Gumiguru 2nd 2009, naNoam Chomsky - kubva Venezuela Kuongorora uye yakatanga kudhindwa pa Znet
Nguva yekupedzisira yandakawana mukana wekutaura muCaracas-kure-kure-kure iyo nguva-yaive rinenge gore rapfuura, mushure memusangano weUNASUR (Union of South American Nations) muSantiago munaGunyana 2008. Musangano iwoyo wakanzi "pamwe ne chinangwa chekufunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu muRepublic of Bolivia," mushure mekumukira kwakatsigirwa nevechinyakare vevakuru vaive varasikirwa nesimba musarudzo dzinoshamisa dzegutsaruzhinji dze2005. UNASUR yakashora mhirizhonga uye kuurayiwa kwevarimi neve quasi-secessionist elements, uye vakazivisa. , "Kutsigira kwavo kwakakwana uye kwakasarudzwa kuhurumende yebumbiro reMutungamiri Evo Morales, ane simba rakagamuchirwa nemiganhu yakawanda mureferendamu ichangopfuura." Aya ndiwo mazwi eChiziviso chekupedzisira, icho chakayambirawo kuti hurumende dziri kutora chikamu-dzose dzeSouth America Republics-"kuramba nesimba uye kusaziva chero mamiriro ezvinhu anoreva chinangwa chekutonga kwehurumende, kuputika kwehurongwa hwemasangano, kana izvo zvinokanganisa kutendeseka kwenzvimbo yeRepublic yeBolivia." Mukupindura, Mutungamiri Morales akatenda UNASUR nekutsigirwa kwayo uye akacherechedza kuti, "Kwenguva yokutanga munhoroondo yeSouth America, nyika dzenharaunda yedu dziri kusarudza nzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko edu, pasina kuvapo kweUnited States."
Chokwadi, uye chokwadi chenhoroondo yakakosha.
Zvinodzidzisa kuenzanisa Charter yeOrganisation of American States (OAS) neyeAfrican Union (AU). Yekupedzisira inobvumidza kupindira kwenyika dzemuAfrica mukati meMubatanidzwa wacho mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Kusiyana neizvi, Charter yeOAS inovhara kupindira "nekuda kwechikonzero chero chipi zvacho, mune zvemukati kana zvekunze zveimwe nyika." Zvikonzero zvemusiyano zviri pachena. OAS Charter inotsvaga kumisa kupindira kubva ku "colossus of the North" - uye yakundikana kuita kudaro. Iro idambudziko rinogara muWestern hemisphere, hapana pese pedo nemhinduro, kunyangwe paine kufambira mberi kukuru. Mushure mekuparara kwenyika dzerusaruraganda, AU haina kutarisana nedambudziko rakafanana.
South America Maitiro ekubatanidzwa
Musangano weUNASUR wegore rapfuura muSantiago wakatora danho rekufambira mberi muhurongwa hwakaoma hwekubatana huri kuitika muSouth America. Iyi nzira ine mativi maviri: ekunze uye emukati. Maitiro ekunze anogadza zvisungo pakati penyika dzakange dzakaparadzaniswa zvakanyanya kubva kune imwe kubva kune yekutanga kukunda kweEurope, imwe neimwe yakanangana neWest. Maitiro emukati anotsvaga kubatanidza ruzhinji rwevarombo uye vakadzvinyirirwa munharaunda dzakatora chimiro pasi pehutongi hwekoloni uye neocolonial. Idzi nzanga dzagara dzichitongwa nevadiki veEuropean elites vaive vaunganidza hupfumi hwakakura uye vaive vakabatana nenharaunda dzehumambo munzira dzakawanda: kunze kwenyika mari, kunze kwezvinhu zveumbozha, dzidzo, uye zvimwe zvakawanda. Mapato aitonga aitora mutoro muduku wezvaizoitika kunyika dzawo uye vanhu vadzo vaitambura. Izvi zvakakosha zvinhu zvinosiyanisa zvakanyanya Latin America kubva kune inosimudzira nyika dzeEast Asia. Maitiro ekubatanidzwa kwemukati muSouth America, zvakajairika, ari kumutsa kunetseka kukuru pakati pevatongi vechinyakare kumusha nekune dzimwe nyika, uye kushorwa kwakasimba kana vakapfuura shanduko diki dzekushungurudzwa kwakaipisisa.
Mukutanga kwaAugust, UNASUR yakasangana muEcuador, iyo yakatora hutungamiri hwesangano. Chinangwa chakaziviswa chemusangano chaive chekuenderera mberi nehurongwa hwekubatanidzwa, asi musangano wakaitika pasi pemumvuri wekupindira patsva kwemauto eUS. Colombia haina kuenda, nekuda kwekunetsekana kwakawanda mudunhu pamusoro pechisarudzo chayo chekugamuchira zvigaro zvemauto eUS. Mukuru wemusangano uyu, Mutungamiri Correa weEcuador, akanga azivisa kuti mauto eUS haachabvumidzwe kushandisa hwaro hwayo hweManta, hwaro hwekupedzisira hweUS hwasara muSouth America.
