Marable
Chikamu Chekutanga
Nguva pfupi yadarika ndanga ndiri mutauri mukuru paNational Caucus of
Black School Board Members, yakaitwa panguva yemakumi matanhatu nerimwe pagore National School
Boards Association muSan Diego. Ndakasangana nemazana akazvitsaurira, anofambira mberi
Vatungamiri venharaunda dzeAfrica-America vanoshanda nesimba pamabhodhi ezvikoro zveveruzhinji
munyika yose. Black Caucus inoshanda seforamu yenyika
matambudziko akatarisana nenhengo dzebhodhi rechikoro cheAfrica-America munharaunda, nyika uye
national level. Musoro wenyaya wakandipa mukana wekufungisisa nezve
hukama pakati pezvikoro zvehurumende uye kurwira kupa simba vatema
nharaunda.
Inyaya shoma dziri kunetsana zvakanyanya mune zvematongerwo enyika dzeAmerica
nhasi pane gakava pamusoro pekuita privatization manejimendi ezvikoro zvehurumende, uye
mushandirapamwe wekuchengetedza uchifarira mavhocha echikoro, umo mune mari yeruzhinji
anoshandiswa kubhadharira zvese kana chikamu chechikoro chevadzidzi paruzhinji kana pachivande
zvikoro. Vazhinji vamiriri vedzidzo yeruzhinji vanotya, nekuwanda
kururamisa, kuti izvi zvinoenda kune privatization hapana zvazvinoita kuwedzera
hunhu chaihwo hwedzidzo kunyanya kuvana vatema, vatema nevanotambura.
Conservative Republicans, kubva kuMutungamiri Bush kuenda kuNew York Meya Rudolph
Giuliani, paridza kuti zvirongwa zvemusika zvinopa zvinodiwa
zvinokurudzira kusimudzira mwero wepamusoro webudiriro yedzidzo. Mamiriyoni e
Vanhu vemuAfrica vekuAmerica vanowanzo tsigira veruzhinji vanofambira mberi uye vakaenzana
zvinzvimbo zvepolicy, zviri kuramba zvichipatsanurwa pamusoro penyaya idzi. A kukura uye
Vocal constituency vave nechokwadi chekuti dzidzo yeruzhinji yakundikana, uye
kuti privatization ndiyo chete tariro kuvana vedu.
Munyika, maonero evanhu akachinjawo munguva yakapfuura
makore gumi akananga kune privatization uye "sarudzo yedzidzo." Muna 1990, chete pamusoro
chikamu chimwe muzvina chevanhu vese vekuAmerica vaitsigira mavhocha echikoro. Pakazosvika 2000, inenge hafu
akaita-asi zvichienderana nenzira iyo vavhoti vakabvunza mubvunzo, wekuti
mari dzehurumende dzinofanira kushandiswa kubhadhara mari dzechikoro dzevana vanoenda kwakazvimirira
zvikoro.
Ongororo dzemafungiro pakati peAfrica America neLatinos vane
yakaratidza kwemakore akati kuti kune pfungwa inogamuchirwa nevakawanda iyo
vadzidzi vashoma vanoita zvirinani muzvikoro zvakazvimiririra, uye kunyanya parochial
zvikoro. Imwe nzvero yedzidzo ya1990 yavadzidzi vanopfuura 100,000 XNUMX yakashuma izvozvo
MaKatorike eAfrica-America aipinda zvikoro zveparochial "aigona kudaro
kupedza chikoro chesekondari nekoreji." Zvinokoshawo kuziva pano, kuti
MaAfrica maAmerican, maLatinos neAsia parizvino anodarika chikamu chimwe muzvina che
2.6 miriyoni vana vanopinda zvikoro zveKatorike muUS
Ukuwo, mavhocha haana kuita zvakanaka kusvika nhasi rinhi
akaiswa pavhoti. MunaNovember, 2000, chirongwa cheCalifornia chevoucher,
Proposition 38, yakakundwa zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe maBhishopi eKatorike eCalifornia
yakaramba kuita mushandirapamwe wekupasisa Proposition 38, vachinyunyuta kuti
danho rakakundikana "kushandira varombo."
