Rusaruraganda rwakafa muSouth Africa, asi imwe vhezheni yehutongi hwevachena inoramba iripo.
"Munguva yerusaruraganda rusaruraganda rwevachena rwakanga rwuri pamberi, uye taiziva zvatakanga tichitarisana nazvo. Iye zvino vachena vanotinyemwerera, asi kuvanhu vatema vazhinji kushayikwa kwemabasa nourombo hunoparadza uye mamiriro ezvinhu anonyadzisa oupenyu hwezuva nezuva hazvina kuchinja," akadaro. mumwe mutema wekuSouth Africa akandiudza. "Saka, rudzii rwekuzvipira kururamisiro pasi pekunyemwerera ikoko?"
Mumiriri wenharaunda muCape Town akataura kuti, zvinoshamisa, kupera kwehurongwa hwerusaruraganda hweSouth Africa hwerusaruraganda hwakakasharara uye kushandisa zvisina kufanira mune dzimwe nzira kwaita kuti zvinyanye kunetsa kukonzeresa kururamisira kwevanhu nhasi. Apo vaindipa maonero avo pamusoro pematongerwe enyika akaoma kunzwisisa enyika yavo, Nkwame Cedile, mushandi wepaPeople’s Health Movement, akataura kushungurudzika kwandakanzwa kakawanda mumavhiki maviri angu ndiri munyika: Hongu, hutsinye hwerusaruraganda hwakapera muna 1994 sarudzo dzakasununguka, asi pfungwa dzevachena dzakasimudzira rusaruraganda uye kugovewa kweupfumi zvine rusaruraganda kwayakange yakarongedzerwa kupembedza hadzina kunyungudika.
Izvo hazvifanirwe kushamisa - mazana emakore ehukuru hwevachena angangonyangarika sei mumakore gumi nemashanu? Chakandishamisa parwendo rwangu rwehurukuro kwakanga kusiri kukakavadzana kwemarudzi asi kuti kurukurirano dzakawanda dzedzinza muSouth Africa dzakanzwika sei sekurukurirano muUnited States. Paive nechimwe chinhu chaishamisa kwandiri, mugari chena weUS, nezvenhaurirano idzodzo. Ndakanzwa zvakataurwa nevanhu vatema vekuUnited States vakaita saCedile, asi ndakanzwawo vachena vekuAmerica vachitsanangura maonero avo pamusoro pemarudzi ayo dzimwe nguva ainyatsofanana neevachena vekuSouth Africa. Ndakadzidza kuti kunyangwe paine misiyano yese munyika mbiri idzi mune zvakafanana zvakakosha, uye semhedzisiro pfungwa yekodzero iyo vachena vazhinji vanobatirira pairi inoburitsa madhodhi akafanana uye kuramba.
Kufanana ikoko: South Africa neUnited States ndidzo dzaive nyika mbiri dzakagara kwenguva refu dzakachengeta rusaruraganda kwenguva refu mushure meHondo Yenyika II yekubvisa koloni. Izwi rakakosha nderokuti "settler state," zvichiratidza nzira iyo vanhu vanopinda nechisimba vanoparadza kana kutamisa uye kushandisa vagari veko kuti vatore nyika yavo nezviwanikwa, nehuranda hwepamutemo huchiita basa rakakosha pane imwe nguva munhoroondo yenyika. Mazano ese ari maviri akaruramiswa nedzidziso dzerusaruraganda zvakanyanyisa pamusoro pehukuru hwevachena, uye zvese zvaida kuti vachena varase nheyo dzetsika nedzechitendero, zvichitungamira kupfungwa yepfungwa yehukuru. Mazano ose aya evagari akatisiya tiine kusiyana kwemarudzi muupfumi nekugara zvakanaka mushure mekunge rusaruraganda rwapera.
Musiyano mukuru: United States inonetsekana nedambudziko rayo nevachena vazhinji, nepo South Africa ine vatema vazhinji. Asi zvandakaona zvichimunakidza kuti mutsauko mudiki sei wakaita maererano neruzivo rwepfungwa rwevachena vazhinji. Naizvozvo, sezvazvinowanzoitika, rwendo rwangu rwokuSouth Africa rwakandidzidzisa kwete bedzi nezvorusaruraganda muSouth Africa asiwo muUnited States, izvo zvakandiyeuchidza kuti zvichida tinoenda kunoona vamwe kuti tidzidze pamusoro pedu.
