More and more, zvave kujeka kuti musimboti wekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kushandisa capitalization kunzvenga zvimhingamipinyi zvedemocracy padanho renyika uye kumisa mitemo inovimbisa hukuru hwemakambani pasi rose. Makambani eTransnational asvika padhuze nekukwanisa kushandura nzvimbo dzekugadzira pese apo democracy inotyisidzira pedyo-yakazara kutonga kwekambani.
Zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvakaita seNAFTA zvakapa makambani simba rekuisa mitemo uye kufuratira mitemo pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa uye nharaunda, zvichivabvumira kukurira mitemo yakadzikwa nedemocracy uye kunyange kuhwina kukuvadzwa kwepurofiti yakarasika kuburikidza nesarudzo nemapaneru ari kure uye akavanzika asina kusarudzwa. Somuenzaniso, dunhu reCalifornia richarasikirwa nemadhora anopfuura mamiriyoni 970 nokuda kwokurambidza chimwe chinowedzera peturu chakagadzirwa kuCanada chinonzi MTBE chaiita kuti mvura yokunwa ive muchetura uye yakaderedza zvikuru ukoshi hwedzimba dzakawanda.
Zvisineyi, kukunda kwemakumi matatu emakore ekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose pamusoro pedemocracy kungangove kwakatarisana nedambudziko rayo rakakura uye rakadzama-rinonzwa muUS. zvemabasa okutsigira mhuri kuChina neMexico zvakakonzera kumukira kwakakura. Aya mafungiro ekurwisa kudyidzana kwepasi rose parizvino anotora chimiro chisinganyanyi kushamisa kupfuura kuratidzira kwakakura uye mhirizhonga mumigwagwa ye "hondo yeSeattle" ya1999 nekumwewo. Panzvimbo pekuratidzira kunotyisa mumigwagwa, mamiriro matsva ekurwisa kudyidzana kwepasi rose anonyanya kuoneka mumibairo yekuvhota uye nzira iyo vanyori vekutanga vakamanikidzwa kutora zvinzvimbo zvekutaura vachipesana nezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zveNAFTA uye makaro emakambani.
Nhema dzeNhema, Zvipikirwa Zvenhema
GLobalization's chief impresario, munyori uye New York Times munyori wepepanhau Thomas Friedman, akataura kuti kana nyika dzichida kukwikwidza uye kuwana budiriro, zvinoreva kupfeka chaanoti nomufaro โchisungo chendarama,โ kureva kubvuma utongi hwemihoro yakaderera, kubudisa zvinhu zviri kunze kwenyika, uye kudzikisira mitemo kuti vakurudzire simba revanhu vasingadzorwi. musika wemahara uye kuvhura budiriro yenharaunda yese. Chokwadi, โupfumi huri kuwedzera hunoreva kuderedza zvematongerwe enyika zvako,โ anobvuma kudaro.
Chinonyanya kufadza idanho rekusagadzikana kwehupfumi kunoitika pasi pekudyidzana kwepasi rose. Vapfumi 1 muzana veAmerica zvino vanounganidza 18.1 muzana yemari yose, vachiwana chikamu chikuru chemari kupfuura yepasi 40 muzana yemhuri, iyo yakagamuchira 12.5 muzana chete, 2007 Congressional Budget Office chidzidzo chakawana.
MuMexico muitiro wakafanana wepolarization wakaitika. Mibairo yakadonha zvishoma ne25 muzana, sekureva kweCarnegie Endowment kudzidza. Mibairo yakaderera muMexico (kazhinji masendi makumi matanhatu kusvika pamadhora 60 paawa muzvirimwa zvemaquiladora zveUS) yakakwezva zvakasimba kumakambani eUS, nemabasa anopfuura miriyoni imwe akarasika kubva pakadzikwa mutemo weNAFTA, sekureva kweEconomic Policy Institute. Panguva imwecheteyo, kubviswa kwedziviriro kumaindasitiri ezvekurima nekutengesa eMexico, achiperekedzwa nekupinda zvine hukasha kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima zveUS-zvinopihwa mari, kwadzinga varimi vanosvika miriyoni 1 kusvika 1.5 kubva panyika. Nepo basa remuhoro wakaderera muzvirimwa zvemaquiladora padivi pemuganho wakanyungudutswa mushure mekugadzwa kweNAFTA, Mexico yave kuwedzera kupfuudzwa nekuda kwekunyanya kudzvanyirira uye nekushomeka kweChina.
