Cobh, iyo "Great Island" iri padyo neSouthern Coast yeIreland, inogona kusvikwa chete kuburikidza neBelvelly Bridge, iyo yaive yakakosha muna 2014 payakave pakati pemamwe akanyanya kurongeka ruzhinji kuunganidzwa kwakaonekwa nechitsuwa munguva yakareba. .
Pazvakava pachena kuti iyo semi-state yemvura kambani yeIrish Water yaizoisa imba yemamita emvura muCobh sezvayakanga yaita kumwe kunhu - zvichireva kuti Mvura yeIrish yaiuya nemarori, kuchera nzira, kubatanidza imba yega nemamita emvura. ndokutanga kubhadharisa vanhu mvura - vanhu vakamukira.
Vakamira vakarinda kudivi guru reBelvelly Bridge, varatidziri vaitumira meseji kune vamwe vakamira vakarinda kune rimwe divi rebhiriji, vachivazivisa marori aiuya uye vachitevera kwaienda marori. Vazhinji vevaive vakaronga vaive vakadzi, vakwegura nevasina mabasa — avo vaive pamba masikati.
Pakasvika marori panzvimbo dzawo, kazhinji vanhu vakanga vatovamirira vari mumapoka, vachivhara marori kupinda mumasitendi, kana kuti kutsvikinyidzana pedyo nawo uye vachiisa mujeri vashandi. Vanhu vaisambodedera. Vakadzi, varume nevana vakakiya maoko vachiimba. Kuvharika kwakatora maawa, dzimwe nguva kunyange mazuva, izvo zvaireva kurongeka mumashifiti uye kuita misangano yousiku pamusoro pechinhu chiri chose kubva pane zvokupfeka kusvikira kuna uyo aizotora vana kuchikoro ndokugadzira zvokudya.
Vanhu vakamisa matende masitendi akatanga kuita makwikwi ekuti ndiani aikwanisa kugadzira muto nemasangweji ekudyisa varatidziri. Maposter ered and white airohwa nemafafitera aiti “No Consent. Hapana Kondirakiti. Kwete kuMvura Privatization. Hapana Mamita Emvura Pano." Sezvakataurwa nemumwe murwiri wemvura kwandiri:
Vanhu vaive vakafuratira. Mazhinji ezvivakwa zvevashandi, kwete muCobh chete asi munyika yese, aive akavharika zvachose. Hatina kumbobvumira Irish Water kupinda. Nharaunda, dzakaparadzana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe uye dzakaputswa nehurombo, kudzingwa, kushaya mabasa, dzakasangana. Aive mashiripiti.
Misa Mobilizations against Austerity
Cobh ungori muyenzaniso wekusagadzikana kwevanhu vakawanda kwakaonekwa neIreland mumakore 2014 na 2015. Kuiswa kwemamita emvura uye tarisiro yekuti mhuri dzeIrish dzakasungwa nerimwe bhiri zvakakonzera kuratidzira kwakasimba uye kuchiri kuenderera mberi. vanhu veIreland vachiudza vezvematongerwo enyika neIrish Water kuti vanogona kungo "Namira Mamita Yavo Emvura Kumusoro Pambongoro Yavo. "
Mazana evagari venzvimbo dzinonyanya kushanda vakaita zviito zvakarongeka zvekusateerera kwevanhu, kuvharira marori uye kuratidzira mukuratidzira kwakakura kwenyika. Kumukira kwemvura kwakawedzera nekukurumidza zvekuti vashandi veIrish Water vaigara vachiuya vakakomberedzwa nemapurisa kuti vazvidzivirire uye dzimwe nguva vairovawo mhomho yaigara, yakarara, kana kumira, kazhinji kwemaawa, munzira nemumigwagwa ivo vachivhara mamita. Madzimai echikuru akaburitsa macheya aipeta ndokunwa kapu yavo yetii vakagara panzira, pwere dzichivharira makomba akanga acherwa nekambani.