Mabhesi uye Coups
Kumisikidza mabhesi eUS muColombia chikamu chimwe chete chekuedza kwakawanda kudzoreredza kugona kweWashington kupindira kwemauto. Mumakore achangopfuura, rubatsiro rwakakwana rwemauto eUS nemapurisa muhemisphere rwasvika pakupfuura rubatsiro rwehupfumi nemagariro. Icho chinhu chitsva. Kunyange panguva yakakwira Hondo Yemashoko, rubatsiro rwezvemari rwakapfuura nokure ruyamuro rwemauto. Sezvingabvira, mapurogiramu aya "akasimbisa mauto achibhadhara zviremera zvehurumende, akawedzera matambudziko ekodzero dzevanhu uye akakonzera kurwisana kukuru kwevanhu uye kunyange kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika," maererano nekuongorora kwakaitwa neWashington Office paLatin America. Pakazosvika 2003, nhamba yemauto ekuLatin America akadzidziswa nemapurogiramu eUnited States yakanga yawedzera neinopfuura 50 muzana. Zvichida yave yakakwirira kubva ipapo. Mapurisa anodzidziswa nzira dzakareruka dzevacheche. Iyo US Southern Military Command (SOUTHCOM) ine vashandi vakawanda muLatin America kupfuura mazhinji akakosha masangano emubatanidzwa akasanganiswa. Icho zvakare chiitiko chitsva. Chitarisiko parizvino chiri pamakororo emumugwagwa uye "radical populism": ini handifanire kutsanangura kuti mutsara uyu unorevei mumamiriro eLatin America. Kudzidziswa kwechiuto kuri kubviswa kubva kuDhipatimendi reHurumende kuenda kuPentagon. Kuchinja ikoko kune kumwe kukosha. Inosunungura kudzidziswa kwechiuto kubva kukodzero dzevanhu uye democracy mamiriro ari pasi pecongressional manejimendi, iyo yagara isina simba, asi yaingove yekudzivisa kumwe kushungurudzwa kwakanyanya.
Mabhesi echiuto arikuvakwawo pazvinogoneka kutsigira zvinodaidzwa kuti "forward operations" -kureva kupindira kwemauto kweimwe kana imwe mhando. Mune chimwe chiitiko chakabatana, US Fourth Fleet, yakaparadzwa muna 1950, yakadzorerwazve mavhiki mashomanana mushure mekupinda kweColombia muEcuador muna March 2008. Nebasa reCaribbean, Central neSouth America, uye mvura dzakapoteredza, Fleet "maitiro akasiyana-siyana ... zvinosanganisira kutengeserana zvisiri pamutemo, Theatre Security Cooperation, kudyidzana kwemauto-kune-chiuto uye kudzidziswa kwenyika mbiri uye nedzimwe nyika, "chiziviso chepamutemo chinodaro. Zvakanaka, mafambiro aya akakurudzira kuratidzira uye kunetseka kubva kuhurumende dzeBrazil, Venezuela, nedzimwe.
Mumakore apfuura iyo U.S. yaigara ichibatsira kuita mauto kuLatin America kana kupinda nechisimba. Mienzaniso yakawandisa uye inozivikanwa kuti uongorore uye inotyisa kufunga. Kugona ikoko kwadzikira, asi hakuna kupera. Muzana ramakore idzva kwakatove nekupokana kutatu kwemauto: muVenezuela, Haiti, uye zvino Honduras.
Yokutanga, muVenezuela, yakatsigirwa pachena neWashington. Mushure mekumukira kwakakurumbira kwakadzoreredza hurumende yakasarudzwa, Washington yakabva yatendeukira kuchirongwa chechipiri chekukanganisa hurumende yakasarudzwa: nemapoka emari yesarudzo yavo mukati meVenezuela, ichiramba kuziva vanogamuchira. Mari mushure mekukundikana kwekutora hurumende yakasvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri nematanhatu emadhora muna 26. Chokwadi chakataurwa nemasevhisi ewaya, asi chakafuratirwa nevezvenhau. Muzvinafundo wezvemutemo Bill Monning weMonterey Institute of International Studies muCalifornia akati, "Tinozhambatata mhondi kana paine mauto ari kupindira mune zvematongerwo enyika." Iye, zvechokwadi, akarurama: zviito zvakadaro hazvingambobvumirwi kwechinguva. Asi mafungiro ehumambo anovabvumira kuti vaenderere mberi, kunyangwe nekurumbidza, kana Washington iri mumiriri.
