Senyanzvi yesangano rerunyararo reAmerica, dzimwe nguva ndinofonerwa kuti ndiwane ruzivo rwekumashure nevatapi venhau vachinyora zvinyorwa zvine chekuita nekuratidzira kuri kuita hondo kana zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvinenge zvisingaite, havazive kuti bato rerunyararo reAmerica rine nhoroondo yakapfuma. Kana, kana vakaziva kuti ine nhoroondo yakadai, ivo havana ruzivo rwekuti iyo nhoroondo inodzokera kumashure kupfuura Hondo yeVietnam. Uyu mukaha mukuru uye unosuwisa muruzivo rwavo. Chaizvoizvo, bato rerunyararo reAmerica rakatanga mazana maviri emakore uye rakabatanidza mamirioni avanhu (pakati pavo vane mukurumbira vakaita saJohn Quincy Adams, Charles Sumner, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, Jane Addams, Robert La Follette, John Dewey, Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt. , uye Martin Luther King, Jr.). Chimwe chokwadi chisingazivikanwe kukosha kweNew York State-uye kunyanya New York City-munhoroondo yesangano iroro.
Chokwadika, kunyange kusati kwave nesangano rorugare rakarongeka muUnited States, kwakanga kune vamwe vanhu vaitsigira runyararo uye vaAmerica vanoda rugare. Varwi vehondo, kunyanya, vainyanya kubva kumapoka madiki matatu akabva muPurotesitendi Reformation-Sosaiti yeshamwari (inozivikanwa zviri nani seQuaker), vaMennonites, uye Brethren. Ivo kwekutanga vakagara muPennsylvania, uko maQuaker akatanga koloni inomhanya pane pacifist nheyo. Asi vakazofamba vachiyambuka matunhu ekuchamhembe nematunhu, kusanganisira New York, kwavakasanganiswa nerimwe boka rechitendero chechiKristu repacifist, maShakers.
Asi sangano rekutanga rerunyararo muUnited States-uye pamwe pasi rose-harina kugadzwa kusvika 1815. Iyi yaive New York Peace Society, yakavambwa naDavid Low Dodge, mutengesi weNew York, muna Nyamavhuvhu wegore iroro. Dodge akanga ari muPresbyterian uyo, kufanana nevamwe vakawanda vokuAmerica, akatyiswa nekudeura ropa kweNapoleonic Wars, iyo yakasvika kuUnited States nenzira yeHondo ye1812. Muna 1815, Dodge akabudisa bhuku duku. Hondo Isingaenderani neChitendero chaJesu Kristu. Mariri, haana kungoronga bedzi mativi outsinye ehondo, asi akatsinhira kuti “vose vanoda Ishe wedu Jesu Kristu nomwoyo wose havagoni asi kushuva nomwoyo wose kuti hondo dzipere.” Nokudaro, vanofanira “kubva vangosiya zvose zvinotungamirira kuhondo . . . uye gamuchirai chinhu chiri chose chaizosimudzira kutonga ikoko kunobwinya kwokururama norugare.” Aine izvi mupfungwa, Dodge neshamwari dzake vakatanga New York Peace Society, sangano rinonyanya kuganhurirwa kuNew York City uye rakavhurika kune vese pacifists nevasiri-pacifists, kunyangwe dare repamusoro rakanga rakaganhurirwa kune vepacifists. Panhengo 30 dzepakutanga, vamwe vaiva vafundisi uye vamwe vaiva vanamuzvinabhizimisi vanobatsira vanhu.
Mumwedzi nemakore akatevera, mamwe masangano erunyararo emunharaunda akaumbwa muUnited States, kunyanya mumatunhu ekuchamhembe. Muna 1828, vakaungana kuti vagadzire American Peace Society, neNew York Peace Society sebazi reko.
Zvizhinji zveiyi yekutanga runyararo yeAmerica yakapera nekusvika kweHondo yeVanhu. Chikonzero chikuru chaive chekuti vazhinji vevatsigiri vesangano reNorthern - vanhu vakaita saWilliam Lloyd Garrison, mutungamiri ane mukurumbira wekubvisa ― vakatsigira Union chikonzero nekuda kwechishuwo chavo chekupedza uranda.
MuNew York City, zvisinei, chikonzero cheNorthern chaive chakanyanya kufarirwa. Harisi chete Guta reNew York rakanga risiri nhare yekubvisa, asi huwandu hukuru hwevarombo, vashandi vekuIrish-America vaigara imomo vakavenga zvakanyanya kunyorwa, izvo zvakavanyorera kuti vashande muuto reMubatanidzwa vachigonesa vapfumi kutiza basa rechiuto kuburikidza nemubhadharo wemadhora mazana matatu. kumutsivi. Pakupedzisira, mamiriro ezvinhu aya akazoita mazuva matatu emhirizhonga yekurwisana nekunyorwa. Sezvingatarisirwa, bato diki rerunyararo reNew York rakanga risisina chekuita nemhirizhonga iyi, iyo yakapera chete mushure mekunge vapanduki vadzvinyirirwa nemauto emubatanidzwa. Asi kurwisana kwacho kwakaratidza kusafarirwa kwakapararira kwebasa rechiuto mumapoka aipfuura boka revanhu vakakwirira, raidzorwa nePurotesitendi rorugare renguva iyoyo.
