Hapana chiri muCapitalist's defining institution inotaura kuti vanhu vari munharaunda imwe yetsika vanofanirwa kubatwa nehupfumi zvakasiyana pane vanhu vari mune imwe ipi zvayo sekuti pasina chinhu chiri mucapitalism chinotsanangura masangano anoti vanhu vezvikwiriso zvakasiyana, kana nemanzwi akasiyana anofanira. kubatwa zvakasiyana.
Mukupesana, capitalism, pachayo, ndiyo yatingati mushandisi wemikana yakaenzana. Kana uine rombo rakanaka, hutsinye, kana muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki matarenda pamwe nekusakendenga kunodiwa kuti usimuke musimba nemuhoro, zvino zvisinei netsika nemagariro kana zvipenyu, unowana uye kuwana purofiti, kana, zvishoma zvishoma, unowana. kudzora mamiriro ekugonesa uye kunakidzwa nezvibereko zvekuva murongi kwete boka revashandi.
Nekune rimwe divi, kana iwe usina chimwe chezvinodikanwa zvekubudirira mu capitalism, zvisinei nedzinza rako, nyika, chitendero, nezvimwe, unosvika pakuzvitengesa semuranda wemuhoro uchiita basa rakawandisa uye rinoteerera, kutora maodha uye kuisa muhomwe chete. shanduko diki.
Kuratidzirwa kushoma kuduku kweiyi nzwisiso kunoitwa, somuenzaniso, nenyanzvi yezvemari yakahwihwira Noble Milton Friedman apo anoti, “Kunaka kukuru kwegadziriro yemusika wakasununguka ndeyokuti haina basa kuti vanhu vakaita sei; hazvina basa kuti chitendero chavo chii; zvine basa chete kana vachigona kugadzira chimwe chinhu chaunoda kutenga. Ndiyo gadziriro inobudirira zvikurusa yatakawana yokugonesa vanhu vanovengana kubata nomumwe nomumwe ndokubetserana.”
Chikamu chekutanga checherechedzo yaFriedman ndechechokwadi che capitalism per se, asi kwete ye capitalism pakati pevanhu vanovengana, izvo zvinoita kuti chikamu chechipiri chekutaura kwake ive nhema dzehunyengeri.
Iko kuunyana muongororo yaFriedman ndeyekuti capitalism haisi bofu rerudzi, kana mapofu echitendero, kana mapofu erudzi, kana kusapofumadza kune chero imwe tsika yemagariro pese apo nzanga dzakakura dzemagariro kunze kwehupfumi dzinoendesa muridzi wechikamu kune chinzvimbo chepasi chetsika kana kuendesa. kwavari chinzvimbo chikuru chetsika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai, pfungwa yehupfumi yecapitalism inozoona kusiyana kwezvehupfumi uye ichashanda muchiedza chavo pane kuzvifuratira. Ruvengo rwuri kunze kwehupfumi harukundwi necapitalism, sezvinorehwa naFriedman, asi runodzokororwa uye rwunowedzerwa necapitalism.
Kana rusaruraganda munzanga, semuenzaniso, kana rusaruro rwechitendero, kana chero chipi zvacho, rikaisa imwe nharaunda kuti ive nechinzvimbo uye pesvedzero shoma, ipapo muhupfumi hwemacapitalist nhengo dzenharaunda iyoyo hadzizongokwidziridzwa pamusoro pe“vakuru” vavo asi vachadaro, pachinzvimbo, kazhinji aitwe pasi pavo. Hupfumi huchashandisa zvinotarisirwa nenhengo dzenharaunda setarisiro yekuti vachena vari pamusoro pevatema kuti vatevedzere uye kunyangwe pazvinogoneka kuwedzera hurongwa hwehupfumi hwayo hwekushandisa. Izvo hazvizo tyore iwo ekunze hierarchies pamubhadharo ungangoita wekuita kwayo.
