[Ichi ndicho chinyorwa chechina chenhevedzano yeRopa remafuta? Global capital, counter-inurgency uye iyo mbiri logic yeAmerican simba rekuchengetedza.]
Parizvino iyi nhevedzano yezvinyorwa yakaongorora kupindira kweUS mumafuta akapfuma ME uye akaita nharo dzakati wandei pamusoro pehupamhi hwekurongeka kwehunyanzvi hweUS. Munguva yese yapashure pehondo nyika yeAmerica yakanyora hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika zvakanyanya kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwemauto uye kudzidziswa kune akati wandei anogamuchira mauto munzvimbo dzakapfuma neoiri. Tichifunga nezvekuenderera mberi kwekudikanwa kweoiri sechinhu chepasi rose uye kuti mafuta anowanzo kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzine mabhesi emagariro asina kusimba, pamwe hazvishamise kuti hukama uhwu pakati perubatsiro rwemauto neoiri hwakaenderera mberi. Sezvineiwo munguva yese yapashure peHondo Yemashoko, uye kunyanya kubva 9/11, nyika yeAmerica yakashinga kutevera mutemo wekuchengetedza simba kuburikidza nemaitiro ekusiyana. Kureva kuti, iyo US yanga ichiwedzera kuvepo kwayo mune mamwe matunhu akapfuma mafuta kunze kweME. Nzvimbo dzakakosha dziri muSouth America, Central Asia neAfrica.
Tichifunga nezvekusagadzikana kwakawedzera muME uye kuvimba kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera nemasimba makuru pamafuta ekunze, varongi veUS vari kuramba vachinetsekana maererano nekudzikamisa magetsi aya kumisika yepasi rose. Sechikamu chezvinonzi "hondo yehugandanga" tiri kuona kuwedzera kwemauto ehukama pakati pesimba, capitalism yepasi rose uye kupindira kweUS uye nepo kurwisa kweUS kunowanzoonekwa senge zano reCold War, ndizvo. vari kuramba vachichatiswa kune iyi nzira yekuchengetedza simba apo hurumende dzakapfuma nemafuta dziri kuwana mamirioni emadhora rubatsiro rwemauto eUS uye kudzidziswa kwekupikisa. Kunzvimbo idzi ndiko kwandinotendeuka uye ndinoratidza kuti kupindira kweUS mumatunhu aya kuchiri pasi pehuviri hwepfungwa dzandatsanangura pamusoro. Ini zvakare ndinodonongodza nzira idzo zano idzva rekusiyana kwesimba riri kukanganisa kodzero dzevanhu uye hutongi hwemagariro muSouth yepasi rose.
Transnational kunetsana uye kusiyana kwesimba
Asati asvika 9/11, vakuru veUS kuronga vanga vaona kuti kuchengetedzwa kwesimba kwave kutonyanya kukosha kune zvido zveUS. Mukutanga kwa2001, Munyori weUnited States weEnergy Spencer Abraham akataura kuti US yakatarisana ne "dambudziko guru rekuwanikwa kwesimba," mumakumi maviri emakore anotevera. Abraham akaenderera mberi achiti รขโฌหkutadza kuzadzisa dambudziko iri kuchakanganisa budiriro yeupfumi hwenyika yedu, kukanganisa kuchengeteka kwenyika yedu, uye kuchinja mararamiro atinoita upenyu hweduรขโฌโข. 1 neMutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weUS Dick Cheney akafanotaura kuti kuvimba kweUS pamafuta ekunze kwaizoramba kuchiwedzera mune ramangwana. Chirevo ichi chakataura kuti "chikamu chekudiwa kwemafuta ekuUS chinozadzikiswa nekunze kwenyika kunofungidzirwa kuti kuchakwira kubva pa2001% muna 52 kusvika pa2000% muna 64. Pakazosvika 2020, oiri inokwana maviri pamatatu egaroni epeturu nemafuta ekudziya. inogona kubva kune dzimwe nyikaรขโฌโข. Sezvineiwo, mushumo uyu wakakurudzira kuti US inofanira kuita รขโฌหkuchengetedzwa kwesimba pamberi pekutengeserana kwedu uye mutemo wekunze รขโฌยฆ Kuchengetedzeka kwesimba reUS rekupa kunowedzerwa nezvinhu zvakati wandei zvinoratidzira hukama hwedu hwekudyidzana รขโฌยฆ Zvinhu izvi zvinotangira pakuva pedyo nenzvimbo. uye zvibvumirano zvemahara zvekutengeserana kune akabatanidzwa mapaipi network, kudzorera simba-chikamu chekudyara, kugoverana zvisungo zvekuchengetedza, uye, muzviitiko zvese, hukama hwenguva refu hwakavimbika hwekugoveraรขโฌโข.2020
