Nhepfenyuro dzakazvimiririra dzakabatsira zvakanyanya kumhedzisiro yesarudzo dzave kuda kuongororwa "kuzvitonga" kwavo. NemaDemocrat ari kutonga, izvi zvinobuda zvichatungamirwa nemusimboti kana kungobatana? Vachataura chokwadi kune masimba uye nekufumura huori nekusarongeka kwenguva refu - zvisinei kuti ndiani ari kutonga?
Nhoroondo yeUS inopa mienzaniso. Munguva ino apo vatori venhau vanosvika kune vateereri vakawanda kuburikidza nemablogiki, viral video uye podcasts, pane zvakawanda zvekudzidza kubva kune vakatanga kupikisa utori venhau. Kubva pakutanga kweRepublic, mabhizinesi akashinga (kazhinji varidzi vega senge vazhinji vevablogi vemazuva ano) vakasimuka kuti vatarise, jeri uye mhirizhonga kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakazvimirira dzakashandura nyika yedu.
Kuvambwa kweRepublic yedu kune chikwereti chikuru kune vanyori vemapepa echimurenga vakaita saTom Paine, akapokana naMambo muCommon Sense, kabhuku kakatengesa makopi 150,000 apo huwandu hwemakoloni hwaingova 2.5 miriyoni.
Dzidza chero chikonzero chakavandudza nyika yedu kubva ipapo uye uchawana vatori venhau vakasindimara vakazvimiririra vakapokana nekusarongeka pamberi pekusekwa nekunyomba kubva kune vezvenhau vemazuva ano. Aya magamba evatori venhau akanyorwa mubhuku rinokurudzira raRodger Streitmatter, Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America. http://www.amazon.com/Voices-Revolution-Rodger-Streitmatter/dp/0231122497.
** Makore makumi mashanu mushure mekuvambwa kwenyika yedu, kusimukira kwekugadzirwa kwemafekitori mumaguta ekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwakaunza mavhiki ekutanga evashandi - senge Philadelphia's Mechanic's Free Press uye New York's Working Man's Advocate - iyo yakakoka mweya wekuenzanisa wa1776 wekuda zvikoro zveveruzhinji, hapana kushandiswa kwevana, ipfupi (10-awa) zuva rekushanda uye kubviswa kwenguva yejeri sechirango chechikwereti. Mainstream dailies akashora shanduko dzakadai se "vanonyanyisa" - asi makore gare gare vakava mutemo.
** Muna 1831, mudzidzi anodhinda muBoston anonzi WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON akavamba The Liberator, bhuku rinokurudzira kubviswa kwevanhu raidzivirira kumukira kwevaranda. "Madzibaba edu haana chaakasiya kuti asunungure nyika kubva pajoko reBritish," Garrison akazivisa kudaro, "uye rusununguko rwevaranda vatema chinhu chitsvene seChimurenga." Akaiswa mujeri, akarohwa uye akapotsa aurayiwa. Dare reparamende reGeorgia rakapa mubairo kune chero munhu aizoba Garrison ndokumuendesa kuGeorgia. US Postmaster General akaregerera vakasvinura vachiparadza bepa. Garrison akaratidzira mu (uye akadhinda zvakare) kushorwa kwaakagamuchira kubva kupro-slavery dailies, Maodzanyemba neSouth. Asi hapana - kusanganisira hurombo - chaigona kumisa The Liberator kwemakore makumi matatu nemashanu, kusvika huranda hwabviswa.