Nokudaro, mushandirwi wecapitalist, kunyange uyo pachake asina chitendero cherusaruraganda kana kuti anovenga rusaruraganda, achaita, kazhinji, kana rusaruraganda ruchikwira munzanga yakafara, kusvika pamwero iwoyo haashandi vatema kuti vatonge vachena semaneja kana zvimwe zvinzvimbo zveruremekedzo uye pesvedzero, asi achahaya vachena pamusoro pevatema. Sarudzo yekutanga inorambwa nekuti ine njodzi yekusateerera uye kukakavara. Capitalism, nemamwe mazwi, inoshandisa maitiro akajairwa kubva kuhupenyu hwetsika kusimudzira maitiro anodiwa mukati mehupfumi.
Saizvozvo, kana nekuda kwechinzvimbo chayo chetsika nharaunda inogona kubhadharwa zvishoma, ichabhadharwa zvishoma maererano nemakwikwi emusika kuderedza, zvakare kunyangwe zvichipesana nezvido zvemumwe mushandirwi.
Panguva imwecheteyo, ichokwadi zvakare kuti kusvika pamwero wekuti kushorwa kwerusarura kunotanga kuita kuti matunhu emarudzi apesane netarisiro nezvishuwo uye zvichikonzera kupokana uye kuramba, vashandirwi vecapitalist vanozonzvenga kubiridzira kwavo dzinza asi vachienderera mberi. kuedza kubvisa pondo ipi neipi yenyama yavanogona kunzvenga nayo pakutengesa zvinhu kana kuti pakutenga kugona kwevanhu kushanda. Nokudaro munyaya yekuwedzera kushorwa kwerusarura munzanga, tichaona kuchinja kubva kuna Jim Crow rusarura kuenda kuna James Crow Esquire Jr. rusarura, sezvakambotaurwa naSharpton kare.
Huwandu uye mamwe maakaundi erusarura uye ehumwe hudzvanyiriri hwetsika uye hupenyu hwehupfumi zvinonyatsozivikanwa uye zvinoratidzwa muzvidzidzo zvisingaverengeki uye masosi. Upfumi hunodiwa hunochinja sei zvinhu zvakadaro?
Kana parecon iripo munharaunda ine tsika dzerudzi, chitendero, nezvimwe, zvinobatsirei? Kana pachinzvimbo chiripo mukati menzanga ine nharaunda dzinodiwa dzisina zvigaro, ko zvino? Kazhinji, zvinodiwa neparecon maererano nemashandiro ayo zvinoisa chero zvipingaidzo patsika?
Shandura hupfumi hweUS kuita parecon pasina kushandura mamiriro eUS rudzi, zvechitendero, uye madzinza uye une kupokana. Marudzi aripo uye mamwe masimba anopesanisa mapoka uye anopa vanhu tarisiro yehukuru nekuderera. Upfumi hwekutora chikamu, zvisinei, hunotyora fungidziro idzi uye hunoburitsa kubatana.
Parecon inopa mari uye mamiriro ezvinhu asingaenderane netsika dzetsika. Zvinoda kupidigura hutungamiri hwetsika nekupa simba uye nzira dzinopa kune avo vari pasi pechimwe nechimwe.
Vanhu vari muparecon havangadaro uye havagone kushandisa zvine chekuita nehupfumi kusarura uye kumwe kusarongeka kwetsika. Vanhu vari muparecon vanogona kuedza kuita izvi, hongu, uye vanogona kuchengeta maitiro anotyisa, hongu, asi hapana nzira yekuti vasaruro vatore simba rekubvisa kana hupfumi kunyangwe sevanhu vashoma senhengo dzeimwe nharaunda.
Kana iwe uri mutema kana chena, Latino kana Italian American, muJudha kana muMuslim, Presbyterian kana Katorike, wekumaodzanyemba kana wekuchamhembe, kana chii chaunacho-zvisinei netsika dzetsika dzinogona kunge dziripo munharaunda yakakura, muparecon une basa rakadzikama. uye mari yakarurama uye simba rekuzvitonga pamusoro pemamiriro ako, zvese sevamwe vese.
