Cherechedza: Iyi blog post ndeyechipiri pane zvinomwe-zvikamu zvakatevedzana zvinonzi Gara, Batanidza, Gadzira! Kufungidzira Hupenyu Kupfuura 'Iyo Economy' izvo zvichaonekwa pano mukati memavhiki mashoma anotevera. Iyo yakazara vhezheni yezvinyorwa, kusanganisira inogona kudhaunirodwa shanduro, inogona kuwanikwa pa Grassroots Economic Kuronga.
Zita reMusungo ndi "The Economy"
Pane nhanho imwe neimwe mubasa redu renyika ine ruramisiro, yegutsaruzhinji uye ine magariro, tinotambudzwa nechinhu ichi chinonzi "hupfumi." Tinoziva kuti "iyo" haishande, kuti "iyo" yakaputsika, kuti "iyo" yakashanda zvinofarirwa nevapfumi uye vane simba kwezvizvarwa, kuti "iyo" yakanganisa hutano hwehupenyu pasi pano, uye izvo. "iyo" inoda kushandurwa zvakanyanya. Uye zvakadaro panguva imwe chete, tinotarisana nehupfumi uhwu sekunge isimba rezvisikwa, mamiriro ekunze-akafanana nehurongwa hunotirova nekushanduka kwayo. Pazvakanakisa, zvinoita seyakakura uye yakaoma zvivakwa zvemasangano, anonyanya kuve ake uye anotongwa ne "1%" uye anotungamirirwa nenyanzvi dzisina kujeka dzinomhanyisa masvomhu emakombuta emamodhi. Vanozevezera munzeve dzevezvematongerwo enyika kuseri kwemasuo akavharwa isu tose takavharirwa kunze. Pakuipisisa, idutu rinorova rakananga kumahombekombe edu, richiteverwa nemasatelliti uye rakarongwa pamachati, asi risingadzoreki. Tinokwidza mahwindo edu (kana tisati tamborasikirwa nedzimba dzedu nekuda kwekuvharirwa) uye tinonamata.
chii is chinhu ichi?
Chokutanga uye chakakosha, i nyaya. Nyaya yakagadzirirwa kumisa zvematongerwo enyika, kuvhara tsika, uye kukanganisa fungidziro dzedu. "Economic" inzira yekufunga uye kuona nyika umo simba redu nesangano rinobirwa kubva kwatiri. Munyaya iyi, hupfumi hunoratidzwa sehukuru, hwakabatana maitiro, chinhu chatiri mukati of iyo inorarama ne "mitemo" uye "logics" chaiyo. Izvo ndezvekuti vamwe vabate, kutonga, kana kugadzirisa, uye isu tinofanirwa kungotevera mirairo yavo. Tichavhota musarudzo dzinotevera kuti mumwe munhu atiudze, mushure mekubvunzana nenyanzvi, zvatinofanira kuzvipira, kuchinja, kana kugamuchira kuti hupfumi hwenyika husimukire zvakare. "Democracy" izita rekuita kwese kudiki kwatinotenderwa kuita mukati menzvimbo iyo hupfumi uhu hwakativharira.
Asi pane chakavanzika chakasviba pano chatisina kudzidziswa kuchikoro kana panhau: zvese pfungwa ye "hupfumi" yave iripo kweasingasviki mazana maviri emakore! Hapana vanhu munhoroondo, pamberi pevaEurope mukutanga 18th muzana remakore, aigara mune chero chinhu chakafanana neicho chatinodaidza kuti "hupfumi." Kuti isu tizviwane tiri mukati me "hupfumi," hupfumi uhu hwaifanira kuva akaita.i Hazvina kubuda mune imwe nzira "yemusikirwo" yemhindumupindu isingadzivisiki; rakavakwa, kazhinji kazhinji nechisimba, nemapoka chaiwo avanhu uye masangano chaiwo kuti riite zvinangwa zvavo. "Hupfumi" hwakanga husiri hwechokwadi "hwakawanikwa" nedzimwe nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzakangwara: yaive purojekiti of ari elites kubva pamavambo awo chaiwo.