Kune chikamu chikuru, hutungamiriri hwesangano rerunyararo reAmerica kubva pakati kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe rakabva kuNew England. Izvi zvaisanganisira: William Ladd, aimbova kaputeni wegungwa wokuMaine akazova purezidhendi wokutanga weAmerican Peace Society; William Lloyd Garrison, mutungamiri mukuru wekugumisa kubva kuNew England uyo akatanga New England Non-Resistance Society; Elihu Burritt, mupfuri wesimbi akadzidza zvinoshamisa kubva kuConnecticut uyo akatanga League of Universal Brotherhood; uye boka rekupera kwezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe vanopesana nemaimperiya, vane simba ravo guru muMassachusetts, avo vaipikisa kukunda kweUS uye kutorwa kwePhilippine.
Asi, mumakore ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, pendulum yakatanga kutenderera ichidzokera kuNew York. Kupokana kwepasirese kwaive kudiwa kukuru kwevatsigiri verunyararo, uye pfungwa iyi yakatorwa nehama mbiri dzeQuaker, Alfred naAlbert Smiley. Kuvambira muna 1895 uye kupfuurira kwehwerengedzo yezhizha 22, vakaunza vatungamiriri vanobva mumapoka ehurumende, bhizimisi, rudzidziso, dzidzo, uye chinjo kunzvimbo yavo yokutandarira paLake Mohonk, New York kuzokurukura nhau dzepasi rose. Apa vakasimudzira nhaurirano dzekurwirana kwepasi rose, mutemo wepasi rose, uye kuumbwa kwedare repasi rose. Kunyange zvazvo New York Peace Society yakanga yapera kare, mu1906 yakasimbiswa zvakare ikava rimwe remapazi ane simba zvikuru eAmerican Peace Society. Muna 1907, pakaitwa musangano weNational Arbitration and Peace Congress muNew York City, waive musangano mukuru werunyararo munhoroondo yeUnited States. Nhume dzaro 1,200 XNUMX dzaisanganisira vakuru vakuru vedare remakurukota, vatongi vedare repamusorosoro, maseneta, gavhuna weNew York, uye vane mukurumbira mune zvebhizimisi uye mubato revashandi.
Kutanga kweHondo Yenyika I, muna 1914, kwakatungamirira kukumukira kukuru kwesangano rorugare, zvikurukuru muNew York City. Kunyange zvazvo United States panguva iyoyo yakanga isina kwayakarerekera mukurwisana, boka revapepeti, vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu, uye vatungamiriri vezvitendero vakatanga kusangana paHenry Street Settlement yaLillian Wald kuti vafunge nezvehondo nengozi dzayo dzekuchinja magariro evanhu. Mukati mekudanwa kwaikwira kwokuti mauto eUnited States apindire mukurwisana uye kudzvinyirirwa kwaPresident Woodrow Wilson kuti mauto eUnited States aunganidzwe, vakaronga Anti-Preparedness Committee, yaitungamirirwa naCrystal Eastman, muna 1915. Pakasvika 1916, sangano reNew York City rakanga rava ne15,000 XNUMX. nhengo, dzakanga dzagovera mabhuku anopesana nehondo dzinopfuura hafu yemiriyoni, uye dzakanga dzazvitumidza zita rokuti American Union Against Militarism (AAUM).
Iyo itsva AAUM yakakurumidza kuve sangano rakakosha mukufambisa kwenyika kudzivirira America kupinda muhondo yenyika. Muna Kubvumbi 1916, yakaita musangano mukuru wekurwisa hondo muCarnegie Hall, uko Lillian Wald aive parutivi nevamiriri vesangano revashandi, vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu, National Grange, uye masangano emakereke. Uyu musangano werunyararo weNew York City wakateverwa nemamwe mumaguta makuru anopfuura hafu yegumi nemaviri. Kunyange zvazvo Mutungamiri Wilson akamhanyira kusarudzo zvakare, achishandisa sirogani "Akatichengeta Muhondo," zviito zvake mukutanga kwa1917 zvaiita sezviri kuita kuti nyika ipindire kuhondo. Mukupindura izvi, AAUM yakawedzera mabasa ayo, yakawedzera vashandi vayo, yakazadza Madison Square Garden nemusangano mukuru wekuratidzira, uye yakatsigira misangano yekurwisana nehondo munyika yose. Asi, muna Kubvumbi 1917, Wilson akadana Congress kuti izivise hondo, uye vazhinji veCongress vakateerera.
