NeChitatu, Argentina defaulted pachikwereti chayo kechipiri mumakore gumi nematatu, vachizvidza mutongo wedare reUS uye boka diki revanokoshesa zvemari rinotungamirwa nekurudyi-mabhirioni akawanda hedge fund mogul Paul Singer. Hazvina maturo kutaura, vaongorori vakawanda vemazuva ano vari kutoshandisa zvirevo zvakajairika, zvichiita kuti titende kuti hurumende yeArgentina ine vanhu vakawanda uye kusatungamira kwayo kwehupfumi ndiko kuri kukonzera izvi. Kunyange paine chidiki chidiki mukudzivirira yeArgentina vane huori vezvematongerwo enyika pano, zvakakosha kupa gadziriso inodiwa zvakanyanya kune iyi yakaneta rondedzero yeruzhinji.
Chinhu chekutanga chekucherechedza ndechekuti, pasinei nekupomerwa kwakapetwa nemagora kuti Argentina iri kuzvidza mitongo yedare reUnited States, chido cheArgentina kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo haisi mubvunzo. Nyika yaita akazvipira zvechokwadi pachezvayo pakubhadhara vakweretesi vayo vekune dzimwe nyika kubva payakagadzirisa chikwereti chayo chisina kumira zvakanaka mushure mekutadza kwayakaita muna 2001, inopfuura 93% yevaridzi vakagamuchira mabhondi matsva muna 2005 na2010. Bank of New York Mellon kukudza zvisungo zvaro - zvizere uye nenguva. Kuda kubhadhara haisi nyaya.
Saka kana Argentina ichida kubhadhara, uye yakanyatsozadzisa zvisungo zvayo kuburikidza nekuendesa mari kune vakwereta vayo, nei ikozvino ichionekwa seyakashata? Dambudziko nderekuti Bhangi reNew York, semasangano ese emari, aive pasi pemirairo kubva Tongai Griesa yeDare reDunhu reSouthern New York kuti isatambire chero mari yeArgentina kune vanoidaidza kunze kwekunge hurumende yatanga yabhadhara boka diki revanoti vakweretesi "vasinganeti" vanga vachimhan'arira nyika kuti ibhadharwe zvizere kubva payakatanga. 2001 default. Kure nekuve vasingadi kubhadhara, mirairo yedare reUnited States yakabva kuArgentina haikwanisi kubhadhara nemhaka bedzi yokuti vakweretesi vayo vaisagona kuwana muripo wavo.
Mutungamiri Fernández saka havana kutadza zvachose pavakapopota kuti Argentina haigone kunzi yakamira, uye kuti "vachafanirwa kugadzira izwi idzva kutsanangura zviri kuitika." Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge ataura mazwi aya, hashtag nyowani yakatanga kufamba paTwitter: #GrieFault. Izwi iri rinoita serinofungidzira zvakanyanya zvakanyanya zviri kuitika.
Dambudziko rakadzama riri kuseri kweGrieFault, zvisinei, rinokwira kunyaya yekuti Argentina haina kutarisana neboka rimwe chete revasungwa, asi maviri: chekutanga, boka re "vanotsinhana mabhondi," avo vakachengeta hukama hwakanaka kubva pakugadzirisazve, uyezve boka revakweretesi ve "hold-out", kunyanya vulture mari, uyo akaramba kubvuma zvirevo zvechibvumirano uye akamirira kubhadharwa kwakazara. Muna Chikumi, mutongo waGriesa wakaita kuti Argentina isakwanise kubhadhara mabhondi ayo kana isina kutanga yabhadhara mabatiro (kureva, magora).
Mutongo waGriesa unobata chete madhora bhiriyoni 1.5 muzvirevo, izvo Argentina inokwanisa kudzosera pasina kupinda mudambudziko rakakura. Dambudziko, zvisinei, nderekuti hurumende yenyika inosungirwa nemutemo wepamba kuti iremekedze zvinodaidzwa kuti Rights Upon Future Offers, kana kuti RUFO clause, inosanganisirwa mugwaro. akagadziridzwa zvisungo. Iyi clause inorambidza hurumende kupa zvirinani kune vanobatirira-out pane kune vayo vanochinjana zvikwereti. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana Argentina yaizopa chibvumirano chiri nani pasi pekumanikidzwa nemutongo waGriesa, yaizofanira kupa chibvumirano chimwe chete zvose yevakweretesi vayo - inogona kukonzeresa $120 bhiriyoni mune zvekuwedzera zvichemo, maererano neanochengetedza fungidziro yehurumende.
Nekuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika uye mari yekunze yakadzikira kusvika pamadhora mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emadhora, zvichemo zvakadaro zvinogona kuremedza mari yeArgentina uye zvinokonzeresa kutadza kunoshamisa kupfuura yazvino, izvo zvinongobata madhora mazana mashanu nemakumi matatu nemapfumbamwe emamiriyoni emadhora. 30 Chikumi uye nguva yake yenyasha yakapera neChitatu. Mune mamwe mazwi, nekuramba kubhadhara mari yegora uye nekuedza, mukutenda kwakanaka, kukudza zvisungo zvayo kune zvishoma zvine njere zvekuchinjana mabhondi, Argentina inogona kunzi yakazvipira kudzivirira kutadza kupfuura Paul Singer kana Mutongi Griesa. Argentina, nemamwe mazwi, ndiyo iri nani bhizinesi shamwari pano.
Mari yegora, nekupesana, inoumba Taliban yemari yepasi rose. Kusiyana nevazhinji vevatsinhanisi vekuArgentina, magora haana kumbobvira ave mukweretesi akakodzera kunyika kutanga. Havana kukweretesa Argentina dhora rimwe chete; asi, vakatenga mabhondi ayo aishungurudzika pamusika wechipiri nemasendi padhora. Izvi zvaive nyore kuita nekuti, pakupera kwa2001, vazhinji vevaridzi vezvibonda vekuArgentina vaive vadiki vezvitoro, kusanganisira vapenjeni muItaly, Germany neJapan. Vachityiswa netarisiro yekurasikirwa nemararamiro avo, vazhinji vevatengesi vezvitoro vakapererwa vakatengesa mabhondi avo kuWall Street hedge funds nemitengo yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya mushure mekutadza.
Ruzhinji rweiyi hedge funds rwakazogamuchira chibvumirano che 2005 chekugadzirisa. Sezvo vatenga ma bond acho nemari inosvika gumi neshanu (vamwe vanoti 15 cents) padhora, vakagadzira patsva nemasendi makumi matatu - vachiwana pundutso muhurongwa uhu. Kunze kweizvi, chibvumirano ichi chaisanganisira akati wandei ezvinotapira kukurudzira kutora chikamu kwemudyaridzi mukuru. Chinonyanya kukosha, zvisungo zvitsva zvakauya neinonzi GDP waranti yakasungirirwa, izvo zvaireva kuti vatsinhanisi vekutsinhana vaizowana kudzoka kukuru kana kukura kweArgentina kwakapfuura imwe chikumbaridzo. Nekukura kwehupfumi hwenyika kwakadzikama 6-30% pakati pa7 na9, vanotsinhana mabhondi vakaita mhepo.
Kune vamwe, zvisinei, kunyange izvi zvakanga zvisina kukwana. Inotungamirwa naSinger, iyo mari yegora - ichokwadi kuzita - yakaratidza zvakatonyanya kuita mukana pane vanotsinhana mabhondi: ivo vaingoda zvese..Hongu, kudiwa kwemasendi zana padhora kwaive kusingaite zvachose kutanga, asi nekudzingirira Argentina kutenderera pasirese mumakore gumi apfuura, kuiendesa kumatare edzimhosva munyika dzakasiyana siyana uye kuyedza kukwidza midziyo yayo yekunze, kusanganisira vamiriri vayo. uye kunyangwe ndege yemutungamiri wenyika, magora akaedza nesimba kuti adzoke nepese sezvaaigona - zvisina kubudirira, kusvika parizvino.
Mukupera kwe2012, vateveri vaPaul Singer vakaita sevari pedyo nekubudirira pavakaita muchidimbu yakakwanisa kubatanidza Ngarava yegungwa yeArgentina, La Libertad, kuGhana, vakabata ngarava kuti vabhadhare zvizere uye zvakapotsa zvatanga dambudziko renyika dzakawanda apo vafambisi vengarava yehondo vakanorova pfuti pavakuru vechiteshi chezvikepe cheGhanian pashure pokunge vanyimwa mvumo yokubuda pachiteshi chacho. Sezviri pachena, kudzivirira nzira dzemafia chaidzo, hapana nzira dzakanyanyisa kumagora. Kutonga kweGriesa, zvisinei, kwakapfuura chero nzira dzakapfuura muhukasha hwayo. "Tave nemabhomba akawanda ari kukandwa pasi rose," Joseph Stiglitz akati, "uye iyi iAmerica iri kukanda bhomba muhurongwa hwehupfumi hwenyika."
