Mugore rose rino, gakava rekutsiva kwevatema rave richizivikanwa zvakanyanya, uye rakaramba richikwezva kutarisisa kwenyika nepasirese. Muna Kukadzi 2002, CNN neUSA Today vakaraira sangano reGallup kuti riite ongororo yenyika kuti iongorore maonero eruzhinji nezvenyaya iyi. Migumisiro yacho yakaita seyairatidza zvakananga mativi enyika anofanana ayo anobudiswa nerusaruraganda rwemaumbirwo.
Pavakabvunzwa kana "makambani akaita purofiti kubva muuranda anofanirwa kukumbira ruregerero kuvatema vekuAmerica vari zvizvarwa zvevaranda," 68 muzana yevaAfrica vekuAmerica vakapindura zvine mutsindo, ne23 muzana vaipikisa, nepo 62 muzana yevachena vese vakaramba kudanwa kwekukumbira ruregerero, uye chete. 34 muzana vachiitsigira.
Pamubvunzo wemuripo wemari, zvisinei, vachena vakavhara zvinzvimbo paropafadzo dzavo dzedzinza. Paakabvunzwa kana makambani ari kubatsirwa nekushandiswa kwevaranda achifanirwa โkubhadhara mari kuvatema vekuAmerica vanova vazukuru venhapwa,โ 84 muzana yevachena vese vakapindura zvisina kunaka, vaine 11 muzana chete inotsigira muripo. Ruzhinji rwakajeka rwevaAfrica vekuAmerica vakabvunzurudzwa, zvakasiyana, vakatsigira kudzoserwa kwemakambani, nechikamu che57 kusvika 35 percent, ne8 percent vasingataure zvavanofunga.
Pavakabvunzwa kana hurumende ichifanira kupa "cash payments" kuvatema, vapfumbamwe kubva mugumi vachena vekuAmerica vakaramba chirevo ichi, ukuwo ruzhinji rwevatema rwakachifarira, nezvikamu makumi mashanu neshanu neshanu kubva muzana.
Yakafemerwa nebhuku raRandall Robinson ra2000, Chikwereti, chakava pro-reparations manifesto, boka renyeredzi remagweta, rinotungamirwa naJohnnie Cochran, uye purofesa wemutemo weHarvard University, Charles Ogletree, vakatanga kusangana nguva nenguva kuti vape mepu yezvemitemo. Mamwe magweta ane ruzivo rwakadzama mukukunda mumatare emhosva dzekuripiswa kwevakabatwa vakabatanidzwa, kusanganisira Richard Scruggs, uyo akahwina mari inosvika mabhiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nesere emadhora kubva kuindasitiri yefodya, naAlexander Pires, uyo akahwina mari inodarika bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora yekuripa varimi vechitema kwemakumi emakore erusarura. mitemo neUnited States Department of Agriculture.
Zvakanga zvisingadzivisiki kuti sezvo kudiwa kwekudzorera kwakawana rutsigiro rweruzhinji pakati peAfrica America, vatema vanochengetedza vaizoburitswa kunze kudzivirira kuchengetedzwa kwesimba chena uye rombo. Mutungamiriri wevatema apologist pamusoro pemitemo yakaipa kwazvo yekutonga kweReagan munharaunda yevatema, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi Thomas Sowell, akataura kuti "chinhu chekutanga kunzwisisa nezvenyaya yekutsiva ndechekuti hapana mari ichabhadharwa."