Kurambira kana kuramba kuchiburitsa rusaruraganda kana kumwe kusarongeka kwetsika kunogona kupinda muchikamu chetsanangudzo dzevatambi, asi havagone kuzviita nenzira yaizopa simba rehupfumi kana hupfumi hwenyama kana kugarika kwehupfumi zvisina kunaka. Saka, vatema, vaLatinos, maAsia, nezvimwewo muUS yakashandurwa vanogona kunge vaine hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana mumabasa avo akaenzana, asi misiyano iyi haigone kutyora kuenzana kweiyo yakaoma. Basa rakagovaniswa zvisina mwero rakadaro rinogona kunge riine hunhu hunodzikisira, ichokwadi, kunyangwe munhu angafunga kuti kana vakadaro, kuzvitonga kwehupfumi kungangoita kusaita kusarongeka ikoko.
Chokwadi, munhu anogona kufungidzira uye kutotarisira kuti mumusangano wevanhu vashoma munzvimbo dzebasa vangave nenzvimbo dzekusangana pamwechete mune izvo zvinowanzonzi caucuses kuongorora zviitiko uye mamiriro ekuchengetedza pamwe chete kubva kumarudzi kana mamwe masimba anozvidza angangozomuka. , kana kuti kurwisana neavo varipo sezvisaririra zvenguva yakapfuura kana kuti nhungirwa dzinobva kune mamwe mativi oupenyu hwenzanga. Izvi zvingaita sezviri pamusoro pezvakanakisa izvo munhu anogona kubvunza nezvehupfumi maererano nekukanganisa kuenderera mberi kana kubuda kwekusarongeka kwetsika.
Asi zvakadini neparcon uye tsika dzinodiwa munharaunda inodiwa? Hapana chikonzero nei tsika dzetsika dzakasimbiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzevanhu dzisingagone kukanganisa hupenyu hwehupfumi muparecon uye tinogona kufanotaura, ndinofunga, kuti vachadaro. Miitiro yezuva nezuva yavanhu vanobva munzanga dzakasiana-siana dzetsika vane tsika dzakasiyana, zvitendero, nzira dzokupemberera, uye zvitendero zvetsika, zvingagona zvamazvirokwazvo kusiana kwete bedzi mumazororo api anotora mitezo yavo kubasa, kutaura, asi mumiitiro yadzo yezuva nezuva mukati mebasa kana kuti mukushandisa. sekuronga nguva dzeminamato, kana kuita zvisina kuenzana mune mamwe marudzi ezviitwa zvinorambidzwa netsika kana kuti zvinofarirwa netsika. Panogona kunge paine maindasitiri akazara kana zvikamu zvehupfumi izvo nhengo dzenharaunda dzaizonzvenga tsika, sezvakaita maAmish muUS, semuenzaniso.
Muparecon miganhu yetsika dzakadaro pahupfumi ingave yekuti zvakakosha zvehupfumi zvinodiwa munharaunda dzetsika zvinofanirwa kuenderana nezvishuwo zvekuzvitonga zveavo vari kunze kwenharaunda idzodzo pamwe neavo vari mavari.
Imwe mukana, semuenzaniso, ndeyekuti muzviitiko zvinonetsa zvingave zvine musoro kuti nhengo dzenzvimbo yebasa dzinenge dzese dzive dzenharaunda imwe chete kuti vagone kugovana zviri nyore mazororo, zvirongwa zvezuva rebasa, uye tsika nezve akasiyana maitiro ezuva nezuva angawanikwa nevamwe. hazvibviri kugara. Kuzvitonga pachako hakudzivisi gadziriro dzakadaro uye dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuita kuti dzive dzakakwana.
Neimwe nzira, nzvimbo yebasa inogona kusanganisira nhengo dzenharaunda dzakawanda dzakasiyana, sezvazvichaita hombe uye dzimwe nguva zvakare madiki mayuniti evatengi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro pano panogona kunge paine nzvimbo shoma dzekugarisana-dzimwe nhengo dzinopemberera Kisimusi uye dzimwe dzinopemberera Hanukkah kana mamwe mazororo, uye zvirongwa zvinobvumidzwa-kana pamwe kune nzvimbo dzekugara dzakakura dzine chekuita nekusiyana kwakawanda muhurongwa kana nemamwe maitiro anokanganisa. imhando yebasa rinogona kuita vamwe vanhu.