Kunze kwekushandiswa kwemuUS mudzimba zvisinei, gwaro rinoenderera mberi nekukakavara kuti US inofanira kutungamira mukutsvaga kukuru รขโฌหkusiyana-siyana kwekugadzirwa kwemafuta epasi roseรขโฌโข nekusiyana-siyana kuine รขโฌหpundutso dziri pachena kune vese vari mumusikaรขโฌโข.3 Uku kudzikira kwekutsamira kuMiddle East masosi emafuta kunotungamira kukuwedzera kuvimba nenyika itsva nematunhu. Kunyanya, Atlantic basin masosi anosanganisira รขโฌหWestern Hemisphere, Caspian, uye Africaรขโฌโข. Chirevo ichi chinoburitsa pachena kuti US inofanirwa kuita zvese nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekufarira kwenyika nepasirese nekusiyana-siyana kunobatsira "kudzikisa kukanganisa kwekukanganiswa kwehupfumi hweUS nepasirese" Pamusoro pezvo, zano reUS "mune imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzinokosha zvikuru" dzinofanirwa kutarisisa hukama hwemagariro e capitalist uye kuvhura matunhu aya kuti apinde mumari yekunze kuitira kuvandudza "mamiriro ekudyara". Chirevo saka chinokurudzira kuti nyika yeUS inofanirwa kuramba ichiita nekuda kwezvikonzero zvese zvechido chenyika uye chepasi rose kuburikidza nekuisa masangano uye kunyora pasi capitalism munzvimbo idzi itsva dzakapfuma neoiri kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekuwedzera musika kubatanidzwa uye kuvapo kwehungwaru.
Sezvineiwo, nekupihwa hukama hwakanyorwa pakati pezviwanikwa nekunetsana iyo US yakawedzera kutsvaga "kudzikamisa" nyika dzine magariro asina kusimba kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekubatanidzwa kwematunhu aya mukati mehupfumi hwenyika. Izvi zvinozoita kuti zvido zveUS zvitsanangurwe zvinopesana neshanduko yemagariro muSouth yepasi rose iyo inogona kukanganisa simba rekupihwa kumisika yepasirese. Uku kugona kwakazivikanwa mukati memushumo, Strategic Energy Policy: Matambudziko e21st Century, yakagadzirwa neUS Council on Foreign Relations. Chirevo ichi chinotanga nekuburitsa kubatanidzwa kwakanyanya kwehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwepasi rose: รขโฌห[a] zana remakore rechi21 richivhurwa, chikamu chemagetsi chiri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara. Dambudziko rinogona kuputika chero nguva kubva kune chero nhamba yezvikonzero, kubva mutsaona papombi yeAlaskan kusvika kune shanduko munyika huru inogadzira oiri. Zvingangokanganisa nyika yega yega munyika yanhasi yepasi roseรขโฌโข.
Mumushumo zvishuwo zvenyika yeUS zvakachata nekudzivirira shanduko huru dzemagariro kana zvematongerwo enyika muSouth yepasi rose neshanduko yehukama huripo hunokanganisa รขโฌหkuchengetedzeka kwenyika kweUS nemutemo wekunze munzira dzinoshamisaรขโฌโข. Chirevo ichi chinoenderera mberi chichiti US inofanirwa kutungamira mukutonga kwesimba repasi rose: US inofanirwa kusimudzira รขโฌหmasimba emusika pese pese pazvinogoneka, ichiita kuti ive nechokwadi chekurongeka kana pakatadza musika kana kuperevedza kwakanyanya kana tsaonaรขโฌโข. . Kukundikana kwemusika kunosanganisira รขโฌหkuvhiringwa mukufambiswa kwekutengeserana nemasangano akazvimiririra kana ehurumende uye zviito zvevanopikisaรขโฌโข. Sezvineiwo, chirevo chinopedzisa nekujekesa kwazvo kuti US inofanirwa kushandisa mauto ayo kuona kuti yakakosha simba rekushandisa rinoramba richiyerera kumisika yepasirese uye kuti nyika yeAmerica inofanirwa kutsvaga kutora hukuru hwakafanana mumatunhu matsva ane mafuta. kupfuura zvazvinoita iye zvino kuMiddle East.