Sowell akapokana kuti chikonzero chekutsiva chaive chisiri chisiri chekuronga nevema "demagogues," nekuti "vari kuda chimwe chinhu chavanoziva kuti havasi kuzowana. Asi kana tikatanga kushanda panheyo yekuti vanhu vari kurarama nhasi vane mhosva yezvakaitwa nemadzitateguru avo mumazana emakore apfuura, tinenge tichitora musimboti unogona kuparadzanisa nzanga ipi neipi, kunyanya nzanga yemarudzi akawanda seUnited States.โ
Nyanzvi yezvehupfumi inochengetedza Walter Williams akatsigira kupokana naSowell, achiti โdambudziko, chokwadika, nderevaranda pamwe chete nevaridzi vavo vakafa. Itsika ipi inoruramisa kumanikidza muchena wanhasi kubhadhara mutema wanhasi nokuda kwezvakaitwa nomuchena wekare kumutema wekare?โ
Economist Glen Loury, akacherechedzwa nekushanduka kwake kweruzhinji kubva mukunyanya kuchengetedza kusvika kune mamwe maonero akasununguka, akapokanawo hungwaru hwekuedza kwekudzorera. "Izvi zvichaparadzanisa vanhu vatema vekuAmerica kubva kushamwari dzedu dzechisikigo pakati pevachena vanoshanda nevanotamira kune dzimwe nyika," Loury akanyevera. "Tinoda vanobatana kuti vatsigire kuti vawedzere hurongwa hwemagariro vanogona kuwana rubatsiro kune vari pazasi."
Vechidiki vatema neoconservatives vakadai saJohn McWhorter vakaratidza kuti kunyangwe bato rekutsiva rakabudirira mukuedza kwaro kugadzira "homwe yeuranda" yenyika kuti ipe zviwanikwa zvitsva kunharaunda dzevatema, inongobereka zvimiro zvisina kuenzana zvevatema. โKusimuka kwemhomho yevanhu vanotsiva kubva pamacheki emunhu kuenda kuhomwe huru kunobvumira rubatsiro rwenharaunda,โ McWhorter akabvuma kudaro, โasi modhi iyi haina chayakaita kwemakore makumi mana zvino. Ndiani aizowana mari yacho? Nechinangwa chei?โ
Kutsoropodza nezvichemo zvevatema zvevatema zvinogona kugadziriswa zviri nyore. Chekutanga, pane musiyano wakakosha pakati pe "mhosva" ne "mutoro." Vachena vekuAmerica vari vapenyu nhasi havana mhosva yekuita nhapwa chero ani zvake, mukutsanangurwa kwemutemo kwezwi iri. Vazhinji vachena vekuAmerica vari pasi pemakore makumi mashanu havana kuita basa mukutsigira zvakananga kupatsanurwa kwaJim Crow uye havana mhosva yezviito zvakanyanyisa kuvhara kubatanidzwa kwekugara kwevanhu uye zvikoro.
Asi vachena vekuAmerica, seboka, vanoramba vari ivo vabatsiri vemitemo yehutongi hwevachena, hunoitwa nehuremu hwakazara hwemasangano eAmerica emutemo, ezvematongerwo enyika, nehupfumi. Mhedzisiro yekusaenzana kwemarudzi inotsigirwa nehurumende yakagadzira gomo rekare rakavakwa, rakaunganidzirwa kusakosha kune veAfrica America seboka.
Nhaka mhenyu yerusaruraganda, kushaikwa kwakaunganidzwa kunogona kuyerwa zviri nyore nekutarisa kuperevedza kwemarudzi kwakaisa vanhu vekuAmerica nerudzi, mukurarama kwavo uye mukusaenzana kwavo kuwana mwene wemba, kusimukira kwebhizinesi, uye dzidzo yemhando yepamusoro. Hurumende yeUS, kweanoda kusvika mazana maviri emakore, yakamisa zvimiro zvemutemo kuti makambani aite zviri pachena mitemo nemaitiro erusarura.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, hazvina kukwana kuti isu tingotaura kuti kana mitemo yeJim Crow yangochinjwa, basa renyika rekugadzirisa avo vakashungurudzwa nesarudzo dzeruzhinji rakapera. Hurumende yeUS pamwe nehurumende dzematunhu dzakasiyana dzakagadzira nekuenderera mberi nekusaenzana kwerudzi zviri pamutemo "vane basa" rekuripa vakakuvadzwa nevazukuru vavo. Sezvizvarwa zvenyika ino, vachena vanofanira kutakura mutoro wezvemari wemhosva dzakaitirwa vanhu nehurumende dzavo.