Kupinzwa kweChina muhurumende ye โfree tradeโ, inosimudzirwa neveDemocratic and Republican US manejimendi, yakatowedzera kukanganisa kwehupfumi nemagariro kupfuura NAFTA. Sekureva kwaRobert Scott weEconomic Policy Institute: โKusiyana nezvakafanotaurwa nevatsigiri vayo, kupinda kweChina muWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) kwakatadza kuderedza mari yayainge yawana pakutengeserana neUnited States kana kuwedzera basa rose reUS. Kukwira kwekushomeka kwekutengeserana kweUS neChina pakati pa1997 na2006 kwakabvisa kugadzirwa kwaigona kunge kwakatsigira mabasa zviuru zviviri nemazana matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu nenhanhatu eUS. Mazhinji emabasa aya (2,166,000 miriyoni) akarasika kubva China yakapinda muWTO muna1.8.
Zvichakadaro, deindustrialization uye kuora kwenharaunda kwakanyengetedza vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica kuti "kutengesa mahara" inzira yekurasikirwa nemabasa, kuderera kwemuhoro, uye kusachengeteka kwehupfumi. Uyezve, iyi nzira yekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose ine mhedzisiro yakaipa pamagariro enharaunda dzakasiiwa nemakambani makuru, nehupenyu hwakaputsika-muchimiro chekuzviuraya, kuparara kwemhuri, kushungurudzwa mumuviri, kuparwa kwemhosva, uye kudhakwa nezvinodhaka-zvichitevera zvirimwa zvakavharwa, sezvakanyorwa naDr. Harvey Brenner muzvidzidzo zvake zvekushaya basa.
Kupikisa Kusvika Misa Yakakosha
Tkuderera kwekusavimbika mukutengeserana kwemahara pakati pevagadziri vemitemo chiratidzo chekutsamwa kuri kukurumidza kwekudyidzana kwemakambani kunonzwa neruzhinji rweAmerica, sezvakaratidzwa muongororo mushure mesarudzo. Heino pfupiso yezviwanikwa zvedzimwe ongororo dzakanyanya kukosha dzichangoburwa.
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Zvikamu makumi manomwe nezvinomwe kubva muzana zvevanhu vekuAmerica vanopikisa kupihwa mabasa kune dzimwe nyika. "Veruzhinji vemuUS vanowirirana mukutsigira kwavo kuti vese vashandi (77 muzana) uye zviyero zvezvakatipoteredza (93 muzana) zvibatanidzwe muzvibvumirano zvekutengeserana," maererano neChicago Council on Global Affairs. Mukuronga kukosha kwezvingangoitika zvemitemo yekunze, 91 muzana yevaAmerica vakapa mwero wepamusoro "kuchengetedza mabasa" evashandi venyika, maererano nesarudzo imwe cheteyo.
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โVazhinjiโ68 muzanaโyeavo vakaongororwa muongororo itsva yeFortune vanoti vanotengeserana neAmerica vari kubatsirwa zvikuru nokutengeserana kwakasununguka, kwete USโ Tsananguro yokuderera kwehupfumi huripo kunonyanya kutaurwa nevaipindura: โMakambani eUnited States anotumira mabasa. mhiri kwamakungwa uko kushanda kwakachipa,โ magazini inonzi Fortune.
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Ongororo yeTV network yakawana kuti "51 muzana yevaAmerica vanoona kutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika sekutyisidzira hupfumi - kekutanga muCNN vhoti iyo ruzhinji rweAmerica runoti vane maonero asina kunaka pamusoro pekutengeserana kwemahara," CNNPolitics.com yakashuma (7/1) /08).
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Ongororo yeAP-Yahoo News yakaitwa zvakanyanya muna Kubvumbi 2008 "yakawana kuti vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica vane maonero asina kunaka nezvezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana." Pane vakabvunzurudzwa, 64 muzana vakati kuwedzera kwekutengeserana pakati peUnited States nedzimwe nyika kwakanganisa hupfumi, asi 22 muzana chete vakati kwabatsira.