Kune vamwe, kuramba zvachose kweArgentina kutonga kwaGriesa kungangoratidzika sechimwe chinhu chinonyengera chekuzvidza mukwereti. Kunyange zvakadaro, hatifaniri kunyengedzwa nokuonekwa kwokutanga. Muchokwadi, zvimisikidzo zviviri zveArgentina hazvina kumbobvira zvanangana nezvemari yepasirese. Nepo iyo 2001 default yainyanya kukuvadza kusingafungidzirwe panoply yevadiki vatengesi vezvitoro muEurope (Wall Street yakanga yatokanda mabhondi ayo muEurope. zvinonyadzisa mega-swap pakutanga kwegore iro), iyo yazvino yakanangana nechero diki diki yevanofungidzira vatengesi - bato rinonyanya kukosha rezvemari yepasirese rine hutsinye mukutsvaga purofiti zvekuti harizezi kubva. kuvhima nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakazara nenhamo kunyangwe vagari vawo vakatarisana nekusagadzikana kwakapararira kwevanhu kuti vabhadhare chikwereti cheruzhinji.
Zvechokwadi, Argentina yakaita chinhu chakanaka nekuudza mari iyi yegora kuti irasike - sezvayakaita chinhu chakanaka nekuramba kukudza zvizere chikwereti chayo chekunze chisingagoneki muna 2001. Kukunda kweSinger uye co kungadai kwakagadzirisa chiitiko chakaipa chinogona vakaita kuti zvinyanye kuomera nyika dzine zvikwereti zvikuru (kwete chete Argentina) kugadzirisa zvikwereti zvadzo nenzira yakarongeka mumatambudziko anotevera. Asi, kunyangwe isu tinofanirwa kuombera danho reArgentina rekusimbisa hutongi hwayo hwehupfumi, zvakakosha kuti tizive kuti kutadza hakuna kushata kune vakweretesi vekunze sezvazvinganzwika. Muchokwadi, mune zvakanyanya kuongorora kwakangwara, mutsinhiri wezvemari Felix Salmon akakakavadzana zvinogutsa kuti vese vanotsinhana sei mabhondi nevakweretesi stand to gain kubva kuGrieFault.
Uyezve, sezvandakaita nharo mukati chikamu chakapfuura, hurumende yeArgentina mumwedzi ichangopfuura yakamanikidzwa kutsvaga hukama nevakweretesi vayo vekune dzimwe nyika kuitira kuti igutse kutsamira kuri kukura kwenyika kune mari yekunze. Kubva muna 2005, rhetoric yehurumende inopesana nezvemari yepasirese - magora pamusoro pezvese - akabatana-ne-mawoko nemaitiro ehurongwa ane chinangwa chekudzoreredza zvishoma nezvishoma kuvimba kwevanodyara mari uye kuwana misika yemari yepasi rose. Kunyange zvazvo GrieFault inogona kuonekwa kune ziso risingafungidziri uye risina ruzivo sechimwezve kuparara kwakanyanya nemafungiro emari ye neoliberal, kunyatsoongorora kunoratidza zvimwe: kwaiva kuedza kuchengetedza hukama hwakanaka nevashambadziri vezvitsinhano uye nharaunda yezvemari yepasi rose. kazhinji kuti Argentina yakasarudza kushora magora.
Vazhinji vevanhuwo zvavo vekuArgentina, vachinyatsoziva chokwadi ichi, uye vachiwedzera kushushikana nedambudziko rehupfumi rakareba uye richidzika kumusha, havasisina tariro yakawanda yemhinduro dzakajairwa - ingave neoliberal kana neo-Peronist. "Hazvina basa kana ari mutongi muNew York City kana mutungamiri muArgentina," mumwe Porteño akanzwika sekutaura. “Ini ndinonzwa kuti hapana ane hanya nevanhu, uye nezveramangwana renyika ino. Zvinoita sokunge vanhu ava vane simba vari kuseka pamberi pedu isu vagari vemo. "
Jerome Roos muongorori wePhD muInternational Political Economy kuEuropean University Institute, uye mupepeti wekutanga we ROAR Magazine.