** Muna 1868, nokukurumidza pashure pokunge bepa reGarrison rapera, vezvechikadzi ELIZABETH CADY STANTON naSUSAN B. ANTHONY vakavamba The Revolution kuti vatsigire chokwadi chokuti "varume nevakadzi vose vakasikwa vakaenzana." Kwete kungodhindwa kwakasununguka ("vhoti haisi kunyange hafu yechingwa; inongova crust, crumb"), yakakurudzira kusarura kwebasa, kushungurudzwa kwepabonde uye mhirizhonga mudzimba. Nekutsvagisa kunoratidza mihoro yakaderera yevadzidzisi vechikadzi munyika yose, The Revolution yakakurudzira mubhadharo wakaenzana webasa rakaenzana, pfungwa yave nemukurumbira (kunyangwe isina kutambirwa zvizere naSen. John McCain). Kufanana nesarudzo dzehunhu dzakazvimiririra dzakatarisana nanhasi dzinodzikisira hutano hwemari, Stanton akaramba kumhanyisa panguva iyoyo-inozivikanwa ads ye quack health elixirs. Pashure pokunge vhiki nevhiki rarega kutsikisa pashure pemwedzi 30, Stanton akatsinhira, kuti: โNdine mufaro wokuziva kuti ndakaratidzira kuva kunobvira kubudisa kunze nokubuda bepa romukadzi, uye ndakadzidzisa vamwe vakadzi kupinda ndokukohwa apo ndakadzvara.
** Sezvo Chimurenga chainge chichipera, zvakatowanda zvinyorwa zveushingi zvakatanga muma1870s, zvichikurudzira "rudo rwemahara," rusununguko rwepabonde uye kodzero yekurambana. Achifanotaura mamwe mapepa e1960s uye'70s, VICTORIA WOODHULL, mupepeti weWoodhull naClaflin's Weekly, akatsanangura huzivi hwake hwe "rudo rwemahara" muna 1871: "Ndine kodzero isingabviswe, yebumbiro uye yepanyama yekuda wandingada, kwenguva yakareba. kana kuti kwenguva pfupi sezvandinokwanisa, kuchinja rudo irworwo zuva nezuva kana ndada. Uye nekodzero iyoyo iwe kana chero mutemo waunokwanisa kuumba hauna kodzero yekupindira." Kwete rudzi rwehurukuro inonzwa kubva kune vanoda kuve mutungamiri wenyika - Woodhull akamhanya muna 1872. Pavhiki yake akambozvikudza kutenderera kwe20,000. Rimwe bhuku rekuchinja nyaya dzezvepabonde, Shoko, rakatangwa muna 1872 nevaviri vekumaruwa vekuMassachusetts, EZRA NAANGELA HEYWOOD. Yakatora makore makumi maviri, ichifananidza hukama hwemurume / mukadzi natenzi / muranda - uye kutsigira kusarudzwa kwekubvisa pamuviri uye "kubviswa kusingabvumirwi kwemitemo inopesana nehupombwe uye ufeve."
Aya mabhuku akakurudzira Religious Right backlash nenzira yecrusader Anthony Comstock neSosaiti yake yeKudzvinyirira kweMutevedzeri, zvichitungamira kumitemo yemubatanidzwa neyenyika inopokana nekutumira, kugovera kana kugamuchira zvinhu "zvinonyangadza kana zvakashata" - iyo Comstock mitemo. Vanyori vakaita saWoodhull naEzra Heywood vakaita nguva yejeri.
** Imwe yemagamba chaiwo ekutora nhau akazvimirira munhoroondo yenyika yedu aive IDA B. WELLS, munyori wepamphlete uye muvambi webato rekurwisa lynching muma1890s. Akazvarwa ari muranda, akagadzirisa Memphis Free Press, yakagoverwa mumatunhu akati wandei ekumaodzanyemba. Kuti vadzivise varidzi vemapepanhau vachena kuti vanyengedze vatema vasina kudzidza vakakumbira - asi havana kugamuchira - Free Press, neungwaru akatanga kuidhinda pabepa repingi. Wells akatamira kuNew York achibva kuMemphis mushure mekunge mhomho yaparadza hofisi yake yepepanhau. Semutori wenhau anoferefeta, akasimbisa nyaya mushure memhosva kusava nemhosva kwevakabatwa nechisimba - kazhinji vachipomerwa chibharo. Akakurudzira kurwisa mabhizinesi echirungu ("dhora remuchena ndimwari wake"), kutama kwevatema kubva kumaguta nemataundi uko lynching yakaregererwa, uye pakupedzisira kuzvidzivirira kune vachena vakasvinura: "Pfuti yeWinchester inofanira kuva nenzvimbo yerukudzo mukati. imba yese yevatema." Wells akashoropodzwa neveSouthern neNorthern dailies ane rusarura, kusanganisira New York Times, iyo yakamudaidza kuti "mulatress anochera uye ane pfungwa dzakaipa." Nhamburiko dzake dzakatungamirira kumitemo yehurumende inodzivisa lynching; akabatsira kuwana NAACP.
