Dzave 4 PM, 13 Ndira 2008. Mukova mukuru wePertamina Hospital muSouth Jakarta wakakombwa nevatori venhau vakawanda. Anenge ese ndeemuno, sezvo Indonesia isingakwezve masangano enhau epasi rose, kunze kwekunge paine kuparara kwevhu, tsunami kana kuparara kwendege kunouraya. Vamwe vatori venhau vari kuisa malenzi evhidhiyo nemakamera emifananidzo vachitarisana negirazi remusuwo wechipatara, vachitarisira kuona kana chimwe chiitiko.
Asi hapana kana kufamba kunoonekwa mukati. General Suharto, ane makore makumi masere nematanhatu ekare aimbova mudzvanyiriri wemauto akatonga Indonesia kweanopfuura makumi matatu emakore, akarara pane imwe nzvimbo mukati meiyi kongiri isingafadzi, ari kufa kana zvakanyanya mu "mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kwazvo" mushure mekunge mashandiro ese enhengo atadza, sezvo chiremba akaudza musangano wenhau neSvondo Ndira 86. Akamhanyiswa kuchipatara mazuva mapfumbamwe akanga apfuura achirwara neanemia uye kuderera kweBP nokuda kwezvinetso zvemwoyo, mapapu neitsvo.
Hapana kupera kwekuyerera kwevanoremekedzwa vachipa rutsigiro kana nyaradzo kumhuri yake. Musi wa13 Ndira akasvika aimbova Gurukota repamusoro reSingapore Lee Kuan Yew, shamwari yepedyo yaSuharto, akararama panguva imwe cheteyo uye anopesana neCommunist crusader. VaLee vakaramba kupindura mibvunzo yevatapi venhau veIndonesia vakazosununguka kuvanhu vomunyika yavo, vachipa manzwiro avo kuChannel News Asia nedzimwe nhepfenyuro dzeSingapore: โNdinonzwa kusuwa kuona shamwari yechinyakare yandakashanda nayo padhuze makore makumi matatu apfuura. makore, kusanyatsowana rukudzo rwaanofanirwa. Hongu, paive nehuwori. Hongu, akapa nyasha kumhuri yake neshamwari dzake. Asi pakanga paine kukura chaiko uye kufambira mberi chaiko, "Lee akatorwa akadaro.
Makore mapfumbamwe Suharto asiya basa, Indonesia inoramba iri imwe yenyika dzine huori hwakanyanyisa pasi rose. Sekureva kweBerlin-based Transparency International, inotora 143-146 nzvimbo kubva munyika zana nemakumi masere dzakaiswa, dzakasungwa neGambia, Russia neTogo (The 180 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index).
Sekureva kweUnited Nations neWorld Bank, pakanga paine zvakawanda kupfuura kungoita huwori hwepakati nepakati panguva uye mushure mekutonga kwaSuharto: Suharto anotungamira runyorwa rwevapambi nemari inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika 15-35 bhiriyoni emadhora, achiteverwa neaimbova purezidhendi wePhilippines Ferdinand Marcos, aimbova purezidhendi we. Zaire (yava kunzi Democratic Republic of Congo) Mobutu Sese Seko, naSani Abacha vekuNigeria. Kubudirira kunoshamisa tichitarisa kuti muhoro waSuharto muna 1999 - gore raakamanikidzwa kusiya basa mushure mekuratidzira kukuru kwakazunguza Jakarta - yaingova US$1764 pamwedzi. Vatsoropodzi vanoti Suharto nemhuri yake vakatounganidza mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni 45 emadhora, kunyange kupfuura zvakataurwa neUnited Nations neWorld Bank. Mhuri iyi inonzi inodzora anenge 36,000 kmยฒ yezvivakwa muIndonesia, kusanganisira 100,000 mยฒ yenzvimbo yepamusoro yehofisi muJakarta uye ingangoita 40 muzana yenzvimbo muEast Timor. Zvinonzi mari inodarika mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe nematatu emadhora yakapfuura nemumaoko emhuri iyi panguva yekutonga kwaSuharto kwemakore makumi matatu nemaviri.