NeUnited States zvino yapinda mukurwisana, AAUM yakaparara nokukurumidza. Mune chikamu, izvi zvakaratidza kutenda kwevamwe vatungamiri vayo kuti, neCongressal declaration of war, kushora kwavo kukurwisana kunofanira kumira. Asi zvakaratidzawo idi rokuti hurumende yemubatanidzwa nehurumende zvino yakatanga kurwisa kukuru kwevanopikisa kwakasunga zviuru zvevanhu, kupfiga masangano, kudzora mapepanhau, kudzinga vatsoropodzi, kupfigira mutorongo, kurwadziswa, uye dzimwe nguva kuuraya vanoramba kupinda muchiuto nechikonzero chehana, uye kukurudzira chiito chekuchenjerera. PaColumbia University uye kune mamwe masangano edzidzo, nhengo dzefekisheni dzinoshora hondo dzakadzingwa. Kumwe kudzvinyirirwa uku kwakave nemhedzisiro yakanaka. Faculty yakaronga American Association of University Mapurofesa kuchengetedza rusununguko rwedzidzo kuburikidza nekugadzwa kwekugara. Uye munyori mutsva weAAUM, Roger Baldwin, akagadzira Civil Liberties Bureau, yakazova American Civil Liberties Union.
Mamwe mapoka orugare akakwanisa kupukunyuka hondo. Zvichida chikurusa chazvo chakanga chiri Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. Yakarongwa seBato reRunyararo reMudzimai muna Ndira 1915 pamusangano wevakadzi zviuru zvitatu wakadanwa naJane Addams (piyona weimba yekugarisa nyika) naCarrie Chapman Catt (mutungamiri weboka revakadzi resarudzo), sangano idzva rakakakavara kuti nyika dzisina kwayakarerekera dzinofanirwa kushanda se. varevereri muhondo yenyika. Kubvumbi ikoko, yakatumira nhumwa yeUS kuHague kuInternational Congress yeVakadzi iyo yakatsigira pfungwa yekuyananisa kwayakarerekera uye akasarudzwa mutungamiri weAddams weInternational Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. Kwenguva yakati, Addams nevamwe vatungamiri vaitarisira kuti Mutungamiri Wilson aizoshandisa pfungwa iyi, uye Addams akasangana naWilson kuti akurudzire kosi iyi paari.
Hondo yapera, zita resangano renyika dzakawanda iri rakachinjwa kuva Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Addams yakasarudzwa mutungamiri wayo wekutanga, uye bazi reUnited States, rakatanga muzinda weNew York City, rakave rakasimba kwazvo. Vose Addams uye akazova mutungamiri weWILPF, Emily Greene Balch, vakagamuchira mubairo weNobel weRunyararo pabasa ravo, uye sangano repasi rose, kusanganisira bazi reUS, rinoramba riri chikamu chesangano rerunyararo ranhasi.
Rimwe boka renguva refu rorugare rakaumbwa munguva yehondo yenyika rakanga riri Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), iro rakapa nzvimbo yokuvanda nokuda kwavarwi vorudzidziso. Mabviro ayo, muna 1914, aive musarudzo yeshamwari mbiri ― imwe yeBritish uye imwe yeGerman ― kuti isapatsanurwe kubva kune imwe nehondo yehondo yenyika dzavo. Yakatangwa muBritain, FOR yakagadzira mumwe weAmerica, muGarden City, New York, muna November 1915. Mitezo yacho yaisanganisira maQuaker, vatungamiriri veYMCA, uye vafundisi veevhangeri yenzanga. Kunyangwe maAmerican anga asina kufunga kugadzira sangano rekuita, vamwe vatungamiri varo vakashanda mumakwikwi makuru ekurwisa kugadzirira kwemauto uye, gare gare, vachipokana nekupindira kweUS muhondo yenyika. Sezvo sangano rakapararira kune dzimwe nyika, International FOR yakaberekwa, nebazi reAmerica richigara muNew York City. The FOR yakazove izwi rinotungamira rechitendero pacifism muUnited States, ichikwezva vanhu vane mukurumbira kubva kuReinhold Niebuhr, kusvika kuAJ Muste, kuna Martin Luther King, Jr. Makumi emakore gare gare, FOR yakatamira kumusoro kuNyack, New. York, uko yakadurura murangariro wayo wePurotesitendi bedzi kupfurikidza nokuumba ushamwari hworugare pakati pavaKaturike, vaJudha, vaMuslim, vaBuddha, uye mamwe mapoka orudzidziso.