Varatidziri vakapokana kuti kusvika panguva iyoyo mvura yave ichionekwa sechinhu chakanaka cheveruzhinji chavaibhadhara general progressive taxation, zvichireva kuti vashandi vanotambira mari shoma, vasingashandi uye vanotambura zvikuru vaisazobhadhara mari yakawanda sezvakaita vapfumi zvikuru. Kuwedzera imwe mari kune vanhu vanga vachitobhadhara zvaizoreva kuti vaizobhadhara mvura kaviri.
Varatidziri vakabvarurawo mukupokana kwezvakatipoteredza kwakaitwa neIrish Water. Muchokwadi, metering yaisazongotungamira mukuchengetedzwa kwemvura sezvo maIrish akashandisa paavhareji 15-25 muzana zvishoma mvura kupfuura kuUK, uko kubhadhariswa mvura kwave kuripo kubva muna 1989. Kubhadharisa mvura ndiko kwakava nzira inonetsa yakatemerwa vagari veIrish kubvira pakaparara hupfumi hweIreland muna 2008.
Pashure pe 70 bhiriyoni yekubhadharisa mabhanga, iyo yave ichinzi “dambudziko rinodhura zvikuru rokubhanga muupfumi hwepamusoro kubvira paKuderera Kukuru Kweupfumi,” inobhadharwa nemari yevateresi uye zvichiita kuti muhoro wehurumende uderedzwe zvikuru, kuderedzwa kwemari yerubatsiro uye kushandiswa kwemari munzanga, uye kuwedzera kwokuderera kwemari. mitero nemari yevashandisi, mari yemvura ndiyo inonzi nevanhu mashanga akatyora musana wengamera akadanidzira: "Hausi kuzowanazve ropa kubva pamatombo aya."
Iyo Privatization yeMvura
Mvura yeIrish yakavambwa muna 2013 mukupindura dambudziko rakakura remari reIreland zvichitevera kubhadhariswa mari kwebhangi. Kusikwa kweiyi mubatanidzwa weruzhinji asi chokwadi mubatanidzwa weveruzhinji wakazvimirira (PPP) kana, sekudaidzwa kwazvinoitwa kuIreland, Dhizaini-Build-Operate (DBO), chikamu chemaitiro epasirese apo hurumende dzine nzara dzinotsvaga kuisa mari mukurwara. zvivakwa kuburikidza nekuwana zvikwereti zvakananga kuburikidza nevanoisa mari pasi rose, kusanganisira mabhanga, mamaneja ehomwe yepenjeni uye mafemu akazvimirira ega equity.
Magadzirirwo eiyi fomu rehurumende-yehurumende anobvumira kuti chikwereti chitsva chibviswe pagwaro remari yeruzhinji uye kuti mari yehurumende idzorerwe nekuti mari inobhadharwa inoitwa pane imwe nzvimbo pasi pemugwagwa kana chirongwa chapera. Sokutaura kwakaita mumwe mushumo wokuCanada, hurumende “dziri chaizvoizvo ‘kurenda mari’ yadzinogona kukwereta zvakachipa dziri dzoga nokuti zvinobatsira mune zvematongerwe enyika kukwereta. kumisa mari uye kudzivisa chikwereti.”
Tsvagiridzo muCanada yakaratidza zvakare kuti maPPP anodhura avhareji yegumi nematanhatu muzana kupfuura zvakajairwa veruzhinji, kwete chete nekuti vanokwereta vega vanofanirwa kuita purofiti asiwo nekuti vanowanzobhadhara mibairo yakakwirira kupfuura iyo hurumende dzinoita. Mari yetransaction yemagweta nevarairidzi zvakare wedzera kune yekupedzisira bhiri, sokuziva kunoita vaIrish. Mutengo wemapurojekiti anodhura, muIreland sekumwe kumwe, wakadhawunirodha kune "vashandisi vekupedzisira" - ivo vanhu chaivo vanogona kuitenga zvishoma.
