Iyi nhevedzano yezvinyorwa zvishanu kuedza kufungidzira basa rakaitwa nemafuta mukupindira kweUS muSouth yepasi rose. Nekupokana kweWashington muIraq uko, sekureva kwaZbigniew Brzezinski, yanga iri guva rezviroto zveneo-conservative, basa remafuta uye kubatana kwaro nekupindira kweUS rave kuwedzera kuwanda. Chokwadi, imwe yepakati inokurudzira masirogani evatsoropodzi veIraq debacle yanga iri 'isina ropa remafuta' nehukama hwakajeka hwakatorwa pakati pekupindira kweUS kuMiddle East uye chishuwo cheWashington chekudzora nzvimbo dzesimba rekushandisa.
Iyi nhevedzano yezvinyorwa zvishanu inoongorora iyi 'ropa remafuta' thesis yakagadzira uye inovatsoropodza sevanonyanya kushandisa mukufunga kwavo basa rinoitwa neUS statecraft mukuvandudza nekudzika kwehukama hwemagariro evanhu pasi rose. Matatu ekutanga akatevedzana ezvinyorwa anotarisa aya emakakatanwa edzidziso apo maviri ekupedzisira anoongorora nzira idzo kuyedza kweWashington kusiyanisa magetsi kumatunhu asiri eMiddle East ane hupfumi hwemafuta ari kutungamira mukuumbwa kwenyika dzine hutongi uye kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.
Ini ndinotanga nekukakavara kuti ropa re thesis yemafuta rinoshandisa dzidziso yakanyanyisa yehurumende yeAmerica iyo inodzikisira hupfumi uye inotadza kubata pfungwa yezvematongerwo enyika yeAmerica mukugadzira mamiriro anodiwa ehupfumi hwepasi rose kuburikidza nekupindira kwayo mumafuta akapfuma. matunhu. Chechipiri, ndinopokana kuti dzidziso huru yemakwikwi ehumambo hweAmerica iyo inogara pakati peiyo 'ropa remafuta' thesis haina kutarisisa zvakakwana kuhuwandu hwakanaka hwehuwandu hweUS hegemony uye kusimba kwehukama hwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika pakati. anonzi anokwikwidzana masimba makuru uye matunhu. Chechitatu, ndinopokana kuti nzvimbo mbiri idzi dzekusasimba dzinotungamira mukutadza kunzwisisa zvizere masimba ezvematongerwo enyika uye nemaitiro akatorwa kuti hukuru hweUS munzvimbo dzakapfuma neoiri hunopa nyika yeAmerica kuonana nemamwe masimba makuru.
Mushure mekutsanangura tsoropodzo idzi nhevedzano yezvinyorwa zvinobva zvapa fungidziro iyi nekuongorora mafambiro achangobva kuitwa nehurumende yeAmerica kusiyanisa magetsi kubva kuMiddle East kuburikidza nekubatanidza matunhu akapfuma nemafuta asiri ekuMiddle East sematunhu akagadzikana mukati mepasi rose. Hukuru hweUS mumatunhu aya hunoshanda kudzikamisa magetsi epasi rose uye kuchengetedza hukuru hweUS pamusoro pemamwe masimba makuru. Zvakakosha, kurwisana nekumukirana kuri kuramba kuchishandiswa senzira yekutanga nzira yekubatanidza nyika dzakapfuma nemafuta dzakatenderedza nyika muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwepasirese izvo zvinova nemhedzisiro huru pakodzero dzevanhu pasi rose, kuumbwa kwenyika uye kuchengetedzeka kwenyika muna 21st. Century.
Ropa remafuta?
Tichifunga nezvehunowanzo kutaurwa pakati peoiri sechinhu chakakosha chehupfumi kune nyika dzine simba uye maonero akakomba ekuti hondo dzekuMadokero dzinowanzokurudzirwa nemafuta, hazvishamise kuti mafuta pachawo haana kutaurwa sechinhu chinogona kukurudzira hondo ichangoburwa yeUS. mafuta akapfuma Iraq.
Chokwadi, varongi veUS havana kungotaura nezveoiri chete, asi vakaramba zvakasimba kuti yakakonzeresa neimwe nzira zvine chekuita nesarudzo yekubvisa hudzvanyiriri hwaSaddam Hussein. Semuenzaniso, aimbove Secretary of Defence weUS, VaDonald Rumsfeld vakapokana kuti zvaive '[n]sense' kutaura kuti kurwisa kweUS muIraq kune chekuita nemafuta. Akaenderera mberi achiti โkune zvimwe zvinhu zvakadai, ngano dziri kufamba-famba, hazvinei nemafuta, hazvinei nemafutaโ.1 Aimbove Munyori wenhau dzeWhitehouse, Ari Fleischer, akatsinhira dingindira iri. Paakabvunzwa kana mafuta aive akonzeresa sarudzo dzeUS kupindira muIraq, Fleischer akapokana kuti mafuta 'haisi chinhu'. uye kutonga kwemafuta eIraq kwaive kumashure kwekurwiswa kwaive 'pfungwa yekurangana' uye kuti 'hapana nzira chero ipi zvayo dai mafuta ariyo nyaya yaisazove nyore kugura chibvumirano neSaddam'.