Chirevo ichi chinopokana kuti kana US รขโฌห ikasapindura zvine hungwaru kumamiriro ezvinhu emagetsi aripo, US iri panjodzi yekuenderera mberi nekuwedzera kusingagamuchirwe kwevanopikisa uye kusiya hupfumi hwenyika huri munjodzi yekuvhiringwa nemitengo yemagetsi isina kusimbaรขโฌโข. Iyi nzira itsva yekuchengetedzwa kwesimba kuburikidza nekusiyana-siyana kwakawedzera munguva yepashure-9/11 iyo US ichiwedzera zvakanyanya rubatsiro rwayo rwemauto kunyika dzakapfuma neoiri sechikamu chezvinonzi pasi rose รขโฌหhondo yehugandangaรขโฌโข. Sezvatichaona iye zvino, US iri kuwedzera kusungirirwa nekubatanidza zvimiro zvehurumende zvehurumende munyika yechitatu kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekupa simba kune hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, nzvimbo nhatu dziri pasi pekupindira kwemafuta eUS iWestern Hemisphere, Caspian, uye Africa uye ini zvino ndinoongorora nzira idzi dzemhirizhonga yepasi rose mune imwe neimwe yenzvimbo idzi.
Global capitalism uye kusiyanisa kwesimba
Pakati pevanotengesa mabheseni eAtlantic, Latin America inopa mafuta akawanda kuUS kupfuura nyika dzese dzekuMiddle East dzakasanganiswa, neMexico, Venezuela neColombia vatengesi vakuru. Sezvo chirevo cheCheney chinojekesa zvakadaro, dunhu reAndean reSouth America, kunyanya Venezuela neColombia zvave kuwedzera pakati pezvinetswa zveUS. Mukupfupisa zvisungo izvi, aimbove Mutungamiriri Mukuru weSouthern Command yeUS (USSOUTHCOM), General James T. Hill vakatsinhira hukama huripo pakati pehurongwa hweUS uye kuchengetedzwa kwehupfumi hwakapfuma nemafuta kune dzimwe nyika. Hill akapokana kuti US "Southern Command" kuchengetedza kuchengetedza zviitiko - yakashanda kuwedzera US "pesvedzero, kuvimbisa shamwari, uye kudzivisa vangangove vavengi" uku ichikurudzira kugadzikana kwemusika - kuburikidza nekudzidziswa, kugadzirira. , uye kugadzira allies security force capabilitiesรขโฌโข. Zvakakosha, Hill akapokana kuti รขโฌหSouthern Command ichaita basa rakakosha mukugadzira marudzi emauto anobatsira kupa kugona kutonga mudunhu rese, kunyanya muColombiaรขโฌโข.5
Ku รขโฌหkudzikamisaรขโฌโข Colombia, US yanga ichitumira mabhiriyoni emadhora erubatsiro rwemauto eUS kumauto eColombia kubva muna 2000. Kunyange zvazvo mari iyi ichinzi ndeyehondo yekurwisa zvinodhaka asi chokwadi ndeyekurwisa mhirizhonga. Hondo yekurwisana neRevolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) inova sangano rekare reLatin America rekupandukira hurumende. yekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu zvakanyanya. Grossman akapokana kuti vapanduki veColombia vanomiririra njodzi kune $6 bhiriyoni mukudyara kwakananga US muColombia. Vanogara vachirwisa zvinofarirwa neUS, kusanganisira njanji inoshandiswa neDrummond Coal Mining nzvimbo uye Occidental Petroleum mugomba wemafuta weCaรยฑo Limรยณn. Kurwiswa nemagandanga papombi yeCaรยฑo Limยณn zvakare kunotyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwesimba reUS. Colombia yakapa 4.3% yemafuta ekuAmerica kubva kunze kwenyika muna 3, uye ine matura angangove oiri nemagasi chaiwo.2001