** Zvichida chinyorwa chikuru munhoroondo yehutori venhau vekuAmerica yakazvimirira yaive Appeal to Reason, yemasocialist svondo rega rega inogara kumaruwa Kansas yakasvika munyika yakabhadharwa 750,000 muna 1912 (yakaenzana ne2.4 miriyoni nhasi). Kufanana nenyanzvi dzemakombuta dzakauya kublogging, JA WAYLAND yakasvika pakutsikisa semudzidzi weprinta. Kufanana nevashandi vewebhusaiti vanosarudza kusazivikanwa, Wayland akashandisa zita kuti akwanise kuvhara kuungana kwesocialist uye kwevashandi pasina fambiro. Semawebhusaiti anoshandisa "vatapi venhau" kuwedzera kusvika kwavo, Kukwidzwa kwakatsvaga zviuru zvevanyori vanozvipira (kuti vaenderane nevashandi vayo zana). Mupepeti FRED WARREN akatsvagawo vanyori vanozivikanwa saJack London naHelen Keller. Murongi wezvebasa Mary "Amai" Jones vakaita ongororo yekuferefeta nezvemamiriro ekushanda asina kuchengetedzeka, munyori wenhau Upton Sinclair akanyora mishumo yemukati pamusoro pemiti yekuChicago inotakura nyama iyo yaizove bhuku rinotengwa zvakanyanya, The Jungle, uye mutungamiri wesocialist Eugene Debs vakatyisidzira kumukira hurumende kana vatungamiriri vemibatanidzwa yemigodhi vaive. akatongerwa mhosva muIdaho.
Bhiri remuna 1908 muCongress rairamba kuderedzwa kweyechipiri-kirasi mvumo yetsamba kune zvinyorwa zvinonzi "zvakanyanya" zvakaurayiwa pasi pemafashamu ekuratidzira kubva kuvaverengi veKukwidzwa mudunhu rega rega. Asi makore ekushungurudzwa kwemubatanidzwa neveposvo, kuedza kuuraya kwakakundikana uye kunyomba kwemunhu mumabhuku makuru zvakakanganisa Wayland, uyo akazozviuraya ari mukushungurudzika. Utopia yake yegutsaruzhinji haina kumboitika; shanduko dzakaita sekodzero dzemubatanidzwa, mitemo yevashandi uye kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu.
Idzi nyaya dzinotaurwa zvine hungwaru muStreitmatter's Voices of Revolution - sezvakaita mamwe magamba enhau:
** ROBERT S. ABBOTT akavaka bepa guru dema munyika mukutanga kwe1900s, Chicago Defender, kusvika pakutenderera kwe230,000 - yakawanda yacho yakatenderera nemaoko-ku-ruoko muDeep South. Kufukidzwa kusingaregi kweDefender yehasha dzechisimba muSouth, pamwe neakaunzi anopenya emikana yevatema kuChamhembe, yaive simba guru mu "Great Migration" yeAfrica America kuenda kuChicago nemaguta ekuchamhembe. Nhasi, vezvenhau vakazvimirira vanovimba nehutachiona hweInternet; Abbott akarima zviuru zvevatema-vatakuri vemotokari dzakarara - akavamiririra mukudhinda, uye vakatakura bepa rake nemasumbu kubva kuChicago kuenda kumaguta nemataundi muSouth.