Muna 1923, imwezve sangano repacifist rakabuda muUnited States: iyo War Resisters League (WRL). Yakatangwa naJessie Wallace Hughan, mudzidzisi wepachikoro cheNew York City uye musocialist, WRL yakagadzirirwa kubatanidza vanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika, vanobatsira vanhu uye vane huzivi kuhondo. Yakagadziridzwa semuenzanisi wenyika kune FOR, uye yakatsvaga kunyoresa vanoramba kupinda muchiuto nechikonzero chekuti: "Hondo imhosva kune vanhu. Naizvozvo takatsunga kusatsigira rudzi rupi norupi rwehondo uye kuvavarira kubviswa kwezvisakiso zvose zvehondo.” Iyo WRL yainyanya kufarirwa pakati peSocialists, anarchists, uye vakazvimiririra radicals, uye yakamisa dzimbahwe rayo muLower Manhattan, kwachiri kuwanikwa. Kufanana neWILPF uye FOR, yakava bazi reUS resangano repasi rose-munyaya iyi, War Resisters 'International. Kwemakore, vazhinji vane mukurumbira vakapa rutsigiro rwavo kuruzhinji kuWRL, kusanganisira Albert Einstein, Bayard Rustin, naDaniel Ellsberg. Yakave inonyanya kushanda mukugadzira uye kuparidzirwa mazano ekusapikisa kuramba.
Muna 1933, Peter Maurin (muzivi aifamba-famba muFrance) naDorothy Day (munyori wenguva refu uye murwiri weruboshwe) vakatanga bato reCatholic Worker kuNew York City kuLower East Side. Kunyangwe hazvo bato reCatholic Worker rakanangana nekubatsira vakadzvinyirirwa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kweDzimba dzeKugamuchira Varombo mumaguta emunyika uye kuburikidza nekugadzwa kwemakomisheni ekurima kumaruwa, yakatangawo kushoropodza kweKatorike kwehondo nekunyoreswa, zvakaziviswa zvakanyanya. kuburikidza nebepanhau rayo risingadhure, the Muchechi katurike. Mumakumi emakore akatevera, vakuru vekereke yeCatholic yeAmerica havana kumbobvira vanyatsogadzikana nebato reCatholic Worker, kunyanya runyararo rwaro (uyo waipikisa dzidziso yechechi ye“hondo chete”), uye hukama husina kugadzikana hwaiwanzogara pakati pezviviri izvi. Munguvayi, kunyanguvezvo, Dorothy Day nesangano reCatholic Worker vakabetsera kunyandura kukura kweinowanzonzi Kuruboshwe kweKaturike. Vateveri vayo vanonyanya kuzivikanwa vangangove Daniel naPhilip Berrigan, asi zvakare yakakwezva vazhinji vepacifist vapristi nemasisita. Michael Harrington akakweverawo kurudziro yake, semurwi mukuru wenyika weSocialist uye anorwisa hurombo, kubva pabasa paCatholic Worker's House of Hospitality kuLower East Side.
Hongu, pakanga paine mamwe masangano ane runyararo nerunyararo ―kusanganisira American Friends Service Committee, Komiti Yemauto muDzidzo, uye Dare Reshamwari pamusoro peNational Legislation-yakaumbwa mukati mehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Asi idzo dzakakurukurwa pano kwenguva refu zvamazvirokwazvo dzakanga dziri pakati pedzakanyanya kukosha, uye dzose dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa zvikuru neNew York City.
Kunyangwe bato rerunyararo reAmerica rakapunzika zvakanyanya nekuuya kweHondo Yenyika II, rakaona rumutsiriro rudiki-diki mumashure ehondo. Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri ndiyo yaive hondo yakaipisisa kwazvo munhoroondo yepasi rose, yakauraya vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni makumi mashanu uye ichisiya chikamu chikuru chepasi chave matongo. Uyezve, zvakaguma nekushandiswa kwehurumende yeUnited States bhomba reatomu kuparadza maguta maviri eJapan-chiratidzo chakajeka chokuti, kana nyika dzakaramba dzichienderera mberi netsika dzadzo dzekare dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana kwadzo kuburikidza nehondo, nyika yakanga yakananga kunjodzi.
Zviitiko izvi hazvina kungopa kukosha kutsva kumapoka akaita seWILPF, FOR, WRL, neCatholic Worker, asi zvakashanda semashure ekukura kunoshamisa kwesangano rehurumende yenyika. United World Federalists (UWF), yakatangwa muna 1947, yakanga iri hurusa pamasangano ehurumende yenyika itsva, uye, mukati mamakore mashomanene, yakanga yava nemitezo inenge 50,000 XNUMX muUnited States. Kudaidzira kushandura United Nations kuita mubatanidzwa wepasi rose, UWF ― ine muzinda muNew York City ― yaive nerutsigiro rwevanyori vane mukurumbira, vezvematongerwo enyika, vemabhizinesi, nevatungamiriri vevashandi uye, kwenguva pfupi, yakave nekusimba kukuru muhurumende dzematunhu uye Congress. Asi, nekuwedzera kweHondo Yemashoko, yakaona kudzikira kwakanyanya kwehunhengo uye pesvedzero, sezvakaita mapoka madiki epacifist.