Chirevo, nguva dzose, "kutsigira democracy." Munyika chaiyo, matanho akashandiswa anga ari chigadziro chekudzikisira democracy. Mienzaniso yakawanda. Kungotaura zvishoma, ndiwo magadzirirwo akagadzirirwa mauto akatsigirwa neUS muHaiti mushure mesarudzo yekutanga yedemocracy muna 1990, yakapikiswa zvakanyanya neWashington. Uye kune imwe nyika, zviri kuitika pari zvino kuPalestine uko zvakabuda musarudzo dzakachena muna Ndira 2006 zvaipesana nezvinodiwa neWashington. Pakarepo, US neIsrael, neEurope vachiratidza ruremekedzo pamwe chete semazuva ose, vakashandura chirango chakakomba chehuwandu nekuda kwemhosva yekuvhota "nenzira isiriyo" musarudzo dzakasununguka, uye vakatangawo kumisa zvigadziriso zvekukanganisa zvisingadiwe. hurumende: "kusimudzirwa kwedemocracy" uye mauto ehondo. Muchiitiko ichi, uto remauto iuto remubatanidzwa wemauto pasi pekuraira kweUS General Keith Dayton, akadzidziswa muJorodhani nekutora chikamu kweIsrael. Mauto eDayton akatambira kurumbidzwa kukuru kubva kune vakasununguka muhurumende nevezvenhau pavakabudirira kudzvinyirira kuratidzira muWest Bank panguva yekuuraya nekuparadza kwaitsigirwa nemauto eIsrael kuGaza kutanga kwegore rino. Senator John Kerry, sachigaro wedare reSenate Foreign Relations Committee, anga ari mumwe wevakawanda vari pedyo nehutungamiri hwaObama vakaona mukubudirira uku chiratidzo chekuti Israel inogona kunge iine "mudiwa wekutaurirana zviri pamutemo" muzvirongwa zvayo zvinotsigirwa neUS zvekutora danho. yakakosha munzvimbo dzinogarwa, pasi pechiratidziro che "nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika."
Zvese izvi ndezvechinyakare, uye zvakajairwa muLatin America, uko kurwiswa kweUS kwagara kuchisiya zvakasara zvenyika pasi pehutongi hwehutsinye hweVarindi veNyika uye nevanoshandira pamwe. Mitemo iyi yakatanga kugadzirwa nehungwaru zana zana rapfuura mushure mekukunda kweUS Philippines, iyo yakasiya mazana ezviuru zvezvitunha. Uye matanho aya kazhinji akabudirira kwenguva refu. Munzvimbo yekutanga yekuyedza, Philippines, kukanganisa kwacho kuchine zana rimwe gare gare, chimwe chikonzero chekuenderera mberi kwakashata kwemhirizhonga yenyika, uye kutadza kwePhilippines kujoina budiriro inoshamisa yehupfumi hweEast neSoutheast Asia mumakore achangopfuura.
Kudzokera kumasimba masimba muLatin America mumireniyumu itsva, yokutanga, muVenezuela, haina kubudirira. Yechipiri yakanga iri muHaiti makore maviri gare gare. IUS neFrance dzakapindira kuti dzibvise mutungamiri akasarudzwa ndokumuendesa kuCentral Africa, zviito zvakakonzera humwe hutongi hwehugandanga munyika ino yakatambudzwa, yaimbova yakapfuma kwazvo pasi rose uye kwakabva hupfumi hwakawanda hweFrance, yakaparadzwa pamusoro penyika. mazana emakore neFrance uye ipapo US Ndinofanira kuwedzera kuti nhoroondo inotyisa, muHaiti uye kune imwe nzvimbo, inenge isingazikamwi muUS-yakaipisisa, inotsiviwa nengano dzemamishinari ane mbiri dzimwe nguva dzakakundikana nekuda kwekusafanira kwevanobatsirwa. Izvi ndezvimwe zvezvisarudzo zvesimba, uye chokwadi chisingagone kufuratirwa nevanyajambwa vechivanhu.
Kupidigura kwechitatu ndiko kuri kuitika iko zvino kuHonduras, uko kumukira kwemauto kwakabvisa Mutungamiri Zelaya akarerekera kuruboshwe. Kupokana uku kwanga kusingajairiki nekuti US haina kuzviita kana kutsigira zvakananga, asi yakabatana neSangano reAmerica States mukuzvishoropodza, kunyangwe zvisina simba. Washington haina kubvisa mumiriri wayo mukuratidzira sezvakaitwa nenyika dzeLatin America neEurope, uye yakashandisa zvishoma simba rayo guru remauto nehupfumi, sezvazvaigona kuita nyore nenzira dzakareruka-semuenzaniso nekukanzura mavisa ese eUS uye nechando bhanga reUS. nhoroondo dzevatungamiri vehurumende yecoup. Boka revatungamiriri veUS vekuLatin America nguva pfupi yadarika vakashuma kuti "kwete chete manejimendi anoenderera mberi nekutsigira hurumende nemari yerubatsiro kuburikidza neMillennium Challenge Account nezvimwe zvinowanika, asi US inoenderera mberi nekudzidzisa vadzidzi vechiuto veHonduran kuWestern Hemispheric Institute for Security Cooperation-iyo ine mukurumbira wakashata yaimbozivikanwa seSchool of the Americas," kubva kwairi vazhinji vepamusoro mauto eHonduran vakapedza kudzidza. Amnesty International ichangobva kuburitsa nhoroondo refu uye yakazara yekutyorwa kwakanyanya kwekodzero dzevanhu nehurumende yehudzvanyiriri. Kana mushumo wakadaro wakapihwa maererano nemuvengi wepamutemo, yaizova nhau dzepeji yekutanga. Panyaya iyi hazvina kutaurwa, zvichifambirana nekudzikisirwa kwemasimba ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hweUS vanonzwira tsitsi, sepanyaya iyi.