Sezvineiwo, hukuru hwemafuta uye US resource kupindira kwakanyatso kubatwa nemhinduro ingangoita yevatsoropodzi vehondo inotungamirwa neUS avo vakapokana kuti kupinda muIraq uye imwezve mauto eUS kunze kwenyika yakaratidza chimiro chitsva cheAmerican Empire mushure mekutyisa. zviitiko zve9/11. Sezvo Michael Cox akakakavadzana, mushure me9/11 vaongorori vakati wandei vakapokana kuti 'tinofanira kutanga kudaidza zvinhu nemazita avo, kusiya fungidziro yekuti America haisi Humambo, uye kubvuma kuti kana nyika yaizove nzvimbo yakagadzikana. , US yaifanira kuita zvakafanana nemaitiro eumambo sezvakaitwa neBritish neRoma mazana emakore apfuura. 4
Iyi post 9/11 US Empire inonzi inotarisirwa kukundwa kwenzvimbo, uye kunyanya yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza kuwana uye kutonga kwematunhu makuru anogadzira oiri kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekupihwa kwesimba rakakosha kuhupfumi hweUS hune nzara yemafuta. Saka oiri inoonekwa seropa rehupenyu rinozora mavhiri eAmerican capitalism. Michael Klare, mumwe wevanonyanya kutaura vevatsoropodzi vakapokana izvozvo
[W] hazvirambike . . . ndezvekuti Mutungamiri Bush vakanyanya kukoshesa kukwidziridzwa kwesimba rekufungidzira simba reAmerica panguva imwe chete yavakatsigira zano resimba rinosanganisira kuwedzera kutsamira kweUS pamafuta anobva munzvimbo dzinogara dzichiitika dambudziko nekunetsana. Zvatinazvo, saka, izano rine mativi maviri rinotonga zvinobudirira mutemo weUS kune yakawanda yenyika. Kunyange zvazvo zvichibva kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinetswa - imwe simba-inotungamirirwa, imwe kuchengetedzwa kunotungamirirwa - idzi mbiri dzakarongwa dzakabatanidzwa kuva imwe chete, yakasanganiswa dhizaini yekutonga kwenyika yeAmerica mu21st Century.5
Saizvozvo, vapepeti veMonthly Ongororo vakapokana kuti vese veAmerica 'hurumende nevezvenhau' vakangwarira kudzivirira chero kutaura kuti US 'yaive nemafungiro akashata ekurwisa, sekutonga kwemafuta eIraq' kusiyana nehukuru 'US. zvido zvemakambani' izvo 'zvisina kumbonyara kutsanangura-zvirinani mukati mebhizinesi-zvibodzwa zvavo zvepashure pehondo zvehupfumi zveIraq'. Zvinangwa izvi zvakasvika pakudyara kwe 'makumi emabhiriyoni emadhora muIraq' nemakambani eUS kuti oiri yeIraqi ive yega uye kuwedzera purofiti uye kukonzeresa mafungu ekushambadzira kuMiddle East yakafara.6
Dilip Hiro, achinyora muThe Nation akawedzera pfungwa iyi paakapokana kuti 'itarisiro yekusapikiswa kwekuwana nzvimbo yechipiri pakukura kwemafuta epasirese-zvichitungamira kukupera kwekuvimba kuri kukura kweAmerica pa petroleum kubva kuSaudi Arabia, nyika yekwakawanda. vapambi ve9/11-izvo zvinofadza fungidziro yakakurumbira muUnited States. Uye nyuchi dzemuUS, dziri kusarudza mutemo weIraq, dzinozviziva'.7
Iyi thesis ye "ropa remafuta" inopokana kuti US iri kuramba ichipindira muSouth yepasi rose kuti ive nechokwadi chekutonga kwemusika wemafuta eUS uye kuchengetedza mafuta akatsiga kuhupfumi hweAmerica. Kurangana kwemafuta uku kunosvika pakati pehutongi hwaBush, nevakuru vekuAmerica vakaita semutevedzeri wemutungamiri weAmerica, Dick Cheney, vanonzi vari kushandisa masimba emauto eAmerica kuvhura misika mitsva ine pundutso yekutengeswa kwemafuta eUS.