Kubva parwendo rwemavhiki maviri handingati ruzivo rwakadzama kana ruzivo nezveSouth Africa. Kuonana kwangu munyika, kunze kwekutaura zvisina kurongwa nevanhu mumugwagwa, kwaingoperera kumapurofesa nevadzidzi vepayunivhesiti, kana vatsigiri vekuruboshwe/vanofambira mberi muCape Town, Johannesburg, neDurban. Ndakanga ndisina mukana wokupinda seri kwemagedhi munharaunda dzakapfuma kana kutaura nevanhu vemabhizimisi vepamusoro, uye kufamba kwangu mumataundishipi evatema kwakanga kwakaganhurirwa munguva noukuru. Asi nemiganhu iyoyo, mamwe maitiro akajeka akabuda pamusoro pevane mwero / vakasununguka / vakasara vachena vandakabatana navo.
[Chinyorwa chemuzasi chemashoko erudzi: MuSouth Africa vanhu dzimwe nguva vanotaura nezverudzi maererano nevachena nevatema, na“vatema” muchirevo chechinyorwa ichocho zvichireva vanhu vose vasiri vedzinza reEurope. Zvikurukuru, chiverengero chavanhu vatema chinoumbwa navatema vomuAfrica (vakafanana namaZulu namaXhosa), maIndia (akabva mumafungu akasiana-siana okutama kubva kuIndia), uye makara (mumarudzi akavhengana). Vazhinji vachena vanowanzo zivikanwa seyechirungu kana chiDutch / Afrikaner kumashure. Vanhu vazhinji muSouth Africa vanoedza kunzvenga mazwi enguva yerusaruraganda asi dzimwe nguva vanoshandisa aya mapoka mana echinyakare, muchidimbu nekuti ndiwo hwaro hwekuyera kufambira mberi kwehupfumi maererano nemhando dzakasiyana dzekuita.]
Muitiro wekutanga waive wekutenda kuti chero rusarura runoramba rwuripo muSouth Africa, zvinhu zvichanaka nemasikirwo, chero vanhu vekuSouth Africa vachiremekedza tsika dzese. Nharo yacho inoratidzika kuenda seizvi: Kusarurana kwapera, tine hurumende yevatema, uye zvino ndiyo nguva yekuenderera mberi nekunzwisisa kuti dambudziko remarudzi mune zvematongerwe enyika asi rimwe rekusanzwisisana kwetsika uye kubatanidzwa. Iyi mhemberero yekusiyana-siyana inozivikanwa kwatiri muUnited States, uko masangano (kunyanya makambani nezvikoro) anowanzogadzirisa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pekusiyana kwemasimba ezvematongerwo enyika uye kugoverwa kwehupfumi kuburikidza nemarudzi akawanda. Kunyange zvazvo pasina chakaipa, chokwadika, nokubvuma kusiyana-siyana kwetsika uye kubatsira vanhu kudzidza zvakawanda nezvedzimwe tsika, tsika dzakasiyana-siyana hadzitore nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika chaidzo, pasinei nokuti vachena vangani vanoshuva kudaro. Kunzwisisa vamwe hakungorevi kuti avo vane ropafadzo yavasina kushandira vachashanda kukanganisa hurongwa hunovapa ropafadzo iyoyo.
Mumazuva angu ekutanga munyika, mugamuchiri wangu parwendo urwu, Junaid Ahmad, akashuma chiitiko chakadzora kumba kuti kuzvipira kwakadaro kumarudzi akawanda kungave kwakadii. Ahmad, Ph.D. mudzidzi uye murwiri wepaUniversity of Cape Town, akanga akumbirwa kuti abude panhepfenyuro yekambasi yakatarisana nemutungamiri wehurumende yevadzidzi kuti vakurukure nyaya dzemarudzi. Mumwe mudzidzi (muchena) paakanongedza kuimba kuchangoburwa uko kwaya dzevatema vemuAfrica nevemavara vakaimba pamwechete, Ahmad (muPakistani-muAmerica) akapikisa fungidziro dzetsika dzakasiyana-siyana-se-mhinduro kuseri kwechirevo. Mutungamiriri weboka revadzidzi akawedzera kushushikana nekutsoropodza kwaAhmad kusvika pakupedzisira, kubvunzurudza kwave kupera, mutungamiri wevadzidzi akatendeukira kwaari ndokuti, "Unofanira kungwarira."