Imwe nzira yekufunga pamusoro peizvi ndeyekunongedza kusafambiswa zvakanaka kwemari uye kudzvanyirira magariro ekutonga kweReagan makumi maviri emakore apfuura. Mabhirioni emadhora emari yemutero yakabhadharwa nevatema nevachena zvakafanana akagoverwa kumuzinda wemauto kuti awane mari yekupindira kwemauto pasi rose uye nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya. Ruzhinji rwevanhu vemuAfrica vekuAmerica vakapokana nemaitiro aya ekuita.
Takanga tisina "mhosva" yekutora chikamu muzvisarudzo zvekuita marongero akadaro. Asi, sevagari, isu "tine basa" rekubhadhara mari yehondo yaReagan, iyo yakasiya nyika yakapinda muchikwereti. Tine chisungo pasi pemutemo kubhadhara mutero. Nokudaro, vagari vose vomuUnited States vane โmutoroโ wakafanana wokuripa mitezo yenzanga yavo iyo yakashorwa noune nokusarurana kwapamutemo. "Mhosva" kana kuti "kusava nemhosva" hazvibatsiri.
Rudzi rweAmerica rwerusaruraganda rwepamutemo rwakagadzira mamiriro eropafadzo yevachena uye kuzviisa pasi kwevatema izvo zvatinoona zvakatipoteredza zuva nezuva. Chikwereti chine chikwereti, uye chinofanira kubhadharwa chose.
Mumwedzi ichangopfuura, simba rekutsiva vatema rakaramba richikura. Muna Chikumi 2002, nhengo dzeNew York City Council dzakaita misangano yekukurukura kana komisheni yeruzhinji ichifanira kuumbwa kuti iongorore mubvunzo wekutsiva. Mubatanidzwa wemapoka evatema erudzi rwevatema wakatsigira โMamirioni eKudzoreredzaโ kuWashington's National Mall musi waNyamavhuvhu 17, iyo kunyangwe hazvo yaiodza moyo yakabuda, ichiri kukwezva nhau dzenhau munyika.
Pakuratidzira uku, Congressman John Conyers akashoropodza nhengo dzeCongress nekutadza kwavo kutsigira muripo. Gurukota Louis Farrakhan, mutungamiri weNation of Islam, vakabatanidza chikonzero chekutsiva nekupihwa simba kwevechidiki vemuAfrica vekuAmerica, vachizivisa kuti vana vedu "vanofanirwa neramangwana riri nani."
Kana vatema vanochengetedza saThomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, naJohn McWhorter vakabuda kuzorwisa kutsiva, hazvina kushamisa. Asi mumavhiki achangopfuura, vamwe vane mukurumbira vemuAfrica muAmerica vanotambira maonero akasununguka uye kunyangwe anofambira mberi vakaratidzawo kukahadzika kwakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pechido chemuripo wevatema.
Achinyora mumagazini yemagazini inonzi City Limits, mudzidzisi Hakim Hasan akanyevera kuti kutsiva kwaimirira โngozi huru, iyo yokuti vanhu vatema vokuAmerica, vasina muripoโtakahwina! Hasan akafanotaura neshungu kuti "kana mufananidzo waMartin Luther King uchigona kutengesa nhare ... saka kutengeswa kweMacy's Reparations Day, hakugoneki."
Munyori wenhoroondo anofambira mberi Robin DG Kelley akasimudza kusagutsikana kwakafanana. โKunangidzirwa kwouranda hwoga,โ akadaro Kelley, โkunopotsa pfundo rose pamusoro pokuti rusaruraganda rwakashanda sei muzana ramakore rechi20 kusvikira zvino kupfumisa vachena nokurasikirwa navanhu vemavara.โ Kelley ainetsekana kuti "mumwe mubhadharo wakakura pasina kubviswa kwerusaruraganda uchashandiswa kuvhara vanhu vatema vese ...."