Asi kunyangwe kutaura nezveruzivo rwakadaro zvinogona kunge zvisiri pamutemo muIndonesia. Kunyorwa kweUN neWorld Bank kwakasvika svondo rimwe chete mushure mekunge Dare Repamusorosoro reIndonesia rarayira Time Magazine kubhadhara madhora miriyoni zana nemazana matanhatu emadhora ekukuvadza aimbove mudzvanyiriri nekumusvibisa zita rake muna 106 achipomera Suharto nehama dzake mhosva yekuunganidza mabhiriyoni emadhora panguva yekutonga kwake. Zvipiriso zvakaitwa nemasangano epasi rese kuhurumende yeIndonesia - kubatsira kuona, kumisa uye kudzorera mari kubva kumaakaundi akachengetwa nemhuri yaSuharto kunze kwenyika - zvakarambwa uye kashoma kukurukurwa nevezvenhau.
Suharto akapomerwa mhosva yekubira mazana emamiriyoni emadhora emari yenyika, asi hurumende yakazorasa nyaya iyi nekuda kwehutano husina kunaka hwemudzvanyiriri. Muna 2007, vachuchisi vehurumende vakamhan'arira hurumende vachitsvaga mari inosvika mamiriyoni mazana mana nemakumi mana emadhora uye imwezve bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora ekukuvadzwa nemhosva yekusashandiswa zvakanaka kwemari yaibatwa neimwe yenheyo dzaSuharto. Asi Mutungamiriri Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, akasimuka semukuru pasi pehutongi hweSuhart, akaraira Gweta Guru Hendarman Supandji kuti atsvage kugadzirisa nyaya yedare nemhuri yeSuharto, sezvo aimbova mudzvanyiriri airwira hupenyu hwake. Pertamina Hospital.
Kufanana nevese vezvematongerwo enyika veIndonesia, Mutungamiri Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono vakaramba kushora Suharto pachena. "Pak Harto akanga ari mutungamiri wenyika ino. Mipiro yake kurudzi urwu haisi duku. Semunhu, zvakadaro, sevamwe vanhu, Pak Harto ane utera uye zvikanganiso, "akaudza pepanhau, achitaura nezveSuharto nezita rake rinofadza. .
The Jakarta Post, bepanhau rinotsigira mutauro weChirungu zuva nezuva, muna Ndira 12, rakanyora mifananidzo yaro peji rekutanga: "Muminamato Yavo: Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri Jusuf Kalla ... anoshanyira aimbove Mutungamiriri Soeharto kuPertamina Hospital muSouth Jakarta neChishanu. Suciwatiโฆ, the Chirikadzi yemumiriri wekodzero dzevanhu, Munir Said Thalib, pamwe nehama dzevamwe vakatyorwa kodzero dzevanhu vakaisa maruva muimba inosvikira vanhu muchipatara chePertamina neChishanu. kutonga. Vashanyi vose vakati vainamatira Soeharto."
Chakakanganwa kutaurwa nebepanhau reJakarta ndechekuti vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vazhinji, sekutaurwa kwazvinoitwa nemutauro wechiIndonesian zuva nezuva Kompas, vaishuvira kuti Suharto apore kuitira kuti amire pamberi pedare.
Garda Sembiring, mukuru wePEC-iyo Indonesia NGO iyo inoedza kuburitsa pachena mhosva dzekodzero dzevanhu, kusanganisira mhosva dzekuuraya vanhu vakawanda dzakaitika panguva yekupidigura hurumende muna 1965 - aive musungwa wehana panguva yeSuharto. Mubvunzurudzo yefoni akaratidza kutsamwa mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo: "Munhu wose ari kutaura nezvechirwere chaSuharto. Ndiri kushamiswa! Vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika vari kushandura mamiriro acho kuita mutambo wezvematongerwo enyika. Vane vavariro: vanoda kuti vanhu veIndonesia vakanganwe. yapfuura. Uye ini pachangu? Ndomuregererei? Ndinoda kumuona apora, kuitira kuti atongwe. Ndosaka zvingava nani kwaari nekwedu tose kana ararama."