Iyo US inotarisira kuchengetedza uye pamwe kuwedzera muzinda wayo wemauto kuSoto Cano (Palmerola) muHonduras, hwaro hombe hwehondo yehugandanga inotungamirwa neUS muNicaragua muma1980s. Pane runyerekupe rusina kusimbiswa rwezvirongwa zvemamwe mabhesi. (Iyo yakanakisa sosi yeruzivo uye ongororo ibasa rakagara riripo rakaitwa naMark Weisbrot paCentre for Economic and Policy Research, anoongorora zvakare kuramba kwevezvenhau kukwira kune kushomeka kwevatapi venhau nekutaura izvo zvakakosha.)
Imperial Mentality uye Hondo Dzezvinodhaka
Kururamisa kunopiwa kune zvitsva zvemauto muColombia ndiyo "hondo yezvinodhaka." Chokwadi chokuti kururamiswa kunotopiwa kunoshamisa. Ngatitii, semuenzaniso, kuti Colombia, kana China, kana vamwe vazhinji vakati vane kodzero yekumisikidza zvigaro zvemauto muMexico kuita zvirongwa zvavo zvekuparadza fodya muUS, nefumigation muNorth Carolina neKentucky, kurambidzwa negungwa nemauto emhepo, uye kutumirwa kwevaongorori kuUS kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti yaibvisa chepfu iyi-iyo, kutaura zvazviri, inouraya zvakanyanya kupfuura doro, iro rinouraya zvakanyanya kupfuura cocaine kana heroin, zvisingaenzaniswi kupfuura cannabis. Kuwanda kwefodya kunotyisa zvechokwadi, kusanganisira "vasvuti vanosvuta" vanokanganiswa zvakanyanya kunyange ivo vasingashandisi fodya ivo pachavo. Nhamba yevanhu vanofa inokurira migumisiro inouraya yezvimwe zvinhu zvine ngozi.
Pfungwa yekuti vekunze vanofanirwa kukanganisa kugadzirwa kweUS uye kugovera kwehumhondi uhu huri pachena husingafungike. Zvakadaro, kururamisa kweUS kuita marongero akadaro muSouth America kunogamuchirwa sekunonzwisisika. Icho chokwadi chekuti inotoonekwa seyakakodzera kukurukurwa ndomumwe mufananidzo wekudzika kwemafungiro eumambo, uye chokwadi chisingaperi chedzidziso yaThucydides kuti vane simba vanoita sezvavanoda uye vasina simba vanotambura sezvavanofanira-apo vakangwara. makirasi anotenderera ngano pamusoro pehukuru hwesimba. Madingindira enhoroondo, kusvika nhasi uno.
Pasinei nefungidziro dzekunze, ngatibvumei kutora mafungiro ehumambo anotonga kuMadokero-asingapikiswe, kutaura zvazviri, asina kana kumbozviona. Kunyangwe mushure mekubvumidzwa kwakanyanyisa uku, zvinoda nhamburiko chaiyo kutora "hondo yezvinodhaka" zvakakomba. Hondo yakarwiwa kweanoda kusvika makore makumi mana uye zvakanyanya kwemakore gumi muColombia. Pakave pasina kukanganisa kunooneka pakushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kana kunyange mitengo yemumugwagwa. Zvikonzero zvinonyatsonzwisiswa. Zvidzidzo nemasangano ehurumende uye ane hunyanzvi hwehurumende zvinopa humbowo hwakanaka hwekuti kudzivirira uye kurapwa kunoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura nhanho dzakasimba mukuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka: chidzidzo chikuru chinoona kudzivirira uye kurapwa kwave kwakabudirira kagumi sekurambidzwa kwezvinodhaka uye nguva makumi maviri nenhatu sekubudirira. se "supply-side" kunze-kwe-nyika mashandiro, senge fumigation muColombia, inotsanangurwa zvakanyatsojeka sehondo yemakemikari. Chinyorwa chenhau chinotsigira idzi mhedziso. Pane humbowo hwakawanda hunoratidza kuti kuchinja kwemaitiro nemaonero etsika kwave kuchibudirira zvikuru mukuderedza miitiro inokuvadza. Zvakadaro, kunyangwe izvo zvinozivikanwa, mutemo unonangana zvakanyanya kune zvisingaite matanho, nerutsigiro rwemasangano edzidziso.
Izvi nezvimwe zvinhu zvinotisiya tiine fungidziro mbiri chete dzinovimbika: vangave vatungamiriri veU.S. vanga vachipenga zvine hungwaru kwemakore makumi mana apfuura; kana kuti chinangwa chehondo yezvinodhaka chakasiyana zvikuru nezvinoziviswa. Tinogona kusabvisa mukana wekupenga kwakabatana. Kuti tione zvikonzero chaizvo zvatinokwanisa kutevera muenzaniso wemitemo yemutemo, iyo inotora mhedzisiro inofanotaurwa kuva humbowo hwechinangwa, kunyanya kana maitiro anoramba aripo kwenguva yakareba uye mukutarisana nekutadza kuenderera mberi kwezvinangwa zvakaziviswa. Muchiitiko ichi, mhedzisiro inofungidzirwa haina kujeka, zvese kunze uye kumba.