Sezvinoratidzwa naGrossman, Colombia yakawana matura emafuta akawanda munharaunda yayo.8 Zvinonyanya kukosha, zvisinei, mhirizhonga muColombia inotyisidzira kugadzikana kwedunhu, uye kunyanya muvakidzani weColombia Venezuela inova imwe yevatengesi vakuru veUS vemafuta. . General Peter Pace, akatangira Hill kuUS SOUTHCOM, akatsanangura nzira dzakakura dzekufunga kweUS kuwana mafuta ekuSouth America, uye akabatanidza kupindira kweUS muColombia nekutya kusagadzikana kwedunhu kunokonzerwa neFARC. Akatanga nekutsanangura kukosha kwemafuta ekuSouth America kuUS, achiti pane "pfungwa isiriyo" yekuti US "inotsamira chose kuMiddle East" pamafuta, asi chokwadi Venezuela inopa รข โฌห15% - 19 % yemafuta edu anotengeswa kunze kwenyika chero mwedzi wakapihwaรขโฌโข. Pace akabva aenderera mberi nekuona kuti "makakatanwa emukati meColombia anokonzeresa kugadzikana kwedunhu" uye zvishuwo zvemafuta eUS, ne "Venezuela, Ecuador, nePanama" "vari panjodzi yekusagadzikana nekuda. kune mhirizhonga yevapanduki yeColombia pamiganhu yavoรขโฌโข.9
Kunze kweColombia, mutungamiri ane mukurumbira webapiro rekuruboshwe weVenezuela, Hugo Chavez, anga ari munzwa kuAmerica kubva paakasarudzwa muna 1998 sezvo akaramba chiono cheneo-liberal icho chinoda kuwedzera kubatanidza Latin America mune asymmetric yepasirese. hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Zvichipindura, US yakatsigira kuedza kwaChavez muna 2002. Pakarepo mutauriri weDhipatimendi reHurumende, Phillip Reeker akati US inoshuvira "kuratidza kubatana kwedu nevanhu vekuVenezuela uye tinotarisira kushanda nemauto ese edemokrasi muVenezuela" . Akaenderera mberi achitsanangura kuti kupidigura hurumende kwakakonzerwa nezviito zvaChavez "zvisina demokrasi" izvo "zvakakonzera" dambudziko rekuVenezuela. sarudzo muna 10 na1998 nehuwandu hukuru mumakumi mana emakore enhorondo yeVenezuela, uye akange apasisa bumbiro idzva regutsaruzhinji nereferendamu yakakurumbira muna 2000.
Mukutsigira kupidigura hurumende yeUnited States, National Endowment for Democracy yakanga yaisa mazana ezviuru zvemadhora mumari kumapoka eUS neVenezuelan aipikisa VaChavez, kusanganisira neboka revashandi rine kuratidzira kwakonzera kupidigura hurumende. Uto remauto reUS Navy rainzi rakaronga pamwe nekubatsira vaironga zvekupidigura hurumende.12 Thomas Dawson, mukuru weIMF External Relations Director, akataura kuti IMF yakamira yakagadzirira kubatsira hurumende itsva รขโฌหnechero nzira yavanoona yakakodzeraรขโฌโข.13 Mutauriri weBush Administration akataura pachena kuti kunyangwe Chavez โakasarudzwa zvine gutsaruzhinjiโ, munhu aifanira kurangarira kuti รขโฌหkuve nemutemo chinhu chinopihwa kwete neruzhinji rwevavhoti cheteรขโฌโข.14 Chavez achiripo zvakasimba paradar yeUS neGeneral Hill vachipokana kuti "radical populism" (inotsanangurwa senzira iyo รขโฌหvatungamiri mudunhu vari kupinda mukushushikana kwakadzama kwekutadza kweshanduko dzegutsaruzhinji kuendesa zvinhu zvinotarisirwa uye masevhisi" โข) inoramba iri "chinhu chekutanga" kutyisidzira รขโฌหkuzvido zveU.S.รขโฌโข.