Kuedza kuedza Suharto pamusoro pemhosva yekuuraya vanhu kwakakundikana kwete nekuda kwehutano hwake hunokundikana, asi pamusoro pezvose nekuda kwekusada kwekugadzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika mushure me1999 kuti ataure pachena nezvekare. Kusiyana neSouth Africa ne'Southern Cone' yekuSouth America, Indonesia haina kumbove neshanduko huru yezvematongerwo enyika mushure mekudzingwa kwaSuharto. Nyika yanga ichitongwa nevakuru vezvemabhizimisi nevechiuto, kunze kwemutungamiri mupfupi waAbdurrahman Wahid uyo akamanikidzwa kubuda pachigaro paakada kupatsanura chitendero kubva kuhurumende, kukumbira ruregerero kune vakaurayiwa nekupondwa kwa1965, uye kuunza magariro. shanduko muIndonesia inofambiswa nemusika system.
Masangano anorwira kodzero dzevanhu pamwe nevese vanyori venhoroondo vari kupomera Suharto mhosva yekuita basa rakakosha mukuvhota kwakatsigirwa neUS kwa1965 kwakagadzirirwa kutsausa Mutungamiriri wenyika Sukarno uye kuparadza Bato reCommunist reIndonesia (PKI), panguva iyoyo mukomunisiti mukuru wechitatu. party munyika.
Husiku hwaGunyana 30/Gumiguru 1, 1965, boka revarindi veSukarno vakapamba uye kuuraya vatanhatu vevakuru vemauto ekurudyi vanopesana neCommunist. Varindi veSukarno vakati vaiyedza kumisa CIA-yakatsigirwa nemauto, iyo yakarongwa kubvisa Sukarno kubva pachigaro pa "Zuva reMauto". Suharto akabatana nemukuru webapiro rekurudyi akararama Abdul Haris Nasution kuti atungamire danidziro yenhema achipokana nePKI nevatsigiri vaSukarno.
Zvakazotevera kutorwa kwemauto uye kutyisa kwemwedzi yakareba, kupondwa kwakawanda kwenhengo dzePKI, vagari vekuChina, varume nevakadzi vakatsamira kuruboshwe, vakangwara, maartist uye chero ani akashoropodzwa nevavakidzani kana vavengi. Kupondwa kwevanhu kwainyanya kuitwa nemauto uye nemapoka ezvitendero zverudyi akarwisa โvasingatendi kuvapo kwaMwariโ. Pakati pe500.000 ne3 miriyoni vanhu vakanyangarika mumwedzi yakati wandei, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo dzekuuraya dzeIndonesia dzive dzakanyanya kusimba munhoroondo yenyika.
US yakatsigira mhirizhonga uye CIA yakapa Suharto nevamwe vake runyorwa rwezviuru gumi zvekufungidzira macommunist. Kuongorora kwakatevera kweCIA kwezviitiko zvakagumisa kuti "Maererano nenhamba dzakauraya kuuraya kwe-anti-PKI muIndonesia chinzvimbo seimwe yekuuraya kwakaipisisa kwezana ramakore rechi10,000." (George McT. naAudrey R. Kahin, Kuchinja seKune dzimwe nyika Policy: The Secret Eisenhower uye Dulles Debacle muIndonesia. New York: The New Press, 20).
Kusawirirana mune zvematongerwo enyika kwakaparadzwa, ndizvo zvakaitawo masangano evashandi. Indonesia yakave "yakavhurika bhizinesi", kunyanya kumakambani emarudzi mazhinji emigodhi neoiri anoda kutora mukana wevashandi vanotya uye vakagadzirira kubhadhara mari isina kutaurwa muchiokomuhomwe vachichinjana nekuwana zvinhu zvakawanda zvenyika.