Chiripo ndechekuti, nzvimbo dzebasa dzeparecon, zvikamu zvevatengi, uye zvirongwa zvekuronga zvigadziriso zvinochinjika izvo zvinotsanangudza zvimiro zvakagadzirirwa kuve zvisina kirasi, asi zvine ruzivo runogona kusiyana mukubvumidzwa kusingagumi kunosanganisira kugashira tsika dzakasiyana siyana nekuda kwemaitiro nezvitendero zvevanhu munharaunda.
Pakupedzisira, parecon inoisa sei patsika? Ko zvinodikanwa uye zvinodikanwa zvebasa remushandi, mutengi, uye murongi mune parecon zvinoisa miganhu pane izvo tsika tsika inogona kusimudzira mune yayo yega nyaya dzemukati?
Mhinduro iri neimwe nzira, hungu, zvinoita. Nharaunda dzetsika munharaunda ine parecon haigoni pasina kukakavara kukuru kusanganisira tsika dzemukati uye hurongwa hunoda pfuma kana simba guru kune vashomanana pamutengo wevamwe vakawanda.
Tsika yaigona kuvapo, toti, iyo yaizokwidziridza chimwe chikamu chidiki chevaprista kana maartist kana vafemberi, kana vakuru, kana ani zvake uye izvo zvaida kuti dzimwe nhengo dzese dzivateerere mune zvimwe zvinhu, kana kuvanayisa nezvipo, nezvimwewo. mukana wekuti nharaunda yetsika yakadai icharamba iripo ingangove yakaderera muparecon.
Chikonzero ndechekuti vanhu vanobatanidzwa vachange vachipedza nguva yavo yehupfumi munzvimbo dzinoburitsa hunhu hwekuenzana, kubatana, uye kuzvitonga, pamwe nekusiyana uye kuvadzidzisa mukuremekedza asi kusateerera vamwe. Nei vaizozviisa pasi pemamiriro asina kuenzana uye vakatsveyamisa kuita sarudzo mune chimwe chikamu chehupenyu hwavo?
Tichifunga kuti munzanga yakanaka vanhu vachave vakasununguka kusiya tsika, uye zvakaoma kufungidzira parecon inomuka munzanga inorambidza rusununguko rwomunhu rwakadaro, sezvo vanhu vaizova nezvose zviri zviviri zvemari nedzidzo uye chimiro chokuzvibata, tinogona kufungidzira. kuti vazhinji vaizoshandisa rusununguko irworwo kusiya nharaunda ipi neipi yetsika yakavanyima zvibereko zvemabasa avo kana kuvanyima kuzvitonga kwavo. Izvozvo, zvingava tarisiro yangu.
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Heino hurukuro kubva kuna Justin Podur pane iyi nyaya…
Upenyu Pashure Porusaruraganda? Hurukuro yakagadzirirwa Life After Capitalism Conference paWorld Social Forum, Porto Alegre, Ndira 2003
Huremu Hwenhoroondo
Nyika dzeAmerica dzakavakwa nokuponda vagari vomunyika yacho uye nokuunza varanda kubva kuAfrica kuzoshanda ivhu iroro. Nhoroondo iyoyo ine makore 510. Chikonzero chakaita kuti tive nerusaruraganda muAmerica, uye kwatinoti 'hutongi hwevachena' muNorth America, imhaka yekuti huremu hwenhoroondo iyoyo hahuna kumbobviswa kubva kune avo vakamanikidzwa kutakura.