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"Nevanopfuura vatanhatu-kusvika-mumwe (61 muzana kusvika 9 muzana), veruzhinji vanoti zvibvumirano zvekutengesa mahara zvinoguma nekurasikirwa nemabasa pane mabasa matsva," maererano neongororo yePew. "Ruzhinji rwakasimba (56 muzana) inotaura kuti kutengeserana kwemahara kunoita kuti mubairo udzike muUnited Statesโฆ. Mukutsvaga zvingangove nezvazvinoreva kunhangemutange yemutungamiri wenyikaโฆmaonero asina kunaka ezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvakasununguka nevanozvimiririra. Ruzhinji rwevakazvimiririra, kana makumi mashanu neshanu muzana, vaive nemaonero asina kunaka ekutengeserana kwemahara, zvichienzaniswa ne52 muzana yeDemocrats uye 50 muzana yeRepublicans.
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Ongororo yeYunivhesiti yeMaryland/Knowledge Networks yakawana kuti zvikamu makumi mashanu nezvitatu kubva muzana zvevanhu vekuAmerica vanoshoropodza mutemo wezvekutengeserana wehurumende yeUS uye vanoda kuedza kukuru kusimudzira hupenyu hwevashandi vekumba nekune dzimwe nyika, uye kuchengetedza nharaunda.
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โMuna 1997, 58 muzana yevakapedza kudzidza kukoreji vakati kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakanga kwakanakira US ukuwo 30 muzana vakati kwakanga kwakaipa, maererano nenzvero yakaitwa kuWall Street Journal neNBC News,โ Greg Ip akashuma muJournal. "Povhoti payakabvunza mubvunzo wakafanana munaKurume wapfuura, maonero akange achinja: 47 muzana yevakapedza kudzidza vakafunga kuti kudyidzana kwepasirese kwakaipa uye 33 muzana vakafunga kuti zvakanaka."
Kupikisa uku hakusi kutsva, kwangosvika pahuwandu hwakashata husingachagoni kufuratirwa. Semuyenzaniso, NAFTA yakapikiswa ne64 muzana yevaAmerica, asi yakasimudzirwa nehuremu hwakazara hwehutongi hwaClinton, corporate America, Mexico, uye dzinenge dzese dzenhau dzakanyanya. Saizvozvo, iyo Permanent Normalization yeTrade neChina muna 2000 yakagadzira kupikisa kwe79 muzana yeruzhinji, sekureva kwaHarris poll (4/00). Asi zvakare, mushandirapamwe wekukurudzira weClinton-Corporate America duo wakakunda-kusanganisira $26.5 miriyoni yechiitiko chimwe chekutsvaga mari.
MaDemocrats pane Trade
IMune imwe hurukuro inocherechedzwa nevakawanda muna 2005, Obama, aimbove murongi wevashandi vesimbi vakasimwa basa, aiita seaikurudzira kugadziridzwa kwemitemo yekudyidzana kwepasi rose: "Ndinosangana nevashandi ava muIllinois yese, vashandi vakatamira kuMexico kana China uye vava kukwikwidzana nevana vavo pamabasa anobhadhara $7 paawa. Mumisangano yemutaundi uye muhoro dzemasangano, ndakaedza kuudza vashandi ava chokwadiโkuti mabasa aya haasi kudzoka, kuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kucharamba kuripo uye kuti vachatofanira kudzidzisa zvakawanda uye kudzidza zvakawanda kuti vawane mabasa matsva. mangwana (New Republic pamhepo, 2/18/08). Mukupera kwa2007 Obama akaudza vateereri veNew Hampshire, "Kutengeserana kwepasi rose hakusi kuenda, tekinoroji haisi kuenda, Indaneti haisi kuenda" - sekunge vatsigiri vekutonga kwepasi rose vari kutsvaga kumisa kutengeserana kwepasi rose uye kusiya Indaneti.
Mafambiro eDemocratic primaries akashandurwa zvakanyanya panguva yegakava uye kushoropodzwa kwaVaObama kwezvibvumirano zve "free-trade" kwaitove kutaura kwemanzwiro aakasangana nawo kakawanda achitaura nevavhoti panguva yemaprimaries.
MuWisconsin yakavakidzana, kurudziro yaVaObama yenzvimbo yakaoma yekurwisa-kubuda kunze kwakapihwa mubairo wakakura nekuhwina kukuru Kukadzi 19 uko kwakabata ruzhinji rwevachena vanoshanda-kirasi varume. Kunze kwechirimwa cheGM kubva chakatemerwa kuvharwa, VaObama vakashora "Washington uko makumi emakore ezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana seNAFTA neChina zvakasainwa nedziviriro yakawanda yemakambani uye purofiti yavo, asi hapana kune nharaunda yedu kana vashandi vedu vaona mafekitori achivharwa. mikova yavo nemamiriyoni emabasa anonyangarikaโ (John Nichols, nyika, 4/28/08).