Takasvika sei apa muhurukuro yenyika pamusoro
dzidzo yeruzhinji? Midzi yegakava ranhasi pamusoro pekuita zvikoro zveprivatiti uye
mavhocha anodzokera kumashure kwehafu yezana, apo Dare Repamusorosoro muna 1954
zvikoro zvehurumende "zvakaparadzana asi zvakaenzana" zvakarambidzwa. Maererano nenyanzvi dzedzidzo
Robert S. Peterkin naJanice E. Jackson, imwe mhinduro kuBrown v. Board ye
Sarudzo yedzidzo yaive kusikwa kwezvikoro zvemagineti, izvo zvaive pakutanga
yakagadzirirwa "kukwevera vadzidzi munzvimbo dzakaparadzaniswa dzekugara kuti dzive dzakaparadzaniswa
nzvimbo dzechikoro."
Mukupera kwema1970, pfungwa ye "controlled choice" yakatanga
muCambridge, Massachusetts, iyo "yaisangova kuedza nekuzvidira
kuparadzanisa zvikoro asiwo chimwe chezvirongwa zvekutanga zvedunhu rose kusimudzira
Sarudzo yevabereki yezvikoro sechinangwa chikuru." Liberals uye akawanda radicals zvakare
akatanga kutsigira pfungwa ye "zvikoro zvechata," dzidzo yeruzhinji
masangano akapihwa zvakanyanya kuchinjika mukutonga uye
curriculum. Iyi imwe nzira, yeruzhinji sarudzo yemhando yedzidzo nekukurumidza
zvakapararira munyika yose.
Iyo Reagan manejimendi yakave kuseri kwezvikoro zvemagineti mune a
nzira huru. Muna 1984, iyo Magnet Zvikoro Rubatsiro Chirongwa sechikamu cheChinyorwa VII che
mutemo weEducation for Economic Security Act wakapasiswa. Maererano nekutsvakurudza kwe
Peterkin naJackson, zvikoro zvemagineti zvakakura "kubva kumatunhu gumi nemana munyika yose
1976, kusvika kuzvikoro 1,000 mumatunhu 138 muna 1981, uye kuzvikoro 2,652
zvakasanganiswa zvirongwa zvemagineti 3,222 pakupera kwegore rechikoro ra1991-92."
Pakazosvika 2000, munyika yose maivawo nezvikoro zvemachata zvingasvika chiuru.
Kutsoropodza pamusoro pekuchinja kwesarudzo dzezvikoro zvehurumende kwakatanga
yakaitika makore makumi maviri apfuura. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa kuti zvikoro zvemagineti
vakagadzira nzvimbo dzekudzidza dzakakomborerwa kunyanya dzevachena vepakati
vadzidzi uye chikamu chidiki kwazvo chevadzidzi vashoma, nemubhadharo we
mari yakaderera vadzidzi vatema uye shava. Vamwe vakaratidza kuti idzi dzidzo
shanduko dzakaita zvishoma kumisa kubuda kwevachena vepakati
vana vanobva kuzvikoro zvidiki zvemudhorobha.
Pakazosvika mavambo ema1990, nhamba yevanhu vemarudzi eAmerica
zvikoro zvehurumende zvakada kufanana nemaitiro erusaruraganda erusaruraganda
muSouth Africa. Zvinoenderana neNational Center yeDzidzo Statistics, kubvira
1993, yematunhu echikoro anopfuura 15,000 muUS, zana gurusa
matunhu akanyoresa inopfuura 40 muzana yevadzidzi vashoma vomunyika yose
vanhu. Muna 19 aaya matunhu echikoro muna 1993, inopfuura hafu yavose
vadzidzi vaiva African American, uye muvatanhatu, vazhinji vaiva Latino.
African-American uye vadzidzisi vanofambira mberi uye chikoro
vatungamiri vari kuramba vachisangana nevezvematongerwo enyika
kugadzwa, zvido zvemakambani, uye vezvenhau, izvo zvinofarirwa zvakanyanya
privatization zvirongwa, zveimwe mhando kana imwe. Yasvika nguva yekuti timire zvedu
vana, uye nedzidzo yeruzhinji. Nekuti kurwa kudzivirira uye kusimudzira yedu
zvikoro zvehurumende ihondo iyo vanhu vatema havangakwanise kurasikirwa nayo. Kana imwe
anoongorora zvine mutsindo nharo dzese dzakasiyana dzemavhocha uye dzechikoro
privatization, vanoparara, mumwe nemumwe.