Ahmad akati murume uyu aisaratidzika kunge ari kumuyeuchidza kuti atarise mativi ese achiyambuka mugwagwa kana kuti angwarire kutyaira mumotokari zhinji. Yambiro isina kujeka yanga isiri yekutyisidzira, asi Ahmad akataura kuti akapihwa mamiriro emurungu atsamwiswa nekupokana kubva kumuIndia (boka iro Ahmad angangokwana muSouth Africa), zvaive zvakaoma kuti usadudzire chirevo. sa white-supremacist. Murungu uyu akabvuma kuti nyaya dzemarudzi dzichiri kunetsa muSouth Africa asi akange asingade kuita gakava pamusoro pekuongorora kwake kuti chii chaidiwa kuti chienderere mberi, kunyanya kwete apo kushoropodzwa kwakabva…
Kunyange zvazvo kutaura kwaaiita manzwiro ake kwakanga kwakashata, jaya racho rakanga risiri munyarikani. Sekuona kwangu, varungu vazhinji — muSouth Africa neUnited States — vanotarisira kuti tsigiro yavo yetsika dzakasiyana-siyana igamuchirwe seumboo hwekuzvipira kwakasimba mukupedza rusaruraganda.
Pashure pehurukuro paYunivhesiti yeJohannesburg umo ndakakakavadzana pamusoro pokuchengeta kurukurirano dzorudzi nguva dzose dzakavakirwa muukuru hwevachena hwetsika, imwe nhengo yevadzidzisi ikoko yakashora matauriro angu. Kana isu tichida kuve "post-racial" nzanga, akataura kuti nhaurirano isina mikwende yezvematongerwo enyika yaive yakakosha. Nzira chete yekugarisana kwemarudzi yaive yekuisa parutivi ruvengo nekutsvaga vanhuwo zvavo, uye chikamu chebudiriro yenhaurirano dzemarudzi aaive chikamu chadzo kwaive kugona kweboka kuisa rudzi parutivi, akadaro.
Ndakamuudza kuti ndaisava nedambudziko kuti vanhu vatevere nhaurirano dzakadai kuti tirege kunyepera kuti tinogona kudzima migumisiro yedzinza nekamwe kaminwe. Kusarurana kwemarudzi uye kusaenzana kwemarudzi muupfumi kunopfuurira, kunyange pasina kunyorwa kwazviri pamutemo, uye chokwadi ichocho chinofanira kubvumwa. Akatsikirira chirevo chekuti kutarisa kwakadaro parudzi kunokanganisa kufanana, achiona kuti semunhu wenhaka yeGerman nechiJudha, aiziva ruoko rwekutanga. Zvakataurwa nevatema vaive mumba umu avo vaipokana kudanwa kwake kwehupofu hwemavara hazvina kumurambidza; aingofarira nzira chaiyo. Paakaramba achienderera mberi, ndakaona mutsetse wevadzidzi vatema kumashure kwake vachitenderedza maziso, vachiratidza kuti vakanga vambonzwa izvi uye vakanga vaneta nazvo. Mutengo wekubvumirwa kunhaurirano dzemadzinza idzi waive wekusiya izvo zvinozivikanwa nevanhu verudzi nezverudzi, uye chinhu chimwe chete chavanoziva ndechekuti isu vachena tinowanzo kukurumidza kutenda kuti takunda dzinza.
Hapana chitsva pane imwe yeiyi mienzaniso, hongu. Pfungwa yemukuru wevadzidzi yehukuru yakaramba iri pasi pekuzvipira kwake kwetsika dzakawanda chiratidzo chinorwadza chekuzvinyengedza, asi ndozvakaitawo kunzwa-kunaka kwevatsigiri venhaurirano dzemarudzi. Muna 1970 rimwe remanzwi akajeka zvikuru eSouth Africa aitsigira kururamisira, Steve Biko, akadana aya madenderedzwa evatema-vatema se“mapati etii” anozobuda kuva “anofadza zvikuru kuvatema uye anopa kugutsikana kusina kujeka kuvachena vane mhosva. " Bhiko haigoni kunyorwa semuparadzi wevatema kubva munguva yakapfuura uyo asingachabatsiri; akachengetedza hukama hwemunhu uye hwezvematongerwo enyika nevamiriri vevachena vane nheyo achiri mupenyu, uye nhasi kunyangwe nehurumende inotungamirwa nevatema hupfumi hweSouth Africa hunotongwa nevachena vane ropafadzo. Ongororo yaBiko ichiri yechokwadi nhasi sezvayakanga yakaita makore asati apondwa ari mumaoko emapurisa muna 1977. Tichitora zvakawanda kubva murondedzero imwe chete iyoyo, "Black Souls in White Skins?"