Ongororo yeAP yakapedzisa, "Wisconsin Democratic primary voters vanga vasiri vateveri vakuru vekudyidzana kwepasirese. Makumi manomwe nemaviri muzana vakati kutengeserana kweUS nedzimwe nyika kunotora mamwe mabasa kubva kuWisconsin. "
Kuburikidza nemamwe ma primaries, Obama naHillary Clinton vakapinda muhondo yairamba ichikwira yekuti ndiani angabuda akasimba achipokana neNAFTA, zvimwe zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana, uye kuendesa mabasa kunzvimbo dzekunze dzine muhoro wakaderera. Sarudzo dzakabuda dzakaratidza vana vevashanu vavhoti muOhio's Democratic primary vaitenda kuti kutengeserana nedzimwe nyika kwakatora mabasa kubva mudunhu ravo. VaObama naClinton vakapedzisira vakurudzira nhaurirano patsva yeNAFTA โ kunyangwe izvi zvakakonzera mishumo yenhau yekuti vese vashandi vaObama naClinton vakatumira mashoko ekusimbisa kuhurumende yeCanada kuti mashoko aya aifanira kungoonekwa sekutaura kwemushandirapamwe. The New York Times vakaratidza kutsamwa, vachidana vanopikisa kuti "kutengeserana kwemahara" kungo "kutumira," "mutemo wakashata, uye zvinopesana" (2/24/08).
Chii Chinotevera?
OKubva VaObama vakabuda semumiriri weDemocratic, vachitungamira vatauri uye vapepeti kubva ku New York Times, Washington Post, USA Today, uye vamwe vakaungana sevagari vomumusha vakatakura zhenje kuti vaburukire mupanduki, wavaipomera kuti โanopariraโ โvanopfurikidza mweroโ uye kushanda nesimba. "Marudzi emamiriro ezvinhu aakavimbisa kushanda aaizoedza kutaurirana haasi ekutanga," akadaro Andrea Mitchell weMSNBC achityisa. Saizvozvo, Matt Frei weBBC World News America akanyora kuti โmushandirapamwe waVaObama wakatopa chisungo kuMexico neCanada kuti vataurirane zvakare maererano nemamiriro eAmericaโkana kuti zvimwe. Zvakaita izvi sezvingabvira kuti zvienderane nemavhoti emubatanidzwa anodiwaโ (nguva 6/30/08).
Mushure mekuchengetedza kudomwa, Obama, mune a upfumi kubvunzurudza, akataura kuti rhetoric yake inopesana nekudyidzana kwepasi rose inogona kunge "yakapisa uye yakawedzera" (6/18/08). Hurukuro yake yekubvuma muna Nyamavhuvhu 31 yaingove nekaviri mapfupi maratidziro ekutengesa uye kuburitsa mabasa. Zvakadaro, kunyangwe paine manuances ese uye kupokana chaiko mune zvaakataura, chokwadi chinoramba chiripo chekuti VaObama vakakunda kudomwa muchikamu chakakosha nekuda kwekurwisa kwavo kudyidzana kwepasi rose.
VaObama vaburitsa zvaitarisirwa kuti vagadzirise kubuda kwemabasa pamwe nekudzikiswa kwemararamiro evashandi โ masimba ekutengeserana evashandi, mihoro, mabhenefiti eutano, nepenjeni โ izvo zvashungurudza mhuri dzinoshanda dzekuAmerica. Sarudzo yake inogona kumutsa seti inonakidza yemasimba.
Kusiyana neizvi, kusarudzwa kwemumiriri we "free trade" John McCain kungangokonzeresa "kumira" pakutengeserana, nevazhinji veDemocratic muCongress iyo inowanzoonekwa ichikura, sekureva kwaWilliam Tabb, munyori we The Amoral Elephant nemamwe mabasa ekudyidzana kwepasi rose. McCain anoshingaira kwazvo muzvitendero zvake zvokutengeserana zvakasununguka zvokuti akaita musangano wenhau pamberi pefekitari yakavharwa yeYoungstown kuti aparidze kushivirira munguva dzakaoma. Akasarudzawo Colombia - uko 2,500 vatengesi vemubatanidzwa vakapondwa kubva 1986 - sesaiti yekugadzira nzvimbo huru yekutengeserana kwemahara.