Kusavhiringidzwa kuwana mafuta ekuSouth America uye kuchengetedzwa kwehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwave kunetsa zvakanyanya kune vanoronga veUS mushure mekurwiswa kwaGunyana 11 uye kuenderera mberi kwekutadza kwehugaro hunotungamirwa neUS muIraq. Aimbove Mumiriri weUS kuColombia, Anne Patterson, akatsanangura kuti "mushure meGunyana 11, nyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwemafuta yave chinhu chakakosha kuUnited States", kunyanya "semafuta echinyakare kuUnited States" kuMiddle East zvave kunyange รขโฌหkuchengetedzeka kushomaรขโฌโข. Nekutsvaga zvinodikanwa zvesimba reUS kubva kuColombia, iyo รขโฌหmushure meMexico neVenezuelaรขโฌโข iri "nyika yemafuta yakakosha mudunhu", US ingave "nechikamu chidiki chekushanda nacho" vakatarisana nedambudziko uye vaigona รขโฌหkudzivisa fungidziro yemitengo yemafutaรขโฌโข.17 Zvichienderana neColombia izvi zvakaratidzwa zvakajeka nehurongwa hwehutongi hweBush hwemadhora 98 miriyoni kuchikwata chakadzidziswa chemauto eCI cheColombia sechikamu cheBush. Chirongwa chekubatsira mauto eSouth America, iyo Andean Regional Initiative.
Kusiyana nemamwe mauto eColombia CI brigades, chikwata ichi chakazvipira chete kuchengetedza US multinational Occidental Petroleum's 500-mamaira kureba Cano Limon oil pipeline muColombia.18 US Secretary of State Colin Powell akatsanangura kuti mari yakashandiswa รข หdzidzisa uye shongedza mauto maviri emauto eColombia kuti adzivirire pombi yachoรขโฌโข kudzivirira kurwiswa kwevapanduki uko รขโฌหkutitadzisa kuwana peturuรขโฌโข.19 Patterson akaenderera mberi achitsanangura kuti kunyange zvazvo mari iyi isina kupihwa chikonzero chehondo yezvinodhaka รขโฌหchimwe chinhu chatinofanira kuitaรขโฌโข nokuti รขโฌหchakakosha kune remangwana renyika, kune kwatinobva mafuta uye neruvimbo rwevanosima mari dzeduรขโฌโข.20 Bush akatsinhira zvakare. chitsidzo ichi paakataura kuti "Colombia ndiko kwaibva mari inosvika zvikamu zviviri kubva muzana zvemafuta ekuAmerica kubva kunze kwenyika" muna 2001 (gore iro boka rekudzivirira pombi rakatangwa) izvo zvakaita kuti รขโฌหkufarirana pamwe chete mukuchengetedza hupfumi uhu. assetรขโฌโข.21
Sezvinoita kuSouth America, Central Asia idunhu rakapfuma neoiri uye zvido zvenyika yeUS uye rubatsiro rwayo rwekuchengetedza rwakanyatsobatanidzwa nekudzikamisa hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika mudunhu nerubatsiro rwemauto eUS runotsigira varwi vane hutsinye. Hondo yeUS yakatungamira kurwisa Afghanistan yakakonzera kuwanda kwekuvapo kwemauto eUS mudunhu rese, uye dzinoverengeka dzeCentral Asia nyika dzava kuwana rubatsiro rwemauto eUS iyo inoruramiswa sechikamu che "hondo yehugandanga" yepasi rose. 22 Zvakadaro, kuvepo kwemauto eUS kwaisangogumira kumushandirapamwe weAfghan saElizabeth Jones, Mutevedzeri weMunyori weNyika weUS akajekesa muna 2001 paakapokana kuti รขโฌห[kana] hondo yeAfghan yapera hatisi kuzobva muCentral. Asia. Tine zvirongwa zvenguva refu uye zvatinofarira mudunhu rinoรขโฌยฆรขโฌโข23
General Anthony Zinni, mukuru weUS's Unified Central Command (inoona nezvekuita zvirongwa zverubatsiro rweUS kuchengetedza muCentral Asia yose) vakapa chiratidzo chezvirongwa izvi zvenguva refu uye vakasimbisa kuenderera mberi kwehuviri hwekupindira kweUS muCentral Asia. paakataura kuti US CENTCOM nehurongwa hwayo hwekubatsira muchiuto uye kudzidzisa zvinobatsira munzira dzakakosha kuchengetedza "kugadzikana munharaunda ino isina kugadzikana" inova "yakakosha pakuyerera kwemafuta uye kumwe kutengeserana kwakakosha kuhupfumi hwenyika" โข. Akaenderera mberi achiti รขโฌหkutarisisa zvinodiwa zvedziviriro zveshamwari dzedu, uye nekuchengetedza kuvapo kwemauto kwakakodzera