Kunze kwenyika, "nzira yekugovera-padivi" yanga iri hwaro hweUS-yakatsigirwa counterinsurgency zano muColombia nekumwewo, paine kutya kunotyisa pakati pevakabatwa nehondo yemakemikari uye mauto emakakatanwa, asi purofiti yakakura kune vepamba nevekunze. Colombia ine rekodhi inokatyamadza yekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, yakaipisisa kwazvo munyika kubva pakupera kweReagan's Central America hondo dzehugandanga muma1980s, uyezve yechipiri pakukura kwekutamiswa kwevanhu munyika, mushure meSudan. Zvichakadaro, vakuru vepamba uye vemarudzi akawanda vanowana purofiti kubva mukumanikidzwa kutamiswa kwevarimi nevanhu veko, izvo zvinobvisa nzvimbo dzemigodhi, kugadzirwa kwebhizimusi rekurima uye kurima, kuvandudza zvivakwa zveindasitiri, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Pane zvakawanda zvekutaura pamusoro peizvi, asi ini ndichazviisa parutivi.
Pamba, hondo yezvinodhaka yakabatana nekutangwa kwezvirongwa zvechineoliberal, kuiswa kwemari kwehupfumi, uye kurwiswa kwehurongwa hwehurumende hwemagariro ehutano, hwechokwadi, kunyangwe hwakaganhurirwa nemitemo yenyika. Imwe mhedzisiro yehondo yezvinodhaka kwave kuri kukura kusinganzwisisike muchiyero uye kuomarara kwekusungwa mumakore makumi matatu apfuura, zvichiisa iyo U.S. Vakabatwa vakawandisa varume vemuAfrica-America nevamwe vadiki, vazhinji vavo vakatongerwa mhosva dzisina mhosva dzezvinodhaka. Kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kwakangofanana nekwakarongeka zvikamu zvevachena, izvo zvakanyanya kudzivirira.
Muchidimbu, apo kunze kwenyika hondo yezvinodhaka ivhavha yakatetepa yekurwisa mhirizhonga, kumba inoshanda seyakabudirira mubatsiri kuLatin America limpieza kucheneswa kwevanhu, kubvisa huwandu hwevanhu hwave husina kunaka nekuputswa kwehurongwa hwekugadzira mudzimba mukati menguva neo-liberal mari yehupfumi. Chimwe chechipiri bhenefiti ndechekuti se "hondo yekupara mhosva," "hondo yezvinodhaka" inoshanda kutyisidzira vanhu kuti vateerere sezvo mitemo yemumba ichiitwa kubatsira hupfumi hwakanyanya nekurasikirwa kweruzhinji, zvichikonzera kusaenzana kukuru kuri kupaza. marekodhi enhoroondo, uye kumira kwemihoro chaiyo yevazhinji nepo mibairo ichidzikira uye maawa ekushanda achiwedzera.
Aya maitiro anonyatsoenderana nenhoroondo yekurambidza, iyo yakanyatsodzidzwa nenyanzvi dzemitemo. Handikwanisi kupinda mune zvinofadza zvikuru pano, asi kazhinji, kurambidza kwave kwakanangana nekudzora izvo zvinonzi "makirasi ane njodzi" -avo vanotyisidzira kodzero nekugara zvakanaka kwevadiki vane rupo. Izvi zvinoonekwa munyika yose, uko nyaya dzacho dzakadzidzwa. Ivo vane chirevo chakakosha muUS mumamiriro enhoroondo yeAfrica-America, mazhinji ayo anoramba asingazivikanwe. Izvo, hongu, zvinozivikanwa kuti varanda vakasunungurwa zviri pamutemo panguva yeAmerican Civil War, uye kuti mushure memakore gumi erusununguko rwakakwana, zvakawanikwa zvakanyanya kubviswa ne1877 sezvo Kuvakazve kwakaguma.
Asi nyaya inotyisa yave kungoferefetwa zvakakomba, nguva pfupi yadarika muongororo inonzi "Huranda nerimwe zita" nemupepeti weWall Street Journal Douglas Blackmon. Basa rake rinozadza mapfupa akashama nemashoko anokatyamadza, achiratidza kuti mushure meKuvakazve hupenyu hweAfrica-America hwakaitwa hutsotsi, zvekuti varume vatema vakatozove nhapwa yechigarire. Mamiriro ezvinhu, zvisinei, akanga akaipa zvikuru kupfuura pasi peuranda, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakanaka zvecapitalist. Varanda vakanga vari pfuma, mari inotengeswa, uye naizvozvo vaitarisirwa natenzi wavo. Avo vakapara mhosva nekuda kwekungovapo vakafanana nevashandi vanobhadharwa, pakuti vanatenzi havana basa navo, kunze kwekuona kuti zvakakwana zviripo. Icho chaive, chokwadi, imwe yenharo dzakashandiswa nevaridzi vevaranda kutaura kuti vaive nehunhu kupfuura avo vanohaya basa. Nharo yacho yakanzwisiswa zvakakwana nevashandi vekuchamhembe, avo vaiona basa remubhadharo sechinhu chakanaka kune uranda chaihwo chete pakuti chaive chenguva pfupi, chinzvimbo chakagovaniswa naAbraham Lincoln pakati pevamwe.