Zviuru zvevadzidzisi zvakapondwa. Vanyori vakanyaradzwa, studio yefirimu yakavharwa. Nzvimbo idzo nyanzvi dzemarudzi akasiyana dzaishandiswa kusanganisa dzakaparadzwa dzikatsiviwa nemadziro ekongiri asingazivikanwe ezvitoro nenzvimbo dzekupaka. Mabhuku akapiswa, kubatanidza ayo omunyori mukurusa wamanovhero weSoutheast Asia, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, uyo akava musungwa wenguva refu wehana mumusasa wevasungwa weBuru. Pramoedya, kusvika pakufa kwake muna 2006, haana kumboregerera Suharto. Kwete nokuda kwekutambura kwake pachake, asi nokuda kwe "kusava netsika; yekushandura Indonesia kuti ive misika; yekuparadza mweya weSukarno wekufarira."
Indonesia mushure megore 1965 yaive ne "Year Zero", seCambodia pasi peKhmer Rouge. Yakazvivharira kwemakore akati wandei, kusvikira avo vainangwa vaunganidzwa vourayiwa. Rwizi rweBrantas muEast Java, pamwe chete nedzimwe muboka rezvitsuwa rose, vakanga vakazara nezvitunha uye vakatsvuka neropa, maererano nezvapupu zvakaona.
Nyika dzekuMadokero hadzina kupikisa. Suharto aionekwa semubatsiri neUnited States, Britain, Australia nedzimwe nyika dzaifarira kuve nemutungamiri weIndonesia mushambadzi akasununguka uye mubatsiri muCold War kwete mutsigiri wesangano revanhu nevasina kurerekera, Sukarno.
Indonesia inzvimbo huru yezvitsuwa. Kwakanga kuri nyore kudzvinyirira mashoko, kuita kuti vanhu vawo varangarirwe, kuvapopotera nemashoko anoparadzirwa, kuvaparadzanisa nenyika yose. Hapana mafirimu kunze kweHollywood uye kugadzirwa kwemuno, paine sipo ine sipo kubva pasirese. Hapana nyaya dzakakomba. Mumhanzi wepop chete, wechinyakare. Mutauro weChinese wakarambidzwa, uye ndizvo zvakaitawo mazwi akadai sekuti "atheism" kana "class". Kunyika yose iyo yakarambidzwa kudzidza pamusoro penjodzi ya1965/66, zvakanga zviri nyore kutenda vezvenhau, izvo zvairumbidza Suharto semubatsiri uye mukuru wehurumende. Yakanga iri nguva yeCold War uye kunyanya kunetseka kweAmerica kwaive Vietnam. Kana guruva ragara, mitumbi yakavigwa, yakagezwa kana kuora, Indonesia yakavhurwa zvakare: yebhizinesi nekushanya. Vanhu veIndonesia, kazhinji, vakatyisidzirwa kuti vanyarare, vasina ndangariro uye vasina zvishuwo kunze kwekufamba zvine rhythmically kune yazvino pop tunes neminamato, pedyo nenzara asi vachinyemwerera sezvakarairwa, pasina pfungwa dzakaoma nemibvunzo; lobotomized.
Uye Suharto, murume zvino ari kurwira upenyu hwake, ndiye akanga achitungamirira.
Ipapo kwakauya East Timor. 1975 uye General Suharto vakatumira mauto kurudzi ruchangozvimiririra rwakanga rwatambura kwenguva refu kubva mukuregeredzwa kwechiPutukezi; nyika iyo yakazowana kuzvitonga pakupedzisira uye yakatsvaka kutora kosi yenzanga (kwete yechiKomonisiti). Zvakazotevera kwaive kuponda kwakasiyana nekwamuna 1965 (uye kwakaitwa nevakawanda vanozivikanwa zviso). 200,000 vanhu - chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cherudzi rwese - vakanyangarika. Zvaiita sekuti Indonesia yakanga yakatsunga kutyora rekodhi yeutsinye. Asi "nguva" - Hondo Yemashoko - zvakare yakatamba mumaoko aSuharto. Akaruramisa kupinda kwerudzi rudiki rusina dziviriro nekubhomba "Hatingaregi Cuba padyo nemahombekombe edu" uye akagashira kuombera uye nechiedza chegirini zvakare, kubva kuUS, Australia nevamwe. Ipapo kwakauya Aceh, Papua, uye "trans-migration".