Upfumi uhwu hwakavakwa nehurongwa hwekuvharirwa, uko vanhu vakapatsanurwa nechisimba kubva kune yavo yekurarama (ivhu, nharaunda, maturusi uye hunyanzvi) uye vakasundirwa mukutsamira pamihoro-mabasa nekutenga kwezvinhu. Yakavakwa nevakuru vepamutemo nevemauto vematunhu epakati avo vakatendera pfuma yega yevakuru uye vakasimbisa zvibvumirano zvavo. Yakavakwa neiyo chaiyo, yezvematongerwo enyika-inotevedzwa sangano remabasa emuhoro, umo vashandi vakabviswa zvakarongeka kubva kune hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji uye kutonga pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvebasa ravo. Yakavakwa kuburikidza nekubiwa kwehupenyu, vashandi, ivhu uye zviwanikwa kubva kuvanhu vari munzvimbo dzakakomberedzwa pasirese. Yakavakwa pamwe chete nepfungwa ye "zvakasikwa" izvo zvakaita kuti zvisikwa zvipenyu zvishandurwe kuita zvinhu zvinogoneka, uye kuti zvipenyu zvisave chinhu kunze kwemigodhi nenzvimbo dzekurasa. Yakavakwa nekuenderera mberi, kudzvinyirirwa kwechisimba kwemasangano evanhu ari kutsvaga kushandura hukama hwose uhwu.ii
Munzira mese, paive nenyanzvi dzakanyora nezvehupfumi uhwu sekunge ichokwadi chezvakasikwa, shanduko yemaitiro asingadzivisiki akavakwa mukati mepakati pemunhu nenyika.iii Vakataura nyaya dzekuti "masavha" ekuzvifarira akachinja sei misika ndokuva vanhu vakabudirira. Vakataura nyaya nezve "mitemo" yaigona kuwanikwa pamwoyo wesimba rehupfumi: kupa uye kudiwa, kuwedzera kwekuwana, kukosha kwekukura, chokwadi chakaomarara asi chinoshanda chemakwikwi asingaperi, "kubereka" kuunganidza hupfumi munyika. maoko ane simba "vagadziri vebasa." Uye vakaita kuti mitemo iyi iite seyakasikwa uye isingadzivisiki kuburikidza nekugadzira nzira dzekuyera "dzakavasimbisa", kugadzira magirafu nemachati akajeka kuti "azviratidze", uye kutora masvomhu nemadimikira kubva kufizikisi kuisa dzidziso dzavo kunze kwekusvika kwezvematongerwo enyika. uye nzanga.iv
Yakanga iri mamiriro akakwana: vatongi vanotonga vaigona kumisa hupfumi hutsva uhu kuburikidza nekuvharirwa uye mhirizhonga, nguva yese iyi vachikwevera padzidziso yevanoongorora hupfumi kuratidza kuti hupfumi uhwu hwaive husiri chinhu kunze kwekunge kusingadzivisiki kuburitswa kwehunhu hwevanhu.
Ngativei pachena, zvakadaro, kudzivirira chero nyonganiso: vanhu vagara vachiita zvakasiyana siyana zvekugadzira, kugovera, kuchinjana, uye kushandisa. Izvo izvo pfungwa ye "hupfumi" yakaita, mune yayo chaiyo nhoroondo fomu, yaive kugadzira mhando ye Conceptual yakavharwa zvakatenderedza seti chaiyo yemafungiro evanhu, zvinokurudzira, zviitiko zvevanhu, uye mararamiro. Economic theory akati: kuzvida ndiko ari zviri pamutemo, uye zvechisikigo, zvehupfumi zvinokurudzira. Exclusive, pfuma yega yega ndiyo ari zviri pamutemo, uye zvine hunyanzvi, nzira yekuronga kuwana zviwanikwa uye nzira dzekurarama. Kuunganidza upfumi (uye kutya urombo) ndiko ari zvinokurudzira zviri pamutemo zvinounza hutano hwevanhu. Wage labour (nyika yakakamurwa kuva varidzi nevashandi) ndiyo ari nzira yekuronga hupfumi hunobudirira uye hutsva. Makwikwi ariko ari dynamic iyo inogadzira kushanda zvakanaka mukugadzira uye kuchinjanisa. Unganidza zvese izvi zvinhu pamwe chete, buritsa mabhuku nezve zvavanoda uye kuvaka masangano pane chokwadi chavo, kukiya kwese kwehupenyu kuoma uye mukana muwadhiropu (kana jeri) uye daidza izvo ... economics.