Mari yekudyara zvivakwa zvemvura iri nyore kuuya nemazuva ano. Huru hwepasi rose hwemvura inoyerera huri kupindana netarisiro iri kukura yekuti mvura iri kukurumidza kubuda sechimwe chezvinhu zvinopa mari zvakanyanya pasirese. Mvura yeruzhinji inoshanda seMvura yeIrish saka ndiyo inonyanya kutariswa kune "midziyo mitsva yemvura” avo vakamhanya-mhanya kuisa mari pamvura kwete nekuti ine mari yakawanda, asiwo nekuti mvura inoonekwa semari ine njodzi shoma. Sebasa risiri resarudzo rekutanga kuhupenyu hwevanhu, mvura, sekutaura kwakaita mumwe muongorori anogara kuLondon kuHSBC Securities, “inflation-proof uye hapana kutyisidzira pamuhoro, chaizvo. Yakagadzikana uye unogona kuitengesa chero nguva yaunoda.”
Hukama hwepedyo uhu yabuda "pakati pekuyerera kwemvura mumapombi eIrish uye kuyerera kwemari mumisika yemari yepasi rose" saka zvave kureva kuti mvura isina mita inoda kushandurwa kuti ive "inofanofungidzira, pfuma inoshanda zvakanaka inotenderera mumisika yemari yechipiri." Chero chipi zvacho chaibuda pamapombi chaifanira kuverengeka uye chinogona kuyerwa kuitira kuti chiitwe pasi pefungidziro. Saka kuiswa kwemamita emvura, uye nekudaro hasha dzakachengeterwa neIrish ichi chidiki, chinoita sechisina mhosva yehunyanzvi mudziyo.
Kusvika nhasi, munhu anogona kuita rombo rakanaka rekumhanya mumamita emvura - mapombi echigandanga ane makore apfuura asina kuisa mazana emamita munyika yose; mamita ari zviratidzo zvekupambwa asiwo zvinhu zvekuseka - kutorwa mifananidzo munzvimbo dzisingafungidzirwe dzakadai semahombekombe uye kutumirwa paFacebook kana kuratidzwa pachena mumagadheni madiki ekumberi.
Kuratidzira kwenzvimbo vachipokana nemamita emvura muna 2014 kwakapararira semoto wemusango kubva kunzvimbo dzakaita seDublin, Cork, Cobh, Ballyphehane neBray uye vakakurudzirwa nemapoka agara aripo anorwisa-austerity senge. Dublin Inoti Kwete. Kusungwa kwekutanga kwakaitwa vagari vaive varamba kuwana vashandi vemvura veIrish nekuvharira migwagwa nemotokari dzavo.
Pakupera kwa2014, Right2Water yakavambwa, a sangano renyika amburera vachitsigirwa nemasangano evashandi, mapato akarerekera kuruboshwe ezvematongerwo enyika uye mapoka akasiyana-siyana emunharaunda nevaratidziri. Zvakazotevera mazuva akati wandei echiito emunyika akaona makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vachiratidzira mumigwagwa yeDublin - yekupedzisira yakaitwa munaGunyana 17, 2016, uye yakakwezva mhomho inofungidzirwa ye80,000.
Kusvika nhasi, nzvimbo zhinji dzeIrish dzinoshanda-kirasi hadzina kuverengerwa. Vamwe hafu chete, nemapoka madiki evaratidziri vakaita serimwe muBallyphehane vachiri kufamba-famba mumigwagwa vakapfeka mabhachi akajeka anoratidza kusvinura kwavo. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvenhengo dzeparamende dzakasarudzwa kupinda pachigaro muna Kurume 2016 dzakamira pachikuva chekubhadharisa mvura. Vanopfuura hafu yevezvematongerwo enyika ava havasi kubhadhara mari yavo yemvura uye vanosimbirira, panzvimbo pezvo, pamutero unofambira mberi.
Mhosva dzemvura dzakambomiswa kwemwedzi mipfumbamwe, uye Independent Water Commission yakagadzwa nehurumende yeIrish. munguva pfupi yapfuura kuti mari dzemvura dzinofanira kuraswa zvachose, kuti mvura inofanirwa kubhadharwa kuburikidza nemutero wakajairwa, uye kuti maIrish anosimbirira kuti mvura ive yakanaka yeruzhinji - yeruzhinji uye inotungamirwa. Iko kukunda kukuru kwevaratidziri vemvura veIrish uko komisheni yakagadzwa nehurumende yakasimbisa mune zvingangoita zvese zvavainge vachitaura nguva yese.