Wade Henderson, director director we Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, akaratidza kutsigira pfungwa huru yekuripwa kwevatema nekuda kweuranda uye kudzvinyirirwa kwemarudzi, asi akapokana ne "kubhadhara kune vanhu."
Henderson aitenda kuti chero rudzi rwemutsigiri wemari "unofanirwa kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo yakanyoreswa pachena iyo yakagadzirirwa kupedza matambudziko maviri anoramba achitarisana nevatema: dzidzo nekusimudzira hupfumi."
Munyori wechikamu cheUSA Today DeWayne Wickham akatonyanya kutsoropodza, achitaura kuti sangano rekudzorera โmunzira dzakawanda musoro usina muviri.โ Akataura kuti vatatu vevatauriri vane mukurumbira ve "chikonzero chekutsiva" - Johnnie Cochran, Randall Robinson, naCharles Ogletree-havana kutaura pakuratidzira kweWashington, DC.
Wickham akataura kuti vatsigiri vekutsiva vakaramba kutaura "chitsitsinho cheAchilles" chekufamba kwe "kubhadhara kunofanira kubhadharwa seiโฆ. Panzvimbo pokushanda kuti vavhare uyu mukaha unotambudza wepfungwa, vatsigiri vakawanda kwazvo vokutsiva vanoramba vachitamba vachiupoteredza.โ Wickham akayambira kuti "shangu yavo yakapfava pamubvunzo wekubhadhara inowedzera kupatsanurwa pamusoro pezvinofanira kuitwa."
Kutsoropodza kwaWickham, Henderson, Kelley, uye vamwe kunofanira kutorwa zvakakomba uye nenzira inogutsa.
Chekutanga, uye pamwe chikuru, inyaya yekuti rusaruraganda rwevachena rune chimiro muhunhu, uye rwakanyanya kudzika muhurongwa hwemasangano kwete nehunhu hwevanhu. Kusarurana kwemarudzi kunoburitswa nemasangano ekutanga eAmerica - ehupfumi, dzidzo, magariro, uye zvematongerwo enyika-enharaunda yedu. Ngano dzemarudzi enhoroondo yevachena dzinoshandiswa kururamisa, kutsanangura, uye kupembedza hukuru hwevachena uye kusaenzana kwevatema.
Zvinoitwa nekudzorera kumanikidza vachena kuti vabvume chokwadi chehutsinye chenhoroondo yedu, chimwe chinhu chakaramba kuita nzanga yevachena. Inopa tsananguro yenhoroondo yekuenderera mberi kwehudzvanyiriri hwemarudzi: kugovaniswa kusina kuenzana kwezviwanikwa zvehupfumi, ivhu, uye kuwana mikana yekusimudzira magariro, izvo zvakatenderwa nehurumende yemubatanidzwa.
Naizvozvo ihurumende imwe chete iyoyo ndiyo ine basa rekubhadhara vagari vemo nevazukuru vavo vakanyimwa kodzero dzebumbiro remutemo. Affirmative action yakanga iri zvikurukuru โkuenzana kwomubhadharo,โ mumashoko omusayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Ronald Walters; yakagadzira mamiriyoni emikana yemabasa, bud akaita zvishomanana kutamisa upfumi kubva kune rimwe boka redzinza kuenda kune rimwe.
Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemhuri dzese dzemuAfrica-America nhasi dzine hupfumi husina kunaka. Hupfumi hwepakati pevatema huri pasi pezvikamu gumi nezvishanu kubva muzana zvevachena. Vazhinji vevanhu vedu vakavharirwa mugomba rinenge rakadzika midzi mune zvehupfumi umo musingazopukunyuke-kunze kwekunge tashandura zvido zvedu zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zano kubva kune yakasununguka mubatanidzwa kuenda kukugadzirisazve zviwanikwa zvehupfumi, uye kubviswa kwekushomeka kwezvimiro izvo zvinoparadzanisa vatema nevachena kuva. kusaenzana kwemarudzi universes.