Huranda hwevatema hwakapara mhosva hwakapa hwaro hweshanduko yeAmerican maindasitiri ekupera kwe19th uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20. Yakapfuurira kutozosvikira Hondo Yenyika II, apo basa remahara raidikanwa nokuda kweindasitiri yehondo. Munguva yehondo yepamberi, iyo yaivimba zvakanyanya nechikamu chenyika chine simba chakange chamiswa pasi pehupfumi hwakabudirira kwazvo hweHondo Yenyika II, vashandi veAfrica-America vakawana rusununguko rwakati rwekutanga kubva mushure meKuvakwazve kweHondo yeVanhu. . Asi kubva kuma1970 maitiro aya ari kudzoserwa kumashure, tinotenda zvakanyanya ku "hondo yezvinodhaka," iyo neimwe nzira inofananidzira yemazuva ano kupara mhosva kwehupenyu hwevatema mushure meHondo yeVanhu - uye inopawo vashandi vakarangwa. , kazhinji mumajeri epachivande, mukutyorwa kwakakomba kwemirau yebasa yenyika yose.
Nezvikonzero zvakaita seizvi, tinogona kutarisira kuti "hondo yezvinodhaka" ichaenderera mberi kudzamara kunzwisisa kwakakurumbira uye kuratidzira kwasvika padanho rekuti izvo zvakakosha zvekutyaira zvinogona kucherechedzwa nekugadziriswa zvakanyanya.
Kukadzi wapfuura, Komisheni yeLatin America yeZvinodhaka uye Democracy yakapa ongororo yeUS "hondo yezvinodhaka" mumakumi emakore apfuura. Komisheni, inotungamirwa nevaimbove vatungamiri veLatin America, Cardoso, Zedillo, naGavรญria, vakagumisa kuti hondo yezvinodhaka yanga yakundikana zvachose uye yakakurudzira shanduko huru yemutemo, kure nekupara mhosva uye "kugovera-kudivi" mashandiro uye kune isingadhure zvakanyanya mamwe matanho anoshanda edzidzo, kudzivirira, uye kurapwa. Chirevo chavo chaive chisina maitiro anoonekwa, sezvakangoita zvidzidzo zvekare uye nhoroondo yenhoroondo isina. Izvo zvakare zvinosimbisa mhedziso yechisikigo yekuti "hondo yezvinodhaka" -se "hondo yekupara mhosva" uye "hondo yehugandanga" -ine zvinangwa zvine musoro, izvo zviri kuwanikwa, uye nekudaro zvinoenderera mukutarisana nekutadza kunodhura kwakaziviswa. zvinangwa.
Kudzokera kumusangano weUNASUR, chiyero chechokwadi, uye kusava nechokwadi nezve propaganda, zvingave zvinobatsira pakuongorora zvikonzero zvinopihwa pakugadzwa kwezvigaro zvemauto eUS muColombia, kuchengetwa kwenzvimbo muHonduras, uye matanho anoteedzana ekuenda kuhondo. Zvinonyanya kutarisirwa kuti South America ichavhara kuenda kuhondo uye kupindira, uye ichapa simba rayo kuzvirongwa zvekubatanidzwa mune zvese zvekunze uye zvemukati maficha-kugadza anoshanda anoshanda ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi masangano, kukunda anotyisa matambudziko emukati ekushayiwa. nekutambura, nekusimbisa hukama hwakasiyana-siyana kunyika yekunze.
Asi matambudziko eLatin America anoenda kure. Nyika hadzigone kutarisira kufambira mberi pasina kukunda kuvimba kwadzo pane zvekutanga zvigadzirwa kunze kwenyika, zvinosanganisira crucially oiri, asiwo zvicherwa uye zvigadzirwa zvekudya. Uye matambudziko ese aya, anonetsa zvakaringana mukati mawo, akafukidzwa nekunetseka kwakanyanya kwepasirese: dambudziko ririkuuya rezvakatipoteredza.
Yambiro dzazvino nevaongorori vane ruzivo rwakanyanya dzinotsamira pamushumo weBritish Stern, uyo unocherechedzwa zvakanyanya nemasainzi anotungamira uye akawanda maNobel laureates mune zvehupfumi. Pahwaro uhwu, vamwe vakagumisa, chaizvoizvo, kuti โ2009 ringazova gore rechisarudzo muukama hwomunhu nenyika yedu yokumusha.โ
Muna Zvita, musangano muCopenhagen ndewe "kusaina chibvumirano chitsva chepasi rose pamusoro pekudziya kwepasi," icho chichatiudza "kana masangano edu ezvematongerwo enyika ari kutarisana nedambudziko risati ramboitika rinomiririrwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze." Ndiri kutora mashoko aBill McKibben, mumwe wevatsvakurudzi vane ruzivo. Ane tariro zvinyoro, asi zvinogona kunge zvine tariro kunze kwekunge paine danidziro huru yeruzhinji yekukunda kuomerera kwemaneja webazi rehurumende rekupa mukana wenguva pfupi kune vashoma pamusoro petarisiro yekuti vazukuru vavo vachawana. ramangwana rakanaka.
Zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zviri kutanga kuparara, muchidimbu, nekuti nyika yebhizinesi inoona mikana mitsva yepurofiti mune rimwe simba. Kunyangwe iyo Wall Street Journal, imwe yevanoramba vakasimba, ichangobva kuburitsa wedzero ine yambiro dzakakomba nezve "njodzi yemamiriro ekunze," ichikurudzira kuti hapana sarudzo dziri kutariswa dzingave dzakakwana uye kuti zvingave zvakafanira kutora matanho akanyanya kuoma. geoengineering, "kutonhora pasi" neimwe nzira.
Zvichakadaro, zvisinei, maindasitiri emagetsi ari kutevera zvine simba hurongwa hwavo. Vari kuronga mishandirapamwe mikuru yekunyepedzera kukunda kunyangwe zvinyoro zvinyoro zviri kufungwa muCongress. Vari kutevedzera zviripachena zvinyorwa zvemakambani einishuwarenzi akapotsa aparadza shanduko yehutano shoma yakatsanangurwa nekutonga kwaObama zvinobudirira zvekuti vezvenhau vebhizinesi vari kufara kuti makambani einishuwarenzi akunda-uye munhu wese achatambura.
Mufananidzo wacho unogona kunge wakashata zvakanyanya kupfuura zvinofanotaurwa neStern report. Boka revasaenzi veMIT vachangobva kuburitsa mhedzisiro yezvavanotsanangura sekuti, "Iyo yakazara yakazara modhi isati yaitwa pamukana wekupisa kwemamiriro ekunze ePasi muzana rino ramakore, [zvichiratidza] kuti pasina chiito chekukurumidza uye chikuru, dambudziko richava rakapetwa kaviri sezvaimbofungidzirwa makore matanhatu apfuura-uye rinogona kunge rakanyanya kuipa kupfuura izvozvo [nekuti muenzaniso] haubatanidzi zvizere mamwe mhinduro dzakanaka dzinogona kuitika, semuenzaniso, kana kuwedzera kwekushisa kwakakonzera kunyungudika kukuru. yepermafrost munzvimbo dzeArctic uye kuburitswa kwakawanda kwemethane." Mutungamiriri wepurojekiti iyi, sainzi ane mukurumbira wepasi, anoti, "Hapana nzira iyo nyika inogona kana kutora njodzi idzi," uye kuti, "Sarudzo isingadhure yekudzikisa njodzi kutanga iko zvino uye kushandura pasi rose. hurongwa hwesimba mumakumi emakore ari kuuya kune yakaderera kana zero greenhouse gasi-emitting matekinoroji." Pane chiratidzo chidiki cheizvozvo.
Nepo matekinoroji matsva achikosha, matambudziko anotopfuura. Zvichave zvakafanira kudzosera mapurojekiti makuru ehurumende-emakambani einjiniya epashure peHondo Yenyika II, kana kunyatso gadzirisa zvinokuvadza. Aya mapurojekiti ane chinangwa akakurudzira kuparadza kwesimba uye kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza fossil-based hupfumi. Zvirongwa zvehurumende-yemakambani, izvo zvaisanganisira mapurojekiti makuru ekugara mudhorobha pamwe chete nekuparadzwa uyezve kusimudzira maguta emukati, zvakatanga nekurangana nekugadzira uye maindasitiri emagetsi kutenga nekuparadza mashandiro emagetsi ekufambisa kwevanhu muLos Angeles nemamwe maguta mazhinji; vakabatwa nemhosva yekurangana uye vakapihwa mwenje paruoko. Hurumende yeFederal yakabva yabatana, ichitamisa zvivakwa uye capital stock kunzvimbo dzepasi peguta uye kugadzira iyo interstate highway system, pasi pekufungidzira kwakajairika kwe "kuzvidzivirira." Njanji dzakatamiswa nedzimotokari nendege zvakapihwa mari nehurumende.
Veruzhinji havana kuita basa, kunze kwesarudzo mukati mehurongwa husina kusimba hwesarudzo dzakagadzirwa nemamaneja emakambani ehurumende. Chimwe chinoguma nokuita nzanga uye kupinda kwevanhu vari voga vaine vavariro dzokuzvikuvadza uye chikwereti chakakura. Chinhu chepakati chemaitiro aya ndechekukurudzira kwakasimba kwebhizinesi re "kugadzira vatengi," mumashoko emuongorori wezvematongerwo enyika akakurumbira Thorstein Veblen, uye kutungamira vanhu "kuzvinhu zvehupenyu hwepamusoro, sekushandiswa kwemafashoni" mazwi ebhizinesi rekudhinda). Mushandirapamwe uyu wakakura kubva mukuzivikanwa zana rapfuura kuti zvainge zvisisareruke sepakutanga kuranga vanhu nechisimba, uye kuti zvinozofanira kushandisa propaganda uye kudzidzisa kudzikamisa budiriro yedemocracy uye kuona kuti "vane hupfumi. vashoma" vanodzivirirwa kubva kune "vasingazivi uye vanovhiringidza vekunze," huwandu hwevanhu. Izvi zvinhu zvakakosha zvedemocracy iripo pasi pehurumende yemazuva ano, "kushomeka kwedemocracy" uko kuri mudzi wematambudziko mazhinji anhasi.