Chikamu Chechipiri
Kudzivirira kwakasimba kwedzidzo yeruzhinji kwakananga
zvine chekuita nehondo yekusimudzira nharaunda dzevatema. Pasinei nezvakawanda
nharo dziri kutenderera zvino dzichitsigira privatization uye "sarudzo yechikoro" mune dzakawanda
Nharaunda dzeAfrica-America, hurongwa hwakasimba hwezvikoro zvehurumende chete huchagadzira
maresults chaiwo evana vedu.
Chero wongororo inoenzanisa kuita kwechikoro kwe
vadzidzi muzvikoro zveveruzhinji vs
zvikonzero. Zvikoro zvakawanda zve "sarudzo" zvinowana mazinga azvo ekugona nekudzikamisa
kuwana kune zvakanyanya "vadzidzi vanokwikwidza." Zvechokwadi, izvo vatsvakurudzi vari
kazhinji kuyera kungasava kushanda kwechirongwa chedzidzo,
vanocherechedza nyanzvi dzedzidzo Gary R. George naWalter C. Farrell, Jr., asi
nzira yekusarudza "pamwe chete nemitsetse yakaoma yerudzi uye kirasi. Yakavanzika
zvikoro zvekusarudza zvinowanzotora zvakasiyana, zvichitsvaga vadzidzi vanobva pakati-kirasi
zvikoro zvehurumende nezvimwe zvikoro zvakazvimirira zvine hukasha uye mumunhu apo
kutumira mabhurocha ekusimudzira chete kana mabhukwana kuvadzidzi vane mari shoma
zvikoro.โ George naFarrell vanocherekedzawo kuti zvikoro zvakazvimirira kazhinji โhazviiti
kupa masevhisi kuvadzidzi vakaremara, uye vashoma-Chirungu-nyanzvi
vadzidzi kazhinji vanoodzwa mwoyo kunyorera. "
Pane chitendero chakapararira icho vadzidzi vanowanzoita
zviri nani muzvikoro zvakazvimirira, asi humbowo hweizvi hwakanyanya kusanganiswa. Imwe 1992
kudzidza kuongorora mhedzisiro yezvikoro zvakazvimiririra vs. zvikoro zvehurumende zvine nhamba
humbowo hwakatorwa kubva mu1990 National Assessment of Educational Progress
vakawana "nguva yakareba yevadzidzi vanogara muzvikoro zvakazvimiririra, zvakanyanya kuipa zvavanoita,
uye kana vadzidzi vachigara kwenguva refu muzvikoro zvehurumende, vanoita zviri nani.โ
Zvakajeka, zvisinei, ndezvekuti zvikoro zvehurumende zvine
mukana mukuru wekugadzira nharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana dzetsika, zvinoyerwa
kuwedzera hunyanzvi hwenjere hwevechidiki. Imwe 2000 kudzidza
inotsigirwa neHarvard Civil Rights Project, yakabatana neNational
School Boards Association's Council of Urban Boards of Education, yakawana izvozvo
"vadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari muguta reLouisville-akanyanya siyana uye
integrated urban school school system-yakashumwa kuti vakabatsirwa zvikuru kubva ku
kusiyana kwezvikoro zvavo."
Ongororo iyi, iyo yakapihwa vadzidzi vanopfuura chiuru nezana,
vakawana kuti "zvakasimba zvedzidzo zvinobatsira" zvaionekwa mumakiyi matatu
mapoka: "unyanzvi hwekufunga hwakakosha, zvinangwa zvedzidzo zveramangwana, uye nheyo
yokuva vagari venyika.โ Inenge 90 muzana yevadzidzi vose vakanzverwa yakashuma โizvozvo
kuratidzwa mucurriculum kune tsika dzakasiyana uye zviitiko zvakasiyana
marudzi nemadzinza zvakavabatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani maonero
zvakasiyana nezvavo."
Vatsigiri vesarudzo yechikoro vanotadza kunzwisisa kuti
zvinangwa nemabasa emabhizimusi ekuita purofiti uye zvikoro zveveruzhinji ndizvo
zvakasiyana chaizvo. Nyanzvi yedzidzo Alexander Astin weUCLA anoita izvi
pfungwa inoshamisa: "Mabhizinesi akabudirira ekuita purofiti anokura kuti aenderane ne
kuwedzera kudiwa kwezvinhu zvavo kana masevhisi nekuti kukura kunoda
kuwedzera purofiti." Chii chinoitika kana chimwe chikoro chehurumende chikava zvakanyanya
yakakurumbira kana kubudirira zvakanyanya mumusika wevadzidzi? Haina kuwedzera kwayo
kunyoresa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa, Astin anoti, "Inova 'inosarudza.'