Zvakadaro, nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya ― uye kunyanya kuratidzwa kwayo kwakajeka, kuyedzwa kwemuchadenga kwezvombo zvenyukireya ― kwakamutsa rumutsiriro rwesangano rerunyararo mukupera kwema1950. Muna June 1957, boka revakakurumbira vokuAmerica, rakashevedzwa pamwe chete naNorman Cousins Ongororo yeMugovera yeMabhuku) naClarence Pickett (munyori wenguva refu weAmerican Friends Service Committee), vakasangana muNew York City's Overseas Press Club kuti vakurukure zvinofanira kuitwa pamusoro penjodzi yenyukireya. Vakasarudza kutanga nemushandirapamwe wekugumisa kuedzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, uye vakatora, sezita ravo, National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. Iri zita rakakurudzirwa naErich Fromm, ane mukurumbira New York City psychoanalyst uye anotsoropodza zvechiuto. "Kukurudzira kwakajairika kuti tipone kwakamiswa nekunyepedzera kwazvino," Fromm akadaro. "Tinofanira kuedza kuunza izwi rehutsanana kuvanhu."
SANE, sokudanwa kwayakaitwa munguva pfupi iri kutevera, yakatanga mushandirapamwe wayo weanuclear muna Mbudzi 1957, ine chiziviso chepeji yakazara mu New York Times, ine musoro unoti: “Tiri Kutarisana Nengozi Yakasiyana Nengozi Yese Yati Yambovapo.” Vachidaidzira kumiswa nekukasika kwekuedzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, SANE's ad yakazivisa kuti "dambudziko rezera nderekukudziridza pfungwa yekuvimbika kwepamusoro" - kuvimbika "kunharaunda yevanhu." Kunyange zvazvo SANE yakarongedzerwa nevavambi vayo kuti vashande kwenguva pfupi, chinangwa chedzidzo, mhinduro kuchiziviso chacho yakanga yakapararira zvokuti SANE yakava sangano rechigarire, rine muzinda pakati peguta reManhattan. Pakasvika zhizha ra1958, SANE yakanga yava nezvitsauko 130 (inenge hafu yacho munzvimbo yeguta reNew York City) zvaimiririra vanhu vokuAmerica 25,000. Pakupedzisira, Mutungamiri Kennedy akadana Cousins, sesachigaro weSANE, boka guru rerunyararo muUnited States, kuti vagadzirise nzira yechibvumirano chekurambidza nyukireya naNikita Khrushchev weSoviet Union. Kuedza uku kwakasvika pakubudirira nekutaurirana uye kusaina kwePartial Test Ban Treaty ye1963.
Tichifunga nezvekusagadzikana kwakapararira netarisiro yehondo yenyukireya mukupera kwema1950 uye kutanga kwema1960, dzimwe danidziro dzeanuclear dzakamukawo. Mumwe wavo, muNew York City, akatanga kupokana nezvibodzwa zvekudzivirira veruzhinji, zvakashoropodzwa nevanorwira runyararo vachiti zvinongopa manyepo ekuchengetedza. Muna 1955, varwiri vemapoka emuNew York City anorwira runyararo vakatanga kuramba pachena kupinda muchirongwa chegore negore chekudzivirira vagari veguta nekuramba kuvanda. Pakazosvika 1960, iyi danidziro yekusateerera kwevanhu yakanga yawedzerwa kusvika pamwero wekuti vanhu vangangosvika zviuru zviviri vakaramba chibooreso chegore negore. Vamwe vanhu 2,000 vakaungana muCity Hall Park mukurwisana nemapurisa, nepo vadzidzi vepaCity College, Queens College, Brooklyn College, uye New York zvikoro zvepamusoro vakashorawo zviremera nokuramba kutora rutivi. Yakatarisana nerudzi urwu rwekuramba veruzhinji, hurumende yeNew York City yakangosiya zviboo zvayo zvekudzivirira veruzhinji.
Sekuziva kwevazhinji vekuAmerica, kuratidzira vachipokana neHondo yeVietnam kwakapararira muUnited States, uye zvechokwadi kwanga kusiri kuNew York City. Zvakadaro, New York yakaita basa guru mukuratidzira. Kumwe kwekuratidzira kwekutanga kwekurwisa hondo munyika kwakaitika muna Zvita 1964 muGreenwich Village, apo varume vakuru vatatu vesangano rerunyararo reAmerica - mutungamiri wepacifist AJ Muste, mutungamiri weSocialist Norman Thomas, uye mutungamiri wekodzero dzevanhu A. Philip Randolph ― vakashora hondo. pamberi perally yevanhu 1,500. Mushure mekunge hutungamiriri hwaJohnson hwawedzera hondo nekutumira mauto ehondo eUS muna Kukadzi 1965, pakava nekuratidzira kuUnited Nations, kumakoreji eNew York, nekumwewo. Kushora mutemo weCongressal wakatemesa makore mashanu mujeri kune ani zvake aipisa kadhi rekunyora, majaya akavapisa pachena munaNovember muna Union Square. Vanotungamira vanorwira runyararo vakaronga Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee, iyo yakatanga kuita maforamu akawanda ekurwisa hondo pakati peManhattan. Muna Kubvumbi 1967, varatidziri vorugare vanofungidzirwa kuva 125,000 XNUMX muNew York City vakapfuura nemumvura yainaya kuUnited Nations. Achishora hondo yacho, Martin Luther King, Jr.
