MuB-giredhi splatter mafirimu, kunyangwe mushure mekunge muipi achekwa, akachekwa uye akanyudzwa mumabota, unongoziva kuti achadzoka kune imwe sequel. Zviri pachena kuti ndizvo zvimwe chete nemakambani ekuda kutora masimba enyika โ nekuti chibvumirano cheMultilateral Agreement on Investment, icho vakawanda vaifunga kuti chakafa vakavigwa, chamuka kubva muguva.
Yakanzi "bhiri rekodzero dzemakambani", MAI yaive chirongwa chakavharirwa muchivande uye chakachengetwa pasi pekuputira kunyange kubva kumaparamende emarudzi akapfuma aive achikurukurirana.
Apo chinyorwa chayo chekunyora chakaburitswa kusangano risiri rehurumende mukutanga kwa1997, yakava musoro wenhimbe yenyika yose, uye yakashatirwa zvikuru. Tichifunga nezvekwayakabva, yaitya chiedza chezuva - uye mushandirapamwe wakazokwana kumanikidza vari shure kwayo, muSangano reEconomic Cooperation and Development, kuti vazivise mukupera kwa1998 kuti yakanga ichidzikiswa.
>Kubva payakaradzikwa, zvakadaro, vagadziri vayo mumabhodhi emakambani uye makabati eUS neEurope vaironga kumuka kwayo - uye, chokwadi, dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri wayo dzakatopinda mugwaro reInternational Monetary Fund. uye zvirevo zveMahara Kutengeserana Nzvimbo yeAmerica uye zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zveAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
Asi danho rayo guru rekudzoka munyika yevapenyu rakauya muna Mbudzi 14, apo mushure memazuva enhaurirano dzakanetsa mumusangano wemakurukota eWorld Trade Organisation weQatar, WTO yakazivisa kuti yaizoparura nhaurirano maererano nechibvumirano chepasi rose chekudyara.
With nhaurirano nokuda kutanga gore idzva, ari MAI zvakanaka uye zvechokwadi shure.
Yekutanga MAI yaive nyaya inotyisa zvechokwadi. Inotsanangurwa neaimbove director-general weWorld Trade Organisation, Renato Ruggerio, se "bumbiro rehupfumi hwenyika imwe chete", iyo MAI ingadai yakapa makambani emarudzi akawanda mahara kuti aise mari yavo kupi, sei, rini uye pasi pese. mazwi avaida.
Pakati pe "kodzero" dzakapihwa kumakambani neMAI dzaive:
* kodzero yekukwikwidzana nemakambani epamba muzvikamu zvese zvehupfumi pasina kurambidzwa (inonzi "mabatirwo enyika" mune zvekutengeserana lingo);
* kodzero yekuwana chero bhizinesi kana midziyo mune chero chikamu chehupfumi, kusanganisira zviwanikwa uye maindasitiri ane hungwaru akaita sekufambiswa kwemashoko nekudzivirira;
* kodzero yekushandura mari uye kufambisa mari kuyambuka miganhu pasina zvisungo;
* kodzero yekufambisa zvivakwa zvekugadzira pasina muganho kana chirango, zvisinei nekukanganisa kune vashandi kana nharaunda dzinogamuchira;
* rusununguko kubva kumamiriro akaiswa pakudyara (kunonzi "maitiro ekuita");, senge anti-fungidziro matanho uye mitemo yekuzvibata; uye
* kodzero yekumhanโarira hurumende nokuda kwekukuvadzwa kwemari kana munhu anodyara mari achiti kodzero dzake dzakatyorwa pasi pechibvumirano (chinonzi โkudzivirirwa pakutorwaโ);
Iyo MAI ingadai yakaganhurira zvakanyanya kugona kwehurumende kumisa hwaro uye parameters yekudyara, ingave yenguva refu yekunze yakananga mari (yakadai sekugadzwa kwemafekitari kana zvitoro) kana fungidziro yenguva pfupi (sekutengwa kwemasheya kana mabhondi. )
Kunyanya, nzira dzakawanda dzinoshandiswa nehurumende dzeNyika dzeTatu kuti dziite kuti mari yekunze izadzise zvinangwa zvebudiriro yemumba ingadai yakarambidzwa.
Mitemo inotsanangudza huwandu hwezvinhu zvemuno muzvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa kana imwe nhamba yevashandi vemaneja nehunyanzvi mukambani, semuenzaniso, ingadai yakarambidzwa, sezvaizongoita mitemo yezvemari ye "speed bump", iyo inoodza fungidziro nekuda kuti vanoisa mari vabate. pamidziyo yemari kwenguva shoma.
Muchiziviso chayo chegurukota, World Trade Organisation yakangwarira kuti isape zvakawandisa, ichingotaura chete kuti chibvumirano chenguva yemberi chekudyara chinofanira kutsvaga "kuchengetedza zvinhu zviri pachena, zvakachengeteka uye zvinofungidzirwa" zvekudyara.