Nhasi zvizvarwa zvekuNorth America ndevamwe vevarombo zvakanyanya, vachirwiswa nguva dzose uye nekumanikidzwa nehurumende nemakambani anoshuva ivhu shoma nezviwanikwa zvavakasiya, uye nerusarura pacharwo rwunoti chero kugadzirisa kwenhoroondo yekupondwa kwerudzi kuvarwisa. 'special treatment'.
Nhasi maAfrica maAmerica muUnited States vanopfuura makumi mashanu muzana vevasungwa kana vari 50% yehuwandu. Vanomiririrwawo zvisina kuenzana pakati pevarombo, vasina mabasa, vasina inishuwarenzi yehutano, vakaurayiwa nemapurisa.
Afro-Colombians chikamu makumi manomwe kubva muzana chemamiriyoni maviri emunyika iyi vakadzingwa mukati, ivo vari 70% chete yehuwandu. MaMexico, maGuatemalans, maNicaragua, maBrazilian — vese vanoziva matambudziko uye kurwisa kuuraya vanhu veko.
Iyi inhoroondo yakareba yemakore 510, uye haisi nhoroondo yeAmerica chete. Tinogona kutanga nhoroondo yedu muna 1492, asi tinofanira kuziva kuti 1492 harisi chete gore iro Columbus akasvika kuAmerica. Iri zvakare gore iro Europe yakakunda humambo hweGranada, nzvimbo yekupedzisira yeMuslim Spain. MuSpain yechiMuslim, vaKristu, vaMuslim, uye vaJudha vakanga vagara pamwe chete. Kukundwa kweSpain neChristian Europe kwakachinja izvozvo. VaJudha nevaMuslim vakamanikidzwa kutendeuka kana kudzingwa. Ipapo Bvunzurudzo yakasikwa kuti ibvise vatendeuki venhema, kuvapisa padanda, kutora nyika dzavo.
Uranda uye kubiwa kukuru kwevhu nezviwanikwa kubva kunyika dzeAmerica ndidzo dzaiva hwaro pakavakirwa capitalism yemazuva ano. Kuvaka iyo capitalism, zvaive zvakafanira kuparadza vanhu vese nenzira dzinotyisa. Kuti vaparadze vanhu nenzira iyi, zvakanga zvakakodzera kugadzira ngano yokuti ava vanhu vokuEurope vakanga vachiitira zvinhu izvi vakanga vasiri vanhu chaivo—kuti vakaberekerwamo vakanga vasiri vanhu chaivo; vatema vaisava vanhu. Payakatanga ngano idzi Europe yakanga isiri kushanda kubva pasisina chinhu: kubvisa hunhu kwakatanga kuitwa pamaJuda nemaMuslim (Moor) muEurope chaimo kana kuMiddle East. Uye ndinofunga kuti midzi yengano dzemazuva ano dzerusaruraganda inogona kuwanikwa mune idzi pfungwa dzekare dzeropa nekuchena, dzevasingatendi nevatorwa, nepo midzi yekusarura kwemazuva ano yemasangano inogona kuwanikwa mukuvakwa kwecapitalism pachayo, mukuparadza rudzi, uranda, uye. colonialism yaive chikamu chinodiwa chekuvaka capitalism.
Capitalism uye rusaruraganda zvichiri pamusoro pekuba, uye kupamba. Vachiri pamusoro pekubvisa hunhu, hondo, kuuraiwa kwevanhu vasina rubatsiro vanobatwa sevashoma pane vanhu. Hondo Yanhasi Yekutyisa yakada kunzi 'Crusade against Evil'. Kanoverengeka ikozvino, zviuru zvevaMuslim zvakaunganidzwa uye kusungwa muUS. Kufambirana kwenhoroondo kuriko.
Saka kana tichida kubuda kunze tichizvibvunza kuti zvinorevei kuti pave nehupenyu mushure merusaruraganda, tinofanira kuhutora pamwe chete nehupenyu mushure mecapitalism. Upenyu hunotevera rusaruraganda hunoreva hupenyu mushure mecapitalism sezvo rusaruraganda rwakawanda runoshanda kuburikidza nekugovana zvisina kuenzana kwezviwanikwa, kufa nenzara kwemamiriyoni akawanda kubatsira vashoma, uye ngano dzese nemikwende yenhoroondo yakagadzirirwa kururamisa kugoverwa ikoko.