Tichifunga nezvepakati pemafuta kune simba-rinovimba nehupfumi hwepamusoro hupfumi uye kukosha kweMiddle East mukupa zvinodiwa nemafuta ekumadokero (semuenzaniso, angangoita makumi matanhatu nematanhatu muzana ematura emafuta epasi rose ari kuMiddle East), zvingave naรยฏve Kunyanya kufunga kuti kufunga kwemafuta hakuna kukonzeresa kuita sarudzo dzehutungamiri hweBush maererano nekupindira muIraq.9
Nharo yebepa iri haisi yekupokana kana kushoropodza iyo 'ropa remafuta' thesis ine chekuita nezvayo zvekutanga (iyo yepakati pekuchengetedza simba kune US mutemo wekunze). Kunyange zvakakosha kudzivirira tsananguro dzemono-causal, zvine hungwaru uye munhoroondo kuti chishuwo chekuwedzera US kuwana uye kutonga pamusoro penzvimbo dzakapfuma neoiri mukati mehupfumi hwenyika hwezvematongerwo enyika chave chiri chimwe chezvibodzwa zvepakati Nyika yeAmerica.10
Mune imwe nzira yeagent, zvakare zvakanyanya kupfuura zvinogoneka kuti hukama hwepedyo pakati pevakuru veBush manejimendi vakaita seMutevedzeri weMutungamiriri Richard Cheney nemakondirakiti makuru emafuta akadai saHalliburton vakaita basa rakakosha musarudzo yekupinda Iraq. Pfungwa yebepa iri haisi yekutsvaga kupa mhinduro yezvikonzero nei kurwiswa kweIraq kwakaitika (zvechokwadi, bepa iri rinonyanya kutarisana nenyika dzisiri dzeMiddle East dzakapfuma mafuta). Kune zvakadaro, nzvimbo nhatu dzekusasimba muiyo 'ropa remafuta' thesis yandinoshuvira kuburitsa uye kuongorora mukati mezvinyorwa izvi kuitira kuti ndiwedzere magakava pamusoro pechimiro chenyika yeAmerica mukati mehupfumi hwenyika uye hukama hwayo nemafuta. tichitsoropodza nyaya dzinowanzokonzera mono-causal dzekupindira kwekumadokero.
Pedzisa chinyorwa chekutanga
---------------
1 Munyori asingazivikanwe, 'Rumsfeld: Ingava Hondo Pfupi', CBS News, Mbudzi 15, 2002. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/11/15/world/main529569.shtml
2 Press Briefing naAri Fleischer, Zvinyorwa, Gumiguru 9, 2002. http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/WH/wh-fleischer-100902.htm
3 Munyori Haazivikanwi, โBlair Anoramba Mafuta โConspiracy Theoryโ Pamusoro peIraqโ, The UK Times, January 15, 2003. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1-544100,00.html; Stefan Halper naJonathan Clarke vanorambawo kuti mafuta akaiswa mukuita sarudzo dzeAmerica. Ona yavo America Yega: The Neo-Conservatives uye Global Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
4 Michael Cox, 'Humambo Hwakadzokera Muguta: Kana America's Imperial Temptation - Zvakare' , Millennium, 32: 1, 2003. p. 8.
5 Michael Klare, 'Ropa reMafuta: The Bush-Cheney Energy Strategy', Socialist Register, (London, Merlin Press, 2003), p. 180; Kuti uwane yakawedzera vhezheni yekupokana kwaKlare ona Ropa rake neMafuta: Njodzi uye Migumisiro yeAmerica's Growing Dependence on Imported Petroleum (New York: Henry Holt, 2004).
6 Vapepeti, Ongororo yeMwedzi, Ndira 10, 2005. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6996
7 Dilip Hiro, 'Oiri, Iraq neAmerica', Rudzi, Zvita 16, 2002. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20021230/hiro20021216
8 Jim Vallette, 'Wolfowitz's Hidden Patron: Dick Cheney's Oil Change at the World Bank', CounterPunch, March 22, 2005. http://www.counterpunch.org/vallette03222005.html; Onawo โRopa Remafuta? Retort , Boka reVanyori uye Varatidziri, Inofunga Kuti Mafuta Ndiwo Aive Chikonzero Chekupinda MuIraq', London Ongororo yeMabhuku, Kubvumbi 21, 2005. http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n08/reto01_. html.
9 Kuti uwane nhoroondo ona โRamangwana reOiriโ, Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, isina kunyorwa. http://www.iags.org/futureofoil.html;
10 KuMiddle East ona Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah's Men : An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (New York: John Wiley, 2004); Simon Bromley, American Hegemony uye World Oil: The Industry, the State System and the World Economy (Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991); Daniel Yergin, Mubairo: Iyo Epic Kutsvaga Oiri, Mari & Simba (New York: Yemahara Press, 1993)