Social Contract vs. Household Contractualization
Kubva pakaitika dambudziko rezvemari repasi rose ra2008, mhuri dzepakati uye kunyanya dzine mari yakaderera dzakatambura zvakanyanya pasi pezvakadaidzwa nevamwe. mhuri contractualization, zvichireva kuti vave vachiwedzera kuita zvibvumirano nemakambani akazvimirira kana kuti akapihwa mari shoma nekudaro vanobhadhara mari yakawanda yezvekutanga kuberekana kwemhuri (gasi, magetsi, mvura).
Iyi mari yekubhadhara yemumba pazvinhu zvakaita sesimba, mvura nenharembozha (asi zvakare painishuwarenzi, rendi, hutano hwehutano uye zvikwereti zvedzimba, dzidzo nemotokari) zviri kuwedzera kuunganidzwa uye kutengeswa pamisika yepasi rose. Ivo nokudaro vakava musimboti wemuganhu unowedzera wekuunganidza mari uye "anchors" uko hurongwa hwemari hwepasi rose hwakasungirirwa.
Kuitwa kwemari kwezvinhu zvemumba kunonzwikwa zvakanyanya munyika dzakaita seIreland, iyo yanga yatove nechigaro chebhengi rebhangi iro rakauya nehuwandu hwemitero mitsva nemiripo yevagari. Saka pakanga patove nenhamba dzekare dzekare muIreland mu2012 nezvekusakwanisa kwemhuri dzine mari shoma kubhadhara mutero weimba mutsva waifanirwa kunge uri chiyero chenguva yemitero yezvivakwa, chiyero icho Dublin chakange chabvumirana nacho pasi peEuropean Europe. Chirongwa chekubhadhara chikwereti cheUnion neInternational Monetary Fund.
Asi yaive iri kuuya yekuchaja yemvura uko maIrish aidhirowa mutsetse. Nekuramba chibvumirano uye nekusimbirira kubhadhara mvura kuburikidza nemutero unofambira mberi, maIrish akaita chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kusimba panguva yedu: vakaramba iyo nzira - chibvumirano uye bhiri - iyo mhuri inoitwa pasi pekufunga kwemari. "Hapana Kubvumirana. Hapana Kondirakiti. Kwete kuMvura Privatization. Hapana Mamita Emvura Pano,” sezvo mapepa akanamira pamahwindo aiverenga.
Vanhu veIreland vakasimbirira pachibvumirano chakasiyana zvachose - chibvumirano chemagariro apo nyika yaizozvipira kune mutero unofambira mberi. Ichi chaive chishuwo chekuti nyika itendeuke kubva kumhando yayo yemazuva ano yekubata nechikwereti chakaremara kuburikidza nekutengesa-kuona kwenguva pfupi kutengeswa kwemasevhisi akakosha uye panzvimbo pacho kufunga patsva hurongwa hwemari pamwe neramangwana rayo: Ndiani anobhadhara rudzii. yemitero? Uye chii chinoitika nemitero iyi?
Iyi yanga isiri iyo"nostalgic kuona” yemhando inotungamirwa nehurumende yenguva yakapfuura, asi kudiwa kwetsvarakadenga uye nzira dzinofambira mberi dzemari yeruzhinji. Hakushamisi kuti mhirizhonga yemvura yeIrish yakaenzaniswa kakawanda nehondo dzemvura dzakakurumbira muCochabamba, Bolivia. MaIrish akadhirowa mutsara uye vaive vakagadzirira kuisa miviri yavo pamutsetse iwoyo. Mvura yeIrish haisi kuzotora rimwe ropa kubva pamatombo iwayo.
Andrea Muehlebach ndiPurofesa weAnthropology paYunivhesiti yeToronto, pari zvino ari kuita tsvakiridzo padambudziko remvura muEurope.