“Kupenga uku kunofanira kupera. . . . Ndinotaura semwana waMwari uye hama kune vanotambura varombo veVietnam. Ndinotaura nokuda kwaavo vane minda iri kuparadzwa, vane dzimba dzakaputswa, vane tsika dzakaputsirwa. Ini ndinotaurira varombo vekuAmerica vari kubhadhara mutengo wakapetwa wetariro yakaputsika kumba nerufu nehuwori Vietnam. Ndinotaura somugari wenyika, nokuti nyika yashamiswa nenzira yatakatora. Ndinotaura semuAmerica kuvatungamiriri venyika yangu. Chirongwa chikuru muhondo iyi ndechedu. Nhanho yekuimisa inofanira kunge iri yedu. "
Kuratidzira kukuru kwekurwisa Hondo yeVietnam kwakazoita kuti US ibude mukurwisana uye kuguma kwehondo muna 1973. Uye izvi, zvakare, zvakagonesa bato rerunyararo reAmerica kunangidzira simba raro kunyaya yakanga yarinetsa kubva muna 1945. : nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya uye kutyisidzira kwekuparadza pasi rose. Kudzoka uku kunyaya yezvombo zvenyukireya kwakakwidziridzwa nekumutsiridzwa kweHondo Yemashoko uye kupinda musimba kwevezvematongerwo enyika vane hawkish, kunyanya Margaret Thatcher kuBritain naRonald Reagan kuUnited States. Vachirwisa kutonga kwezvombo zvenyukireya uye matanho ekubvisa zvombo zvekare, veReaganites vakavimbisa kuvakwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, vakaratidza Soviet Union semabviro ehuipi hwese munyika, uye vakataura zvisingaite nezvekurwisa uye kukunda hondo yenyukireya. Muuyo wacho wakanga uri kuputika kwesangano gurusa, rakapararira zvikuru rorugare munhau yenyika.
MuUnited States, masangano echikuru akaita seSANE―pamwe chete neatsva seVarapi veMutoro Wemagariro―akakura nekukurumidza. Muna June 1982, vanhu vokuAmerica vanoda kusvika miriyoni vakamukira nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya, ratidziro hurusa yerudzi rwupi norwupi kusvikira panguva iyoyo munhau yeAmerica. Zvichakadaro, Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, yakagadzirirwa kumisa nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya kuburikidza nechibvumirano cheSoviet-America chekumisa kuyedzwa, kusimudzira, uye kutumirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, yakakwevera rutsigiro rwemapoka mazhinji erunyararo, mibatanidzwa mikuru, uye masangano ezvitendero. Zvisinei nekuedza kwakaitwa neReagan kuzvidza bato reFreeze, sarudzo dzakaona kuti dzakawana rutsigiro rwe70 kusvika 80 muzana yeruzhinji. Mukupera kwa1982, ruzhinji rwevavhoti vakatsigira Freeze munzvimbo pfumbamwe dzegumi payakaonekwa pavhoti. Muna 1984, yakaitwa chikamu cheDemocratic Party's Presidential campaign platform. Pakupedzisira, sangano racho, muUnited States nokune dzimwe nyika, rakanga rakasimba zvakakwana kuti rishandure mitemo yehurumende. Haisi hondo yenyukireya chete yakadziviswa, asi vakuru vakuru veSoviet neAmerica, vachitendeuka kubva mukupokana kuenda kumutambo werudo usina kumboitika, vakatanga kusaina zvibvumirano zvekutanga zvekubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya munhoroondo yenyika. Ronald Reagan, akapinda muhofisi achidzvova seshumba ine hasha, akapedza hutungamiri hwake achichema segwayana repacifist.
Nezvikonzero zvakati wandei, kumukira kwerunyararo kwekupera kwema1970 nema1980 kwaive kushoma muNew York kupfuura mauto erunyararo ekare. Uku kuderera kwebasa guru reNew York kwakaratidza, murutivi, idi rokuti kurwisana kwezvombo zvenyukireya kwakanga kwakapararira kwazvo zvokuti kwakadzika midzi mumaguta nematunhu munyika yose. Asi kuwanda kwesangano iri kwakaratidzawo danho rakatorwa nevatungamiriri vesangano rine simba idzva rerunyararo, Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, kumisa muzinda wavo wesangano mu“moyo” wenyika, kwete munzvimbo dzechinyakare, senge. New York City. Nokudaro, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehukama hwevanhu, mushandirapamwe weFreeze wakagadzira dzimbahwe rayo muSt. Louis, Missouri. St. Louis yakanga isati yambove nhare yesangano rerunyararo, asi yaigona kuita sechiratidzo chekuti bato rerunyararo rakanga rapfuura dunhu reNew York kuti rive chiitiko cheAmerica yose.