Asi mumwe wevanonyanya kutsigira MAI, Trans-Atlantic Business Dialogue, boka rinozivikanwa zvishoma asi rine simba guru revakuru vemakambani kubva kuEurope neUnited States, rakaratidza nzvimbo yavo yekukurukurirana mumushumo wakabudiswa muna Gumiguru 29, WTO isati yasvika. minister.
โSenzvimbo yekubvaโ, mushumo wacho wakataura kuti, โhurumende dzinofanira kutanga nhaurirano muchikamu chitsva kuti dzipe: kujeka, kufembera, uye kugadzikana kwemitemo inodzora kudyara kwenyika; kurapwa kwenyika; uye kutsvaga chibvumirano chekutanga kukurudzira kutevedzerwa kweiyo iripo TRIMS (Chibvumirano cheTrade Related Investment Measures).
Chibvumirano cheTRIMS, chiri kushanda kubvira pakavambwa WTO muna 1995, chatopa zvirambidzo zvakaita seMAI pane izvo "zvinodiwa zvekushanda" zvinogona kutevedzerwa nehurumende.
"Zvino", chirevo chinoenderera mberi, "Mitemo yeWTO inofanirwa kunge iri hwaro hwekuwedzera kuwanikwa kwemusika, kuchengetedzwa kubva mukubvutwa, uye kugadzirisa kugadzirisa kusawirirana."
Kupfuurirazve, ongororo yepedyo yemagwaro eEuropean Union inokurudzira zvibvumirano zvitsva zveWTO pakudyara uye mutemo wemakwikwi, wakaitwa naVille-Veikko Hirvelรยค weFriends of the Earth Finland, yakaratidza kuti maitiro eMAI anovanza sei kuseri kwemazwi anonzwika.
Hirvela anoteedzera mhirizhonga yemitauro iyo "kujeka" inova kodzero yemakambani kumhan'arira hurumende kune chero mutemo unokanganisa mari yavo.
"Zviratidzo zvejekerere", rimwe gwaro reEU rinoburitsa, rinofanira kusanganisira "maitiro ayo mapato akazvimirira anogona kuva ... vimbiso yemaitiro akakodzera", "kuwanikwa kweanoshanda ... mishonga", uye kugadzwa kwe "chiremera ... nemasimba akakwana ekusimbisa ... kuti zvirango zvinofanirwa kuumbwa padanho rakakwana kuti rive kudzivirira kunobudiriraโ.
Kodzero dzakafanana dzekumhan'arira muNorth America Free Trade Agreement dzakabvumira makambani kuhwina kukuvadzwa kubva kuhurumende dzinovhara marara avo ane muchetura, semuenzaniso, kana kurambidza kutengeswa kwemakemikari ane njodzi.
Nhau dzakanaka ndedzekuti makambani emarudzi akawanda uye hurumende dzenyika dzakapfuma dzichiri kure nekukwanisa kurwarisa chikara chavo chakamutswa kupinda munyika isingafungire.
Kutanga kwenhaurirano dzeWTO pamusoro pekudyara - uye zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva zvinosanganisira mutemo wemakwikwi, kutenga hurumende uye matanho e "kufambisa kutengeserana" - yaive pakati penyaya yakakwikwidzwa zvakanyanya muQatar.
Nyika zhinji dzeThird World, dzichitungamirwa neIndia, dzaipokana zvachose nenhaurirano dzakadai, vachityira kuti dzaizoguma nekuremadzwa kwekugona kwavo kumisa zviga zvavo zvekudyara.
Asi kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwechiokomuhomwe uye kupomerwa mhosva, vatauri veEurope neUnited States vakazokwanisa kukunda kushorwa. India ndiyo yaive yekupedzisira kuseka, maawa gumi nemasere mushure mekupera kwemusangano weQatar, vachibvumirana kungorega pazvinhu zvitsva, pane kuzvipikisa.
Mutengo uyo nyika dzakapfuma dzaifanira kubhadhara kuti vawane chibvumirano panhaurirano, zvisinei, yakanga iri nzira yakakwezvwa uye yakanonoka.
Hurukuro dzakasimba pamusoro pekudyara hadzisi kuzotanga pakarepo. Asi, denderedzwa rekutanga renhaurirano rinongofunga nezve "chiyero uye tsananguro" uye "maitiro" (maitirwo) echibvumirano chemangwana chekudyara.
Mhedzisiro yenhaurirano dzekutanga idzi dzinozosvitswa kugurukota rinotevera reWTO muna 2003. Kana pakaita "kubvumirana kuri pachena" pamusangano iwoyo ndipo pachaenderera mberi nhaurirano huru pamusoro pechibvumirano.
Kugona kwebhizinesi uye hurumende dzenyika dzakapfuma kusimbisa-ruoko "kubvumirana kwakajeka" kunze kwenhengo dzeWTO hazvifanirwe kurerutswa.
Asi iyi nzvimbo yekufema inoreva kuti masangano epasi rose evanhu aipikisa, uye akauraya, MAI paakatanga kuoneka zvino ane makore maviri ekugadzirira kuti auraye zvakare.