uye kuwana mukana, tinokwanisa kusimudzira kuchengetedzwa kwedunhu tichidzivirira zvatinoda zvakakoshaรขโฌโข. s zvinonetsa. Inonyora zvido zvenyika zveUS zvine chekuita nenyika imwe neimwe yeCentral Asia ine dingindira rinobatanidza riri kukosha kwekubatanidza matunhu zviwanikwa zvesimba mukati mehurongwa hwepasirese hunotungamirwa neUS uye kudzamisa hupfumi hwemusika. Zvichienderana neGeorgia, semuenzaniso, Dhipatimendi reNyika reUS rinopokana kuti zvido zveUS zviri pakati pemasimba emusika wekusimudzira uye kubatana kweGeorgia nehupfumi hwenyika: รขโฌหGeorgia inzvimbo yakakosha yezvematongerwo enyika mudunhu reCaucasus: sekumadokero. portal kuGreat Silk Road uye mukoto mutsva weCaspian oiri kuenda kumisika yepasi rose, Georgia isuwo resimba uye nzira dzekutengesa dzinobatanidza East neWestรขโฌโข.24
Tichifunga nezvekurerekera kweGeorgia kumutemo weUS hazvishamise kuti ndiyo iri kutungamira kugamuchira rubatsiro rweUS mudunhu iri neUS $64 miriyoni inopihwa mari yekudzidzisa uye equipรข โฌ โข chirongwa chehurongwa hwemauto eGeorgia akada kufanana ne Chirongwa cheCI chiri kuburitswa muColombia. Vanosvika zana nemakumi mashanu evadzidzisi vemauto eUS Special Forces vari kudzidzisa vashandi veGeorgian chengetedzo muhondo yekurwisa. Mutauriri webazi rezvekudzivirirwa kweGeorgia akataura kuti varairidzi vekuUS CI vachashanda kugadzira simba rekukurumidza kuita iro richachengetedza โnzvimbo dzehunyanzvi, kunyanya mapaipi emafutaโ. Saizvozvowo, Uzbekistan, imwe yevabatsiri veUS mukurwisa hugandanga, yakagamuchira mari inopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mapfumbamwe emadhora erubatsiro rwemauto eUS mukupera kwa150. rubatsiro rwemauto uye madhora miriyoni gumi nemasere yerubatsiro rwekuchengetedza muganho iyo yaisanganisira zvirongwa zvitsva zvekudzidzisa zveUzbek Special Forces mukurwisa-kumukira hondo. General Zinni akatsanangura kuti Uzbekistan ine รขโฌหhupfumi hunogona kuitika hwezviwanikwa, uye simba redunhu reCaspian (oiri negasi) รขโฌยฆ ragadzirira budiriro yakakura mumakore akati wandei anoteveraรขโฌโข. Zvakadaro, nekuda kwe รขโฌหpfuma yakawanda yesimba iri panjodzi mukana wekusagadzikana uripo apo nyika dzinogadzirisa mibvunzo yevaridzi uye nzira dzinogamuchirwa dzekutengesa kunze kwenyikaรขโฌโข. Hukama hwedu neCAS huri kusimukira uye hucharamba huchikura mune ramangwanaรขโฌโข.26
Izvi zviri kuitikawo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAfrica. Imwe yenyika dzemuAfrica dzakakosha inyika yekuMadokero kweAfrica yeNigeria inova ndiyo inonyanya kutengesa oiri kunze kwenyika muAfrica, uye iri yechishanu pakukura mukutengesera mafuta kumisika yepasi rose.28 Kukurudzira kubatanidzwazve kweAfrica mukati meupfumi hwenyika hwezvematongerwo enyika US. yanga ichikurudzira zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana pasina mubhadharo uye muna 2000 yakasaina chibvumirano cheAfrican Growth and Opportunity chakagadzirirwa kuvhura Africa kuti ive nemari yepasi rose, kunyanya kuisirwa mari neveWestern oil transnational. Sekupokana kwakaita Ed Royce, Sachigaro weDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States pamusoro peAfrica, "mafuta emuAfrica anofanirwa kutorwa sechinhu chakakosha kuUS National Security post 9-11" nemafuta emuAfrica achipa "gwara remari rinofanirwa kuitwa." kupa mari yekusimudzira upfumi hweAfrica รขโฌยฆ [t]hapana chikonzero chakanaka chekuti nyika dzemuAfrica dzinogadzira oiri dzirege kutora mukana weAfrican Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) kusiyanisa hupfumi hwadzoรขโฌโข.29 Bush akadzokorora kuzvipira uku muna 2004 paakasaina mutemo weAGOA Acceleration Act wa2004 uyo wakawedzera AGOA kusvika muna 2015.