Nepo simba rehurumende-rekambani raisimudzira hupfumi hwehupenyu uye kutambisa kwakawanda kwesimba, kwaive kukanganisawo sarudzo dzakasimba idzo musika haupi-imwe inoparadza yakavakirwa-mumusika kusashanda. Kutaura zviri nyore, kana ndichida kudzoka kumba kubva kubasa, musika unondipa sarudzo pakati peFord neToyota, asi kwete pakati pemota nechitima chepasi. Ndiyo sarudzo yemagariro uye munharaunda ine demokrasi ingave sarudzo yeruzhinji yakarongeka. Asi ndizvo zvinotsvakwa nedemocracy yakazvitsaurira yevakuru vemauto.
Mhedzisiro yacho iri pamberi pemeso edu, nenzira dzimwe nguva dziri surreal-zvisina surreal kupfuura zviwanikwa zvakakura zviri kudururwa muhondo yenyika nepo bhiriyoni vanhu vachinzwa nzara uye nyika dzakapfuma dziri kucheka zvakanyanya pakutsigira mari yerubatsiro rwechikafu. Bepanhau remabhizinesi nguva pfupi yadarika rakashuma kuti munyori wezvekutakurwa kwaVaObama ari muEurope achitsvaga chibvumirano nevagadziri vekuSpain nevamwe vekuEurope kuti vavake mapurojekiti enjanji inomhanya kwazvo muUS, vachishandisa mari yemubatanidzwa iyo yakabvumidzwa neCongress kukurudzira hupfumi hweUS. Spain nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope dziri kutarisira kuwana mari yevateresi vekuUS yechitima chekumhanya-mhanya uye zvivakwa zvine hukama izvo zvinonyanya kudiwa muUS mhuri, uye nharaunda.
Zvakaoma kufungidzira kupomera mhosva kwakanyanya kwehurongwa hwehupfumi hwakavakwa nemamaneja emakambani ehurumende, kunyanya panguva yeneoliberal. Chokwadi indasitiri yemotokari inogona kuvakwa patsva kuti ibudise zvinodiwa nenyika, ichishandisa vashandi vayo vane hunyanzvi-uye izvo nyika inoda-uye munguva pfupi, kana tichizove netariro yekudzivisa njodzi huru. Zvakaitwa kare, shure kwezvose. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, iyo semi-command hupfumi haina kungopedza Kuderera Kukuru, asi zvakare yakatanga nguva inoshamisa yekukura munhoroondo yehupfumi, yakawedzera kane kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri mumakore mana sezvo hupfumi hwakagadziridzwa kuhondo, uye nekuisa hwaro hwe. "nguva yegoridhe" yakatevera.
Asi nyaya dzese dzakadai hadzisi kurongwa uye dzicharamba dziripo kudzamara kushomeka kwedemocracy kwakundwa. Munyika ine njere, vashandi nenharaunda vaizotora mafekitori akasiiwa, voashandura kuita kugadzirwa kunobatsira munharaunda, uye kuita mafekitori pachavo. Izvozvo zvakatongwa, asi zvakavharwa mumatare. Kuti zvibudirire, kuedza kwakadaro kunoda nhanho yerutsigiro yakakurumbira uye kuziva kweboka revashandi izvo zvisingaratidzike mumakore achangopfuura, asi izvo zvinogona kumutswa uye zvinogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakakura.
Idzi nyaya dzinofanirwa kuve dzakatanhamara imo muVenezuela, semune dzimwe nyika dzinogadzira oiri. Vakakurukurwa naPresident Chavez pamusangano weUN General Assembly munaGunyana 2005. Ndichataura mashoko ake, ayo zvinosuruvarisa kuti haana kuziviswa, kunyanya mupepanhau reUnited States: izvo kuwedzera kusingamisikike kwesimba kuri kusvika kune rekodhi zvine njodzi, pamwe nekusakwanisa kwekuwedzera kwemafuta uye maonero ekudzikira kwenzvimbo dzakachengeterwa mafuta pasi roseโฆ. Hazvishandi uye hazvina kunaka kubayira rudzi rwevanhu nekukwirira munzira kupenga kune chokwadi chemuenzaniso wehupfumi hwemagariro ane simba rinoparadza. Kungava kuzviuraya kuiparadzira uye kuigadza semushonga usingakanganisi wezvakaipa izvo zvinokonzerwa nazvo chaizvo."
Mazwi aya anonongedzera kwaakananga. Kuti udzivise kuzviuraya kwezvipenyu panofanirwa kuve nekubatanidzwa kuedza kwevagadziri nevashandisi, uye shanduko huru mumhando dziripo dzemagariro nehupfumi uye sangano repasi rose. Aya matambudziko makuru uye anokurumidza. Hapagoni kuva nekunonoka mukuziva nekuzvinzwisisa, uye kuita neshungu kuzvigadzirisa.
Ichi chinyorwa chinobva muhurukuro yakapiwa muCaracas, Venezuela musi waNyamavhuvhu 29 (yakagadziridzwa Gunyana 9). Noam Chomsky inyanzvi yemitauro, purofesa wenguva refu kuMIT, muongorori wemagariro, uye munyori wezvinyorwa zvakawanda nemabhuku, kusanganisira ake azvino, Nyika dzakakundikana.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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