“Panzvimbo pokuzvibatanidza vamene mukuedza kwose kwose kupedza rusaruraganda munzanga yavo yevachena, vakasununguka vanopedza nguva yakawanda vachiedza kuratidza kuvatema vakawanda sezvavanogona kuwana kuti vane rusununguko. Izvi zvinomuka mukutenda kwenhema kwokuti isu vakatarisana nedambudziko revatema. Hapana chinonetsa nevatema. Dambudziko ndereRUSARURA RURUNGU uye rinogara pamakumbo evachena."
Mukuramba izvo zvaakaona sekubatanidzwa kwenhema, Biko akajekesa kuti aitenda mukubatanidzwa kwechokwadi kwakavakirwa pakurwira kururamisira:
"Kana nekubatanidzwa iwe unonzwisisa kubudirira munzanga yevachena nevatema, kufananidzwa uye kugamuchirwa kwevatema mune yakatomisikidzwa seti yetsika uye kodhi yemafambiro yakagadzwa nekuchengetedzwa nevachena, saka YES ndinopesana nazvo. ... nerumwe rutivi nekubatanidzwa iwe unoreva kuti kuchave nekubatanidzwa kwemahara nenhengo dzese dzenzanga, vachitarisira kuratidzwa kwakazara kwehunhu munzanga inoshanduka zvakasununguka sekutsanangurwa kwekuda kwevanhu, saka ini ndinewe. "
Idzo nheyo dzaive pakati peboka revanhu vatema iro Biko akabatsira kutungamira muSouth Africa, uye anoshanda zvakajeka kuUnited States, ipapo uye zvino. Ndichiverenga mashoko aBiko ndiri kuSouth Africa, ndakayeuchidzwa nezvekuedza kwangu kwandakaita kare kuti ndiratidze kuti ndinovenga rusaruraganda nekugadzira chimiro chekubatana apo ndakanga ndisati ndaratidza kubatana chaiko. Ndakanetseka kuti ndichiri kunetseka sei kuti ndinzvenga izvi.
Nyaya yangu haisi yekuti matambudziko ese ari muSouth Africa kana kuUnited States anokonzerwa nerusarura rwevachena. KuSouth Africa ndakanzwa mashoko ekushoropodzwa kwebato riri kutonga reAfrican National Congress (ANC) nekutadza kwayo kuita zvakavimbiswa mugwaro raro reFreedom Charter izvo zvakabatsira kutsanangura hondo yekurwisana nerusaruraganda, izvo vamwe vanoona sekuda kwayo kutengesa. kuendesa zvido zvevanhuwo zvavo kuvachena vepamusoro avo vaibvumirwa kuchengetedza hupfumi hwakawanda hwakawanikwa pasi pehudzvanyiriri. Vatungamiriri vakaita saBiko havapomere vachena zvese zvese asi kuti vanoongorora mhedzisiro yehutongi hwevachena uye vanokumbira kuzvidavirira kumunhu wese. Kune vanhu vane ropafadzo isina kudzidziswa, kuzvidavirira ikoko kuri nyore kudzivirirwa.
Ndakapedza kuverenga "I Write What I Like," bhuku rezvinyorwa zvaBiko zvakatorwa kubva kumusoro, ndakagara panhandare yendege yeCape Town ndakamirira ndege yangu yekudzokera kumba. Bhuku riya rakabva rabuda mubhegi rangu rakanga razara mubendekete murungu wekuSouth Africa akagara padivi pangu ndokuti mhoroi. Ndaneta nokurava, ndakaisa pepanhau rangu pasi ndokupindura muvambi wake wekurukurirano youshamwari. Pataikurukura zvedu nezveupenyu hwedu ndichirondedzera zvandainge ndasangana nazvo munyika, ndakaona maziso ake achitarisa kakawanda kubhuku raBiko. After some minutes he felt comfortable zvekundibvunza zvandaiziva about Biko. Ndakataura kuti ndakanga ndaita kosi yenhoroondo yeSouth Africa kuma1980 uye ndakanga ndaverenga nezvaBiko achangourayiwa. Asi aka kakanga kari kekutanga kuverenga zvinyorwa zvake pachake, ndakati, uye ndine urombo kuti ndakanga ndamirira kwenguva refu.