Bush akati hakuna โdunhu rine zvakawanda zvokuwana kubva mumisika yakasununguka kupfuura Africaโ neAGOA ichipa รขโฌหvemabhizinesi emuAmerica chivimbo chekudyara muAfrica, uye akakurudzira nyika dzemuAfrica kuti dzigadzirise hupfumi hwadzo nehurumende kuti dzishandise mikana. iyo AGOA inopaรขโฌโข.30 Pamwe chete nehurongwa uhwu hwekuwedzera musika kwave kukwira kunoenderana nerubatsiro nekudzidziswa kwemauto eUS, neU.S. Foreign Military Financing kuAfrica chete yakawedzera ne800 percent kubva muna 2000-2006.31 Muna 2004, General Charles Wald, mutevedzeri. mukuru weEUCOM (mukuru wemauto anoona nezveEurope neWestern Africa) akapedza rwendo rwenyika dzinoverengeka dzeWest Africa, kusanganisira Nigeria. Mukutsanangura zvido zveU.S muAfrica, Wald akapokana kuti US ine รขโฌหkufarira kukuru muAfrica kubva pamaonero ekuchengetedza, kubva pamaonero ehurongwa uye kubva pakuona kuchengetedza zvido zvedu zvekuchengetedza uye zvido zvekudyaraรขโฌโข.32 Sezvineiwo, patinenge tichikurukura. mubatanidzwa wemauto pakati peUS neNigeria uye kana kushandirapamwe kwemauto kuchizosvika pakuchengetedzwa kwemafuta emuNigeria munzvimbo ine hondo yeNiger Delta, Wald akataura kuti รขโฌหPese pane zvakaipa, tinoda kusvikako tozvirwisaรขโฌโข. 33
Pedzisa chikamu chechina chezvikamu izviโโโโโโโโโ
1 Munyori asingazivikanwe, Zvakataurwa naMunyori weMagetsi weU.S. Spencer Abraham. http://www.usembassy.it/file2001_03/alia/a1031906.htm
2 National Energy Policy Development Group, National Energy Policy, May 21, 2001. p.130.
3 National Energy Policy Development Group, National Energy Policy, May 21, 2001. p.132.
4 National Energy Policy Development Group, National Energy Policy, May 21, 2001. p.133.
5 James T. Hill, Posture Statement, US Southern Command, House Armed Services Committee, Kurume 12, 2003. http://www.house.gov/hasc/openingstatementsandpressreleases/108thcongress/03-03-12hill.html.
6ref bhuku rangu.
7 Marc Grossman, Chipupuriro cheAmbassador Marc Grossman pamberi peDare Repamusoro reKomiti Yekugoverwa kweImba yeKushanda Kwekunze. Kubvumbi 10, 2002. http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/02041001.htm.
8 Donald E, Schulz, United States neLatin America: Shaping an Elusive Future (Carlisle PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2000), p.3.
9 Peter Pace, Advance Mibvunzo yeLieutenant General Peter Pace. Defence Reforms. United States Senate Committee yeArmed Services. 2000. http://www.senate.gov/~armed_services/statemnt/2000/000906pp.pdf.
10 Phillip Reeker, State Department on Change of Government muVenezuela, 12 Kubvumbi 2002. http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ar/venezuela/02041250.htm.