Suharto anogona kunge akabira mari yakawanda kupfuura chero mumwe mutungamiri munhoroondo yemazuva ano, achishandura hupfumi kuita account yake yekutarisa yakavanzika. Asi zvakare anogona kunge ari murume ane mhosva yekufa kwakawanda kupfuura chero mumwe mudzvanyiriri kubvira WWII.
"Ndakaodzwa mwoyo zvikuru neSBY (Mutungamiriri) uye Attorney General", anodaro Ditasari, mutungamiri webato rinopikisa riri kuenderera mberi muIndonesia - Papernas - yechinyorwa ichi. "Matauriro akaitwa nevari vaviri haana musoro. Hatifaniri kuzeza kuenderera mberi nemutemo, pasinei nekurwara kwaSuharto. Asi hurumende inotya avo vanotsigira Suharto. "
Paari kufa, Suharto anoenderera mberi achibata nyika yese. Nekutya uye nemukana, vatungamiriri vebhizinesi nevezvematongerwo enyika vari kufamba-famba pamberi pemubhedha wake. MuCentral Java, vanhu venyika vanoti akatengesa mweya wake kumashiripiti, ndicho chikonzero haakwanisi kubva munyika ino. Wese munhu anoita sekunge akatya kutaura chero chinhu chinganzi chisina kukodzera kana chinogumbura.
Seri kwemahwindo echipatara, guta riri kuora rakafukidzwa neutsi. Pasinei nenhamba dzepamutemo, vanopfuura hafu yevaIndonesia vanogara munhamo (kunyangwe World Bank inoronga 49% yevaIndonesia sevarombo). Kuseri kwemahwindo kune nyika yakakura, yakaparadzwa, isingakwikwi uye isina kudzidza, inotambura nemakumi emakore ekutya ichisiya nhaka yekuteerera kwebofu uye pakupedzisira yekudzikama kwenjere.
Makumi emamiriyoni evaIndonesia vachiri kunzwa kuchema kwekutyisa kweavo vakabiwa nekurohwa kusvika vafa, makumi emakore apfuura. Asi vakadzidza kusava nechokwadi nemaziso avo nenzeve uye, pakupedzisira, kuteerera.
Suharto anogona kufa ari murume akasununguka, akakomberedzwa nevakuru, nekurumbidza kwevashandi. Asi chokwadi kunyangwe iye haakwanise kunzvenga dzimwe ndangariro, kunyangwe ari pakoma. Hazvisi nyore kukanganwa miriyoni yevanhu, miriyoni inofa. Vakamira pedyo nemumwe, vanogona kuzadza nzvimbo yakakura uye kuchema kwavo, vachiuya vakabatana, vanogona kuputsa madziro echero - kunyangwe chipatara chakazvimirira. Uye kana mhere iyi nekuchema zvasvika paari, achaziva kuti anoenda, kwete akasungwa nemaoko, asi setsotsi zvakadaro.
ANDRE VLTCHEK - munyori wenhau, munyori wemitambo uye mutori wenhau, mupepeti mukuru weAsiana Press Agency (www.asiana-press-agency.com) uye mubatsiri we Mainstay Press (www.mainstaypress.org) Akagadzira uye akatungamira "Terlena-Breaking of a Nation" - 90-maminetsi ezvinyorwa firimu nezvehudzvanyiriri hwaSuharto. Anogara muAsia neSouth Pacific uye anogona kusvikwa pa: [email inodzivirirwa]