Asi kune zvakawanda kune rusaruraganda kupfuura zvehupfumi, uye zvakanyanya kupikisa rusarura pane anti-capitalism. Ndingati izvo zvinodikanwa zvehupenyu mushure merusaruraganda zvina: polyculturalism, kuzvitonga, kubatana, kudzoreredza. Pfungwa yangu yehupenyu mushure merusaruraganda inogona kupfupikiswa se'kubatanidzwa pasina kufananidzwa, uye kuzvitonga pasina kupatsanurwa'. Ini ndichaenda zvakadzama pamapoinzi aya, asi chekutanga chinyorwa nezve nationalism.
Urudzi haisiriyo mhinduro
Nekubatana kwose kuri pakati penyika yose, utungamiriri hwehurumende, uye rusaruraganda, munhu angaedzwa kufunga kuti urudzi ndicho chigadzikiso. Rusununguko rwenyika rwevanhu venyika yechitatu, kuvasunungura kubva kuhurongwa hwepasi rose hwe capitalist. Kunyanya mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kurwisana kwenyika kunogona kusunungura. Pane izvozvo hapana mubvunzo. Asi kungwarira kunodiwa.
Sezvo Arundhati Roy anoti
"Zvinoshungurudza kuona kuti kusarudzika kunopindirana sei nefascism. Kunyangwe isu tisingafanire kubvumira mafascist kutsanangura kuti nyika chii, kana kuti ndeyaani, zvakakosha kuti tirambe tichifunga kuti urudzi, mune ese akawanda maavatars - socialist, capitalist uye fascist - yanga iri mudzi wedzinenge dzese hutsinye. yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Panyaya yeurudzi, kuchenjera kuenderera mberi nokungwarira.”
Nepo bato rerusununguko rwenyika rakavakirwa pakurwisa hudzvanyiriri hwevakoloni uye nharaunda inoungana kurwisa hudzvanyiriri ihwohwo, iyo nhoroondo yakagovaniswa kazhinji yakaratidza kuti haina kukwana kuvaka. Kana nyika-dzinomuka, urudzi hwavanoita hunobva pane chimwe chinhu—nzvimbo, kana mutauro, kana nhoroondo, kana tsika dzetsika dzakagoverwa, kana kumwe kusanganiswa. Nationalism inotaura kuti boka rinogoverana zvimwe zveizvi zvinhu rinongova pamwe chete. Iyo ndeyemusikirwo pamwe chete zvekuti ndiyo nharaunda yekutanga iyo munhu ndeyayo. Ndihwo huchangamire, zvichireva kuti ndihwo hune kutaura kwekupedzisira. Unogona kufunga nezvezvimwe zvinhu, asi nyika ndiyo ine revo yekupedzisira.
Nhasi, zvisinei nehutongi hwese hune makambani, kutaura kwekupedzisira pamusoro penyika, pamusoro pevanhu, pamusoro pemutemo-ndedzenyika uye nyika idzi dzakashandisa simba radzo kupa simba. Ndiani anopasisa mitemo inoteedzera midziyo yakazvimirira? Ndiani anoshandisa mapurisa kuputsa masangano evashandi kana munharaunda? Ndiani anorwisa nekuparadza zvizvarwa zvemo kana kuti madzinza maduku? Nyika-nyika, uye nyika-nyika dzinoita zvinhu zvese izvi, kazhinji, muzita rerudzi. Ini handidi kutsveta pamusoro pebasa reimperialism pano. Kurwiswa nevekune dzimwe nyika uye kupindira nguva dzose kunobata basa rakakosha mukukanganisa rusununguko rwevanhu– asi ndizvo zvinoitawo vakwikwidzi vemuno neudzvanyiriri hwenyika.
Zvakare ndinoda kudzokorora kuti nyika dzavewo hwaro hwekuramba. Tsika dzave hwaro