11 PaChavez uye nemukurumbira wake wedemokrasi ona NarcoNews, Kukadzi 20, 2002; Pamhinduro dzevezvenhau kuUS pakupidigura hurumende ona Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting, US Mapepa Anorumbidza Coup yeVenezuelan sePro-Democracy Move, Kubvumbi 18, 2002. http://www.fair.org/press-releases/venezuela-editorials.html; Kuti uwane chimiro chakanaka chese kuseri kwe coup ona Conn Hallinan, US Shadow Over Venezuela, Foreign Policy in Focus. Kubvumbi 17, 2002. http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2002/0204venezuela2_body.html.
12 The Guardian, Kubvumbi 29, 2002.
13 Thomas C, Dawson, Transcript of a Press Briefing, International Monetary Fund, Chishanu, Kubvumbi 12, 2002, http://www.imf.org-external-np-tr-2002-tr020412.htm.
14 The Observer, yaApril 21, 2002.
15 US House of Representatives, Uchapupu hwaGeneral James T. Hill Pamberi peHouse Armed Services Committee, Kurume 24, 2004. http://armedservices.house.gov/openingstatementsandpressreleases/108thcongress/04-03-24hill.html
16 Richard Gott, รขโฌหDemocracy Under Threatรขโฌโข, The Guardian, Zvita 6, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1658890,00.html
17 El Tiempo. 10 Kukadzi, 2002. http://www.amazonwatch.org/newsroom/mediaclips02/col/020210_col_et.html.
18 Christian Science Monitor. Kurume 5, 2002.
19 Dare Rokugoverwa kweImba. Secretary of State Colin Powell pamberi peForeign Operations Subcommittee, Kukadzi 13, 2002.
20 El Tiempo. 10 Kukadzi, 2002.
21 George Bush, Mharidzo yeBudget yeMutungamiri paAndean Counterdrug Initiative, Washington, US Department of State, Kukadzi 04,2002. http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ar/colombia/andean04.htm.
22Lutz Kleveman, Mutambo Mutsva Mukuru: Ropa neMafuta muCentral Asia (London: Grove Press, 2004).
23 Jones akatora mashoko kubva kuna Saul B, Cohen, โThe Eurasian Convergence Zone: Gateway or Shatterbelt?โ, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2005, 46:1, p.9.
24 US CENTCOM, Chirevo cheGeneral Anthony C. Zinni, chisina kunyorwa zuva. http://www.centcom.mil/
25 US Department of State, New Independent States, isina kunyorwa. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/3971.pdf
26 Hurumende yeUnited States, รขโฌหUzbekistan Rubatsiro rweMautoรขโฌโข uye รขโฌหUzbekistan Kuchinjana uye Rubatsiro rweKusimbisa Mutemoรขโฌโข, Isina Kunyorwa, 2002.
27 Anthony C. Zinni, Chirevo cheMukuru Anthony C. Zinni, Chisina Kunyorwa. http://www.house.gov/hasc/testimony/106thcongress/99-03-11zinni.htm
28 Chirevo chaGeorge L. Person, JR. Kakomiti kadiki paNear Eastern neSouth Asian Affairs, U.S. Senate. US Foreign Policy, Petroleum uye Middle East. Gumiguru 20, 2005. http://foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2005/PersonTestimony051020.pdf
29 Ed Royce quote kubva kuAfrican Oil: A Priority for US National Security and African Development, African Oil Policy Initiative Group, isina kunyorwa zuva. http://www.israeleconomy.org/strategic/africawhitepaper.pdf
30 George W Bush, Zvakataurwa neMutungamiriri pakusainwa kweAgoa Acceleration Act ya2004, Chikunguru 13, 2004. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/07/20040713-3.html
31 William D. Hartung naFrida Berrigan, Kuiswa Kwechiuto kweU.S. Africa Policy, 2000 kusvika 2005, Kurume 2005, http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/AfricaMarch2005.html
32 Donna Milesรขโฌโข US Inofanirwa Kutarisana Nehugandanga muAfricaรขโฌโข American Forces Information Services, Chikumi 16, 2004.
33 Ian Mason, รขโฌหNzvimbo Iri Kukura YeOiri Zvakare Yakananga West Africa, Mutengesi Mukuru KuAmerica, Anoratidza "Paradox Of Plenty", San Francisco Chronicle, Gunyana 19, 2004.