Mienzaniso yakakurumbira yezvikoro zvakadaro ingave Bronx High School of Science,
Bronx, New York, kana zvikoro zvakawanda zve 'magineti'.. Muchidimbu, kubva pakukura kwe
zvikoro zvakabudirira mumusika wedzidzo hazviwanzo kuwedzera, iyo
zvikoro zvishoma zvinobudirira hazviwanzobuda mubhizinesi. Vadzidzi vanofanira kupinda
chikoro kumwe.
Iyi nzira yekusarudza inotarisa "zvakanakisa
vadzidzi"-avo vanobudirira zvakanyanya uye vanokurudzirwa zvakanyanya-mune vepamusoro
zvikoro. Avawo kazhinji vana vevakapfuma uye vakadzidza zvakanyanya
mhuri. Mambure maitiro ezvinonzi Astin "kusiyana kusarudza ndiko saka
kurongedza zvikoro" nemamiriro ehupfumi hwevanhu uye kubudirira mune zvedzidzo. "Izvi
chokwadi chinoratidza kuti imwe mhedzisiro inogona kuitika yekushandisa mutemo we
sarudzo ingave yekukudza kugarisana kuripo kwezvikoro."
Mavhocha anongove ekurudziro yemari kune dzimwe mhuri dzepakati-kati
kubvisa vana vavo muzvikoro zvehurumende; zvikoro zvakawanda zvakazvimiririra zvichangodaro
pindura kune ichi chakawedzera kudiwa nekunyanya "kusarudza," kana ne
kukwidza zvidzidzo zvavo, kana zvose.
Ndinotenda kuti kugona kwechokwadi kwedzidzo kunogona chete kuvapo mu
democracy, mukati megadziriro yekusiyana kwetsika dzakasiyana. Chokwadi, vanhu vedu
hurongwa hwechikoro, pasinei nezvinetso zvadzo zvakakomba, zvinomiririra chimwe chezvakawanda
kuchengetedzwa kwakakosha kwemasangano kudzivirira misimboti yedemocracy uye
kuenzana pasi pemutemo. Pane, chaizvoizvo, basa revanhu vaviri
dzidzo. SaDiane Ketelle, purofesa wedzidzo paSt. Mary's College of
California, nguva pfupi yadarika yakanyora kuti: โChikoro chehurumende chine zvinangwa zveveruzhinji zvemukati
uye zvinangwa zveruzhinji zvekunze. Chinangwa chemukati kudzidza, asi chekunze
chinangwa ndechekuvaka nharaunda."
Dzidzo yeruzhinji chete inokwanisa kugona
kuvaka nharaunda dzine ruzhinji, uye kugadzira magariro echivanhu ane hupenyu
inosimudzira zvizere zvinogoneka kubatanidzwa uye kutora chikamu kwenhengo dzese dze
nzanga. Mupfungwa iyi, chikoro cheveruzhinji irabhoritari yechokwadi yedemocracy.
Anopfuura zana remakore rapfuura, veAfrica America vakanzwisisa izvi.
Kune vakasunungurwa vatsva, mushure meKusunungurwa uye kupembererwa kweJubheri, vaida
zvinhu zviviri pamusoro pezvose: ivhu nedzidzo. Aimbova muranda wemuAfrica
MaAmerican aive akajeka kwazvo kuti ruzivo isimba, uye kuti zviwanikwa
zvehurumende zvaive zvakakosha mukupa mamiriro edzidzo uye magariro
nzvimbo yekufambira mberi kwavo pamwe chete. Ndicho chikonzero nei vazhinji ve
kurwisana kwakasimba kunopesana naJim Crow kusarura muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri
yakanangana nekuwaniswa kwedu kwedzidzo yeruzhinji.
Hazvina musoro zvachose kutsausa mabhiriyoni emadhora
kure nemasangano ehurumende ari kunetseka kuti ape mari kumakambani ega ega
vanofunga kuti dzidzo ibasa rekuita purofiti. Kurwira kuchengetedza
uye kuwedzera dzidzo yeruzhinji, haiparadzaniswe kubva mukurwira vatema
kupihwa masimba nerusununguko rwevatema.
Dr. Manning Marable ndiye Purofesa weNhoroondo uye Zvematongerwo enyika
Sayenzi, uye Mutungamiriri weInstitute for Research muAfrica-America
Zvidzidzo, Columbia University.