** MARGARET SANGER aive mukadzi akapfuma ane magazini yeWoman Rebel (uye gare gare Birth Control Review) yaitsigira vakadzi vanoshanda uye kodzero yavo yekusarudza kusabata pamuviri. Amai vake vaiva nevana 11, uye vakabvisa pamuviri kanomwe. "Muviri wemukadzi ndewake ega," akanyora kudaro Sanger. "Haisi yeUnited States of America." Akatanga mutsara wokuti "kudzora kuzvara." Nekuzvitsigira mukudhindwa, akaiswa mujeri uye akadzingwa kwenguva pfupi pasi pemitemo yeComstock. Akaenderera mberi nekutanga Planned Parenthood.
Mumwe mutori wenhau asina kutaurwa nezvake mubhuku raStreitmatter ndiGEORGE SELDES, mutori wenhau wekunze wenguva refu akatanga pepanhau rekutanga uye guru rekushoropodzwa nevezvenhau munhoroondo yeUS, Chokwadi, muna 1940. Yakasvika pakutepfenyurwa kwe170,000 1947 muna 1950, hurumende isati yashungurudzwa uye inopokana. -Kushushikana kweCommunist kwakakonzera kuparara kwayo muna 70. Muchokwadi yakafumura tsitsi dzechiFascist dzevamiriri venhau veUS vakaita saWilliam Randolph Hearst; Makore XNUMX apfuura, Seldes akafumura kuvharika kunoramba kuchiitwa kwengozi dzeutano hwefodya munhepfenyuro dzinoshambadza mushambadziro dzefodya. "Mhou inoyera kwazvo yemuchina," akadaro Seldes, "muchina wokudhinda pachawo."
* *Nhasi vatori venhau vakazvimiririra vane zvakawanda zvekudzidza kubva kumadzitateguru avo - kusanganisira magazini yeIF Stone's Weekly and Ramparts (iri kutenderera 250,000) yaishoropodza Hondo yeVietnam sezvo vatungamiri veDemocratic vakaiwedzera. Uye kubva mukutsikiswa kwepasi pevhu kwema 1960s - uye ngochani nenhau dzevakadzi dzakabuda muma1970. Zvidzidzo zvishoma:
Usazeze kubva kune "zvakarasika zvikonzero": Mukutarisana nekushorwa neruzhinji, kurasikirwa kwemari uye kudzvinyirirwa nehurumende kwakaipisisa kupfuura izvo zviri kutambura nevatori venhau veIndy US nhasi, vanababa naamai vekutanga vevatori venhau vakapokana havana kutya sezvavairwira zvikonzero zvenguva refu. . Kunyangwe pavakaiswa mujeri kana kunyaradzwa kana kusundwa kupererwa, ava vapepeti venhau vakagadzira nzira. "Kurwa chete kwakakodzera kurwa ndeaya auri kuzorasikirwa," akatsanangura IF Stone. โNemhaka yekuti mumwe munhu anofanira kurwisana navo okundwa uye okundwa uye okundwa kusvikira rimwe zuva, mumwe munhu anotenda sezvaunoita anokundaโฆEnda mberi urwe, uchiziva kuti uchakundwa. Haufanire kunzwa semufiri kutenda. ndinofanira kunakirwa."
Tora mukana wekunyarara kweruzhinji: Nekutarisa kwavo kwakasimba pauranda uye hutsinye, William Lloyd Garrison naIda B. Wells vakavavarira kushatirwa kwehunhu uko vatapi venhau vemazuva ano vaibata nekunyarara kana kutaura. Haisi tsaona kuti wesocialist svondo rega rega uye kwete New York Times akapa Upton Sinclair kufumura mamiriro ekushanda mukurongedza nyama, zvichitungamira kuThe Jungle inotengeswa zvakanyanya. Uye haisi tsaona nhasi kuti kuzvimiririra kwaJeremy Scahill nezve mamercenaries eUS muIraq kwakava mutengesi weBlackwater - apo vezvenhau vakarara. SaAmy Goodman weDemocracy Zvino! inokurudzira: "Enda uko kune runyararo uye utaure chimwe chinhu."