Kana VaObama vakasarudzwa, vachasangana nemadzvinyiriro ane simba kubva kumusoro nepasi. VaElites vachamanikidza kuenderera mberi kwehutongi hwekutengeserana kwemahara nekungoyedza zvakanyanya kugadzirisa zvinokanganisa zvekudyidzana kwepasi rose. "Parizvino, tinogona kusarudza musande semutungamiri wenyika uye pachange paine kudzvanywa kwemaitiro kuti aenderere mberi neiyo NAFTA yakakundikana modhi," akadaro Todd Tucker weGlobal Trade Watch. Zvakare, bapiro reWall Street rine simba guru reDemocratic Party - rinomiririrwa nenhamba dzinosanganisira Robert Rubin, Roger Altman, naLawrence Summers - ndiwo manzwi makuru ehungwaru hwakajairika pakati pevakuru vebato nevapei vakuru. Kunyange vangada kuona kudzokororwa kwemakore aClinton erutsigiro rusingaperi rwekudyidzana kwepasi rose, vanongoziva kuti dzvinyiriro dzakakurumbira dzakanyanya kusimba kuti vadzivise kutora matanho ane mwero.
Nzira inonyanya kufarirwa nevanhu vepamusoro ndeyekumisikidzwa kwemamwe mapurogiramu ekubhadhara kubatsira avo vanodaidza kuti "vakarasikirwa" vachienderera mberi nekuita zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvinokurudzira kuwanda kwemabasa. Muripo uyu unosanganisira kudzidziswazve, kupa rubatsiro rwehutano kuvashandi vakadzingwa, kuchengetedzwa kwepenjeni, nemamwe matanho akafanana. Asi kunyangwe Lawrence Summers akapokana netsitsi anoona kuti zano rekutsiva rakaita se "rakatetepa rakapfava" kune avo vane hupenyu hwakapikiswa nekudzingwa kunze. Mutete mutete zvechokwadi: "Pane zana revashandi vakadzingwa," anodaro New York Times munyori wezvehupfumi Louis Uchitelle mubhuku rake The Disposable American: Layoffs uye Migumisiro Yazvo, "27 vari kuwana muhoro wavo wekare zvakare, kana kupfuura, uye 73 vari kuita shoma, kana kusatomboshanda."
"Gakava revakuru rakapfava," akadaro Jeff Faux, munyori we Hondo yeGlobal Kirasi. โPane vamwe vanobvuma kuti izvi hazvina kushanda sezvanga zvakarongwa. Vanoziva kuti chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuitwa kunyaradza kuodzwa mwoyo kwakakurumbira, kana kusiri kushatirwa uye ruvengo paโkutengeserana pachena.โโ
Vamwe vamiriri vepasirese-kururamisira vanoonawo kuparara kwechivimbo mu "kutengeserana kwemahara." "Pane kuwirirana kuri kukura pakati pevagadziri vemitemo vanonzwisisa kuti, zvishoma, tanga tichibvunza mubvunzo usiri iwo wekutengesa kwemakumi emakore apfuura," akadaro Tucker. "Panzvimbo yekubvunza kuti tingakwirisa sei kutengeserana uye huwandu hwekudzikisirwa kwatinogona kutakura muzvibvumirano zvekutengesa ... tiri kubvunza nzira yekuwedzera budiriro yakagovaniswa. Zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana nekutengeserana zvinofanirwa kushandira chinangwa chikuru, kwete neimwe nzira. "
Tichifunga zvatakaona kusvika parizvino, Mutungamiri Obama aifamba nehungwaru uye kutsvaga kudzivirira kugumbura vemakambani, vezvematongerwo enyika, uye vezvenhau pese pazvaikwanisika. Asi kupinda patsva kwedemocracy yevanhu vekuAmerica padanho renhoroondo โ mushure mekudzoserwa kumapapiro nepfungwa yekuti kudyidzana kwepasi rose hakugone kumisa โ kungamanikidza ruoko rwake nedzimwe nzira dzinoshamisa, kunyanya kana kusagadzikana kwehupfumi kuri kuwedzera. VaObama vanogona kunge vakaisa tarisiro yekuti havasati vagadzirira kusangana, kudzamara dzvinyiriro yemukurumbira yasimuka kubva munzvimbo yekuvhota ichienda mumigwagwa.
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Roger Bybee mumiriri weMilwaukee-based activist uye munyori. Zvinyorwa zvake zvakabuda mumabhuku akawanda.