Zvivharo zvenyama izvo zvakadzinga vanhu kubva munzvimbo yavo yekugara uye zvakavamanikidza kuvimba nemabasa emuhoro mukati memakore gumi nematanhatu.th kuna 18th mazana emakore muEurope, uye iyo yakabira vanhu vomunharaunda yehupenyu hwavo uye nyika, yakaperekedzwa uye yakatsigirwa nemafungiro akavharidzirwa akaita nyaya ye "hupfumi." Aya ndiwo mativi maviri emari imwe chete. Uye iyi nzira yekuvharirwa kaviri iri kuenderera mberi. Inonzi "privatization," "colonialism," "neoliberalism," "budiriro," uye "economics 101."v Hupfumi hunofanirwa kuitwa nguva dzose, uye hunogadzirwa nemasangano anomanikidza nyaya iyi patiri, inotiisa muchikwereti kumuchina wekutsamira, unoba basa redu, mazano edu neramangwana redu muzita rezvatinofarira. . Zvinoitwa nekutinyevenutsa kuti nyaya yayo ndeyechokwadi, uyezve kutiranga kana tatadza kuita zvinoenderana.
Isu tiri kugara munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji pasirese nekuti tiri kurwara uye taneta nenyaya iyi, uye hatichaite "neungwaru" maererano nezvainoraira: tiri kutora nzira nyowani yemutoro, uye isu tichiita imwe nyaya.
Kune nyika yakakura kwazvo yekugona kuronga kwatingaite hupenyu hwevanhu uye raramo iri kunze kweiyo yakavharirwa yatinodaidza kuti "hupfumi." Wese munhu ari pasi pano atove kuita zviito zvisingagone kuve mukati mekeji yayo, asi zvakakosha kuhupenyu nekugara zvakanaka. Ino ndiyo nguva munhoroondo yatisingachakwanise kubvunza vezvehupfumi neimwe vhezheni yehungwaru yavo yekugadzira. Apa ndipo patinoityora, rega chiedza chidurure mukati, uye titange kufungidzira nyika yedu patsva.
i Ona, semuenzaniso: Rene Dumont, From Mandeville to Marx: The Genesis uye Triumph of Economic Pfungwa. Yunivhesiti yeChicago Press, 1977; Uyewo Timothy Mitchell, "Kugadzirisa Economy." Tsika Studies. Vol.12, Chinyorwa 8, p. 82-101.
ii Kuti uwane imwe yeiyi nyaya, ona Karl Polanyi, The Hukuru Kuchinja. Beacon Press, 1971; uye EP Thompson, The Kuita of ari Chirungu Kushanda kirasi. New York: Penguin, 1991.
iii Hapana chinhu chipfupi-chinotenderera chezvematongerwo enyika sechikumbiro kune "zvakasikwa." Zvimwe zvakawanda pane izvi, ona Bruno Latour, zvematongerwo enyika of Nature: sei to Uyai ari Sciences mu Democracy. Harvard University Press, 2004.
iv Kune rimwe basa redzidzo pamusoro pebasa rekuyera uye kumiririrwa kwakajeka mukugadzira "hupfumi," ona Timothy Mitchell, "Kugadzirisa Hupfumi." Tsika Studies. Vol.12, Chinyorwa 8, 1998; naSusan Buck-Morss, "Envisioning Capital: Political Economy on Display," Critical muvhunzo. Vol. 21, Chinyorwa 2, 1995. Kuti uwane gakava rakadzama pamusoro pehukama hwepakati pakati pehupfumi nefizikisi, ona Philip Mirowski, More Heat pane Chiedza: Economics As Social Physics, Physics as Nature's Economics. Cambridge University Press, 1989. Nokuda kwenhoroondo yedzimwe nzira idzo nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzakaita saAdam Smith akavanzwa basa rezvivharo mukugadzira hupfumi hwavakanga vachinyora nezvazvo, ona Michael Perelman, The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Zvematongerwo enyika upfumi uye ari Secret History of chinyakare Kuunganidza. Duke University Press, 2000.
v Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro pezvivharo zvemazuva ano, ona The Commoner, Chinyorwa 2, 2001 uye Chinyorwa 7, 2002 pakati pevamwe, uye David Bollier, Silent Kuba: The Private kupamba of Our Common upfumi. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Kuonga to Kate Boverman, ani akafuridzirwa ichi Piece uye akapiwa zvakakosha pfungwa uye tsigiro, uye to Michael Johnson, Annie McShiras, Cheyenna chirukiso, Len Krimerman naAnne O'Brien nokuti zvavo chakanakisisa pfungwa uye edits.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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