Kunyangwe pakanga paine chokwadi chechiratidzo, chokwadi chinoramba chiripo chekuti New York ―kunyanya New York City-yakaramba ichishanda semutambi akakosha mubato rerunyararo reAmerica. Mushure mezvose, iyo rekodhi-yakatyora June 1982 kuratidzira kweanuclear kwevanhu vanosvika miriyoni yakaitika kwete muMissouri, kana South Dakota, kana Mississippi, kana Wyoming asi muNew York, uye kunyanya muNew York City's Central Park. Guta reNew York zvakare rakapawo nzvimbo yekuratidzira kukuru kwesangano rerunyararo munyika yose vachipesana neHondo yeIraq, pamwe nekumwe kuratidzira kukuru kunorwira kubviswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Uyezve, nhasi, New York City, yakawedzerwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeNew York State, inoenderera mberi nekugara dzimbahwe remasangano akawanda erunyararo, kusanganisira United for Peace and Justice, FOR, the Catholic Worker, WRL, Iraq Veterans Against the War, iyo Jewish Peace Fellowship, Komiti yeMagweta pamusoro peNuclear Policy, uye Presbyterian Peace Fellowship. Masangano orugare enyika anovamba dzimbahwe rawo kune imwe nzvimbo anowanzochengeta hofisi dzebazu muNew York City. Izvi zvinosanganisira Peace Action, sangano guru rerunyararo muUnited States, iro rine muzinda waro muSilver Spring, Maryland (kunze kweWashington, DC), asi iyo yechipiri yakakura yakabatana, Peace Action yeNew York State, inotungamirwa kuLower Manhattan. . Uye, nenzira, Peace Action yeNew York State haina zvitsauko chete muNew York City, asi muNew York State yose, kubva kuLong Island kuenda kuBuffalo.
Zvese izvi zvinotisvitsa kumubvunzo unonakidza: Nei New York yakaita basa repakati mubato rerunyararo reAmerica?
Zvingave zvakadaro here kuti New York State ine ndangariro isina kuenzana yorugare nemhaka yokuti ndiyo musha wenhamba huru yemitezo yemapoka maviri ezvitendero agara achirangarira rugare, maQuaker namaUnitarians? Humbowo hunotadza kutsigira fungidziro iyi. Ongororo yakaitwa muna 1990 yakawana kuti maQuaker 4,346 chete aigara muState of New York, uye kuti vaisanganisira inenge .02 muzana chete yevagari vemo. MaQuaker muIndiana, nyika ine vanhu vashoma, vaive vakawandisa, asi Indiana haisati yambove nzvimbo yekusagadzikana kwerunyararo. Ongororo imwechete yakawana kuti veUnitarians vaive vakawanda kupfuura maQuaker muNew York State, vanosvika 13,648. Asi izvi zvichiri kureva kuti vaingosanganisira vangangosvika .08 muzana yehuwandu hwevanhu, uye kuti New York yakaisa pasi pasi pamazita ematunhu ane chikamu chepamusoro cheUnitarians.
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ingangove yeNew York's cosmopolitanism. New York yagara iine vanhu vakawanda vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, uye tsika dzepasi rose dzakauya nevakatamira kuUnited States dzinogona kunge dzakadzikamisa manyawi emarudzi ayo agara achidzivirira hondo kune mamwe marudzi. Guta reNew York, chokwadika, ne<em>Statue of Liberty raro, rave richigovera nzvimbo yokugara yakati kuvanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika. Uye, kunyangwe nanhasi, New York neCalifornia ndidzo nyika mbiri munyika dzine chikamu chikuru chevatorwa muhuwandu hwavo.
Nzvimbo yeUnited Nations muNew York City inosimbisa cosmopolitanism yeguta uye, zvakare, inopa nzvimbo yekuratidzira kupokana nehondo uye nekutsigira kudzoreredza zvombo. Masangano akakosha eUN pamusoro pekubvisa zvombo zvekare, pamwe nemisangano yekuongorora nyukireya yeNon-Proliferation Treaty, akakurudzira misangano mizhinji uye kuratidzira kukuru muNew York City kudaidzira kubviswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya.
