi kwehutongi muWashington kwakakurudzira mapoka mazhinji epasi kuti aifanira kuenda kune imwe yepamusoro-pasi modhi kuti vadzivirire zvavakawana uye vararame.
MaGrey Panthers akaedza nechimiro chakadaro, izvo zvaireva kuita mari yekutonga muhofisi yeWashington iyo yaizounganidza network yenzvimbo kana nyaya kana bhiri rauya iro raida "turnout" kana kuonana nemukuru akasarudzwa. Vaiedzawo kubata nekudzikira kwesangano pacharo. Nhengo yePanther yakadonha muma1980s, nekupfuura kwevamwe vatsigiri uye, kunyanya kukosha, kutadza kwenhengo diki dzakawanda kuramba neboka, zvichikanganisa mararamiro ehupenyu Kuhn nevamwe varongi vekutanga vaitarisira kuti vaizozvitsigira. Zvisinei, sangano rakapona uye mumakore achangopfuura rakaedza kudzokera kune yekutanga network model.
Asi nei kuderera? The Grey Panthers mune chikamu vakatambudzwa nekubudirira kwavo pachavo. Zvizhinji zvezvirongwa zvihombe nezvidiki zvavakaita mumakumi emakore ekutanga โ indexation yegore negore yemabhenefiti eSocial Security, kupera kwekushaikwa kwemabasa, kupfugama nemabhazi โ zvakazoitika. Mamwe, akadai sekuvandudzwa kwedzimba dzevakoti, hutano hwenyika, uye kusimudzira kwevakaremara anga ari masirogi akaomarara, asi iye zvino anoda rutsigiro rwakakura. Zvichakadaro, iyo Grey Panther modhi yekuratidzira yakapararira: muUS nemapoka akaita saMbuya Vanopesana neHondo uye kune dzimwe nyika kuburikidza nemasangano akaikopa zvakananga (Graue Panther kuGermany, Les Panthรจres Grises muFrance, nezvimwe).
Zvose izvi zvinoratidza kushanda kwechimiro chakareruka asi chine njere iyo Grey Panthers yakaratidza: boka revakadzi vakwegura nevarume vanotora maitiro echiuto ekuronga ayo vanhu vaimbofungidzira kuti akachengeterwa vechidiki. Asi kupona kwesangano kunoratidzawo kuti vakabatsirwa โ vanogona, pakupedzisira, kutsamira paโKuhn anoomerera pachiratidzo chikuru: mudzimba, kupihwa hutano, hukama hwepabonde. Ichi chikamu chekufamba ndechekuti, kana Grey Panthers ikaramba ichienderera mberi, inogona kuita basa rinokosha, kwete chete mukupikisa zvipingamupinyi zvevanhu uye zvehupfumi, asi mukugadzira nzira itsva dzekurarama kupfuura ivo.
"Kusvikira kuomarara kwekufa kwapinda," Kuhn akadaro, "ita chinhu chinosemesa svondo rega rega," uye aizvirevesa.