Tora mukana wedambudziko: Kubva kumavhiki evashandi e1830s kusvika kune anti-kumisikidzwa media ekupera kwema1960s, zvitoro zvakazvimirira zvakawedzera munguva yekusagadzikana kwevanhu uye kutadza kwehurongwa hwemhando yatiri kusangana nayo iye zvino. Dambudziko rinounza vateereri; nharaunda huru nedzinomuka dzinosvikika. Chikwata cheBush pachakasimudzira kurwiswa kweIraq kuburikidza nenhema dziri pachena uye kukanganisa, masangano enhau emakambani akatarisana nedambudziko revatapi venhau. . . uye zvakatadza - kushandura huwandu hukuru hwevagari vemo vakazvimiririra kuva nhapwa dzenhau dzinoshuvira dzimwe nzira.
Tora mukana wematekinoroji matsva: Midhiya yakazvimirira yagara ichitumbuka nematekinoroji matsva nemafomati. Kuuya kweiyo offset kudhinda uye FM radio, semuenzaniso, yaive yakakosha kuma1960s counter-tsika media. Asi hapana chinoenzaniswa neshanduko yemazuva ano yekufambiswa kwemashoko, matekinoroji matsva ari kuderedza mitengo yekugadzira uye Internet inoshandura kugovera midhiya - ichipa vakazvimiririra uye vanotanga mukana chaiwo wekukwikwidza uye kubudirira.
Dzivirira rusununguko rwevatori venhau uye shanduko yenhau: Matanho makuru ekumberi kune vanopokana vezvenhau kazhinji akaunza maitiro kubva kumasimba aripo - dzimwe nguva kudzvinyirira, dzimwe nguva mhinduro dzakajeka sekutyisidzira kodzero dzavo dzekutumira. Gore rapfuura, mamagazini madiki akatarisana nekukwira kukuru kweposvo, chirongwa chakagadzirwa neTime Warner conglomerate. Bonafide bloggers kazhinji vakanyimwa kuwana vezvenhau. Kuti zvifambire mberi, nhepfenyuro dzakazvimirira dzinoda kutepfenyura kune veruzhinji, munharaunda nevashoma; isiri-purofiti uye yeruzhinji kuwana kune tambo uye satellite TV; uye Net Neutrality, kudzivirira vanopa Internet vakaita seComcast neTime Warner kuti vasarudze mamwe mawebhusaiti vachisarura vamwe.
Simbisa hwaro hwako: Pasina rubatsiro rwekugovera kubva kuvatakuri vezvitima, iyo Chicago Defender haina kukwanisa kusvika pakuverenga kwayo kweSouthern Black Belt. Pasina uto revanyori vanozvipira, Appeal to Reason haingadai yakave nesimba rayo munyika yose. Nhasi, blogger Josh Marshall anovimba nekubatanidzwa nekutsvagisa kwekuverenga kwake Talking Points Memo mukufumura zvinonyadzisa zvakaita seGweta reUS rakaburitsa Gweta Guru. Kubudirira kwekugovera vhidhiyo kwaRobert Greenwald's Brave New Films/Brave New Foundation inotsamira pakubatana nemapoka eNetroots nevaratidziri. Kupfuura kare munguva yedu yeInternet, kubudirira kwezvinyorwa zvakasununguka zvinoenderana nenharaunda dzinoshingaira - "vanhu vaimbozivikanwa sevateereri."
Ramba wakasindimara wakazvimirira: Ichi ndicho chidzidzo chekupedzisira. Mafungu ebudiriro yemagariro akavandudza nyika yedu angadai asina kuitika dai vatori venhau vakazvimiririra vanyarara kana kupfava nekuda kwezvakabuda musarudzo kana shanduko yemapato ari kutonga.
- -
Jeff Cohen ndiye akatanga mutungamiriri wePark Center ye Independent Media http://www.ithaca.edu/rhp/independentmedia/ paIthaca College. Akavamba boka rekuona media FAIR muna 1986.