Imwe tsananguro yekukosha kweNew York ihuwandu hwehuwandu hwayo. Guta reNew York ragara riri iro dhorobha rine vanhu vakawanda munyika, nepo, kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, New York State yanga iine huwandu hukuru hwechero nyika. Hakushamisi, ipapoka, kuti masangano orugare aizogadza dzimbahwe rawo muNew York City kana kuti aizosarudza guta iroro nokuda kwemisangano yawo yorugare yenyika yose neyokuparadza zvombo zvenyukireya.
Zvakangodaro, huwandu hwevanhu haisiriyo yega chinhu chiri kuita mukurumbira weNew York mubato rerunyararo. Mamwe maguta makuru eAmerica ― anosanganisira Los Angeles, Houston, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Diego, neDallas-haasati ambove hubs ekuratidzira kwerunyararo. Zvakare, kana zvasvika kumatunhu, California ikozvino ine huwandu hwevanhu veNew York zvakapetwa kaviri, nepo Texas ine vanhu vakawanda uye Florida ine huwandu hwakafanana. Kana huwandu hwevanhu vakatsanangura zvese, saka kuratidzira kwerunyararo muTexas neFlorida kwaizokwikwidza kana kupfuura iyo yeNew York. Asi handizvo.
Asi chimwe chikonzero chiri seri kwemukurumbira weNew York mubato rerunyararo reAmerica iboka rayo guru rakadzidza repakati. Nyanzvi dzakadzidza nezvesangano rerunyararo muUnited States nekune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakagara dzichitaura nezvenzvimbo yeboka iroro rakadzidza zvikuru rakadzidza, kunyanya mune anonzi mabasa ekubatsira. Uye, kutaura zvazviri, vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu, varaibhurari, vafundisi, maartist, vanyori, masayendisiti, magweta, vashandi vehutano, uye vashandi vehurumende vakapa musana weAmerican peace movement. New York State, kunyanya New York City, yakakomborerwa nehuwandu hukuru hwezvikoro zvedzidzo. Pamusoro pemakoreji akawanda akanaka akazvimirira nemayunivhesiti muNew York, State University yeNew York ndiyo chikoro chikuru chedzidzo yepamusoro muUnited States, nepo City University yeNew York inoshandisawo nekudzidzisa nhamba huru kwazvo dzevaNew Yorkers. Nekuda kweizvozvo, New York ine kirasi huru yakadzidza yepakati, iyo yakakosha dunhu reAmerican Peace movement.
Chekupedzisira, hunhu hweNew York hwakasununguka uye zvematongerwo enyika zvinobatsirawo kutsanangura mukurumbira wenyika mubato rerunyararo. Kuve nhengo yesangano rerunyararo uye kuratidzira muUnited States kwemakore akawanda zvakabatana nekufambira mberi kwedunhu. Saka, hazvishamise kuti sangano rerunyararo rave risina kusimba kusvika risipo munzvimbo dzekare dzeOld Confederacy uye rakasimba kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, kuMiddle West, uye kuWest Coast. Idzo nzvimbo dzesimba dzakanyanya uko Peace Action, iyo huru sangano rerunyararo muUnited States, ine nyika dzayo nematunhu vanobatana nhasi. Muchokwadi, iwo maviri makuru eRunyararo Action vanobatana vari muCalifornia neNew York. New York State, hongu, ndeimwe yematunhu akasununguka munyika (sekuCalifornia), uye New York City inopa musimboti wezvematongerwo enyika anofambira mberi. Zvirokwazvo, Guta reNew York ragara riri muzinda wemapoka nepfungwa dzinopokana, nemasangano anotsigira magariro evanhu, mhirizhonga, mibatanidzwa, rusununguko rwevakadzi, kuenzana kwemarudzi, kodzero dzengochani nengochani, nezvimwe zvikonzero. Vanorwira runyararo vanokodzera zvakanaka munharaunda iyi yekuchinja.
Chii, ipapoka, chatinogona kugumisa? Kutanga, zvinoita sezviri pachena kuti New York State-kunyanya guta rayo guru-yakaita basa repakati munhoroondo refu yeAmerican peace movement. Ehe, kurwira runyararo kwakabuda muUnited States mose. Asi harina kumbogovewa zvakaenzana. Chechipiri, mukurumbira weNew York mubato rerunyararo reAmerica unoratidzika kunge unoratidza zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana, kunyanya kudyidzana kwayo nepasi rose, ruzhinji rwevanhu, vanhu vepakati vakadzidza, uye tsika dzayo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakasununguka.
Saka chenjerai, imi mose maAmerica kunze uko kumapurovhinzi! Sezvawaigara uchitya, New Yorkers vari kuita kurangana kukuru ― makore mazana maviri kurangana kugadzira nyika ine runyararo.
Lawrence Wittner (http://lawrenceswittner.com) ndiye Purofesa weNhoroondo akabuda paSUNY/Albany. Bhuku rake razvino ibhuku re satirical nezve yunivhesiti corporatization uye kumukira, Chii chiri kuenderera kuUAardvark?
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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