Mushure mekubvuma hunyanzvi hwaBiko mune zvematongerwo enyika uye kushinga kwake, mumwe wandaitaura naye akandiyambira kuti ndisanyanya kutorwa moyo ne“cult” yepaBiko. “Yeukai, akafa asati awana mukana wekuita huori,” akadaro. Ndichitamba chimumumu, ndakabvunza zvaaireva, uye ipapo magedhi emvura akazaruka. "Chingotarisa," akadaro, paruzhinji rwevasina kugona uye vane huori vezvematongerwo enyika veANC. Vakapfuma asi vari kushandura nyika zvishoma nezvishoma kuita "imwezve basket case muAfrica."
Kwakanga kusina vatungamiri vechitema vakatendeseka here? Uori hwainyanya kuitika muhurumende yevatema kupfuura yevachena here?
Akabvuma kuti kwaiva nevatungamiri veANC vakatendeseka, uye zvichida ANC yakanga isisina huori sebato revarungu. Asi hazvisi zvekutendeseka chete, akadaro, mutongo wake uchipera. Ndakabvunza kuti airevei.
"South Africa inyika yemazuva ano. Tine michina yemhando yepamusoro," vakadaro. "Isu takafanana nenyika yeEurope kupfuura yeAfrica."
Ndicho chimwe chiso chekusununguka kwechena. A "hard-headed realism" iyo inonzwisisa iwe haugone kutarisira chaizvo kuti vatema vafambise nzanga yakaoma iyo vachena vakavaka. Mushure mekutaura kwedu kwakanaka kwekutanga, ndakashamiswa nerusaruraganda rwakanyanya, kunyangwe ndaiziva zvakakwana kuti ndizive vanhu vazhinji vakanaka vane rusaruraganda. Ndakabva ndangoti regai ndiende kuchimbuzi, kunyange zvazvo akanga anyatsondijekera kuti ndaisiirei. Ndichingoenda ndakabva ndanzwa kunyara nekusatarisana naye. Ndakazviudza kuti iyi yakanga isiri nyika yangu uye rakanga risiri basa rangu, kuti ndakanga ndaneta zviri pamutemo, kuti murume wacho angangodaro akandidzinga semuAmerica asina ruzivo. Ndakazviudza kuti zvakanga zvakanaka kuti ndibve ndaenda, uye pamwe paive mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Ndakazviyeuchidza ndimene kuti ndakanga ndaneta mupfungwa nomumuviri norwendo rwacho, asi pandinoramba ndichizviyeuchidza ndimene, zvikonzero zvangu zvainzwika zvishomanene kwandiri. Ndaisagona kunzvenga idi rokuti ini, sevamwe varungu, ndinogara ndiine chisarudzo chokufamba.
Chero chaive chisungo changu zuva riya muSouth Africa, zviri pachena izvo isu vachena zvatisingakwanise kuvanza kuseri kweritany yezvikonzero zvatinoshandisa kuratidza kutadza kwedu kutarisana nehukuru hwevachena: "iwe unofanirwa kusarudza hondo dzako," kana "unokwanisa." kusandura munhu wese." Pamwe ichokwadi, asi pandakapinda mumutsara wekupinda mundege ndakasimudza musoro ndikaona murume uya achindifinyamisa kumeso, ndakaona kukundikana kwangu ndikaziva husimbe hwangu. Mubvunzo kwandiri, uye kuvachena vose, kuti tidzidze here kubva mukukundikana ikoko kana kuramba takanamatira muhusimbe.
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Robert Jensen purofesa wezvenhau paYunivhesiti yeTexas kuAustin uye nhengo yebhodhi yeThird Coast Activist Resource Center. Bhuku rake razvino ndere All My Bones Shake: Kutsvaga Nzira Inofambira mberi kune Izwi rechiporofita (Soft Skull Press, 2009). Iyewo ndiye munyori weKubvisa: Zvinonyadzisira uye Kupera kweMasculinity (South End Press, 2007); Mwoyo Wekuchena: Kutarisana neRace, Rusarura uye Rusununguko Rwechena (City Lights, 2005); Vagari veHumambo: Nhamburiko yeKuti Hunhu Hwedu (City Lights, 2004); uye Kunyora Kupokana: Kutora Radical Mazano kubva kuMargins kuenda kuMainstream (Peter Lang, 2002). Jensen anogona kuwanikwa pa [email inodzivirirwa] uye zvinyorwa zvake zvinogona kuwanikwa online pa http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~rjensen/index.html.
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