"Reparations" inoshandura masimba ehurukuro yemarudzi, kubva pa "handouts" kuenda ku "paybacks." Inofambirana nekufamba kwepasirese nevanhu verudzi rweAfrica uye vamwe vanhu veNyika Yetatu kuti vataurirane zvakare nezvechikwereti uye kuda muripo weuranda, colonialism, uye rusaruraganda.
Nharo yaWickham yekuti vatsigiri vetsiva vanofanira kutaura nezwi rimwechete kuti muripo unofanirwa kubhadharwa sei uye riini musungo unonyengerera. Bato rega rega rekuratidzira munhoroondo munhoroondo rakaedza kuzadzisa chinangwa chakakura rinogadzira nzira dzakasiyana siyana nemasangano kuti zvibudirire. Kuburikidza chete nehondo yezvematongerwo enyika kuti uwane mubairo-mudare, munhepfenyuro, padanho repasi-zvinozoitika shanduko chaiyo nematanho ekuita.
โKudzoreredza upfumiโ kunogona kutora nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, chero ipi zvayo inogona kuitwa. Ini ndinofarira kuumbwa kwehomwe yekudzosera mari yezvemagariro evanhu iyo inogona kufambisa mari yemubatanidzwa, yenyika, uye/kana makambani ekudyara mumasangano asina purofiti, masangano ane chekuita nenharaunda, nzvimbo dzekusimudzira hupfumi munzvimbo dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwekushaikwa kwemabasa, uye magrants kana zvikwereti zvisingabhadhare. vatema kutenga misha kana kutanga mabhizimisi munharaunda dzine urombo.
Zvakadaro, kune dzimwe nzira dzekuvaka patsva yemukana wehupfumi hwevatema. Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Dalton Conley akakurudzira kugadziridzwa kwe "cheki yemunhu kuburikidza nemutero, sechikwereti chinodzoserwa chemutero weuranda." Makambani makuru nemabhangi "akapfumiswa zvisina tsarukano" nekushanda kwevaranda kana naJim Crow-nguva yerusaruro yakanangana neveAfrica America vanogona kusendeka chikamu chemubairo mune ramangwana muhomwe yetrust yekuripa nemari avo vakabatwa nevazukuru vavo.
Makunivhesiti ane zvipo zvaibva pakutengeswa kwenhapwa kana basa revaranda uye/kana makambani akapfumiswa zvisina tsarukano nemitemo yerusaruraganda aigona kugadzira mari yekufunda kupa mukana wakakura kuvadzidzi veAfrica-America.
Zvingave zvine njodzi uye hupenzi kuti vanotsigira reparations kunetsana pakati pavo pamusoro penzira yakanakisa yekushandisa panguva ino. Kwemakore apfuura, kwakave nekukamukana kwakawanda mukati meCivil Rights Movement, kuparadzanisa vatungamiriri nemasangano anokwikwidza. Vese vakabvumirana pachinangwa chikuru, kubviswa kwerusarura rwemarudzi zviri pamutemo, asi vakatsigira nzira dzakasiyana uye mazano ekusvika ikoko. Iyo modhi yakafanana inofanira kushandiswa pakutsiva.
Kuedza kupi zvako kumanikidza kuomarara kwepfungwa kana kuenderana kwesangano pane iyi yakasiyana uye iri kukura yakakurumbira bato inongoshanda kurikanganisa nekuiparadza.
Sezvandakanyora kare, dambudziko guru mugakava renyika pamusoro peAfrica-America reparations iri mukugutsa vanhu vatema, kwete vachena, kuti tinogona kukunda. Kurwisana kukuru kwevanodzvinyirirwa nguva dzose kunorwisana noutera hwavo vamene, kusava nechokwadi, uye kutya. Kuripiswa kuri kudiwa ndiko kunosunungura zvakanyanya nekuti kune mukana wekushandura maonero anoita vanhu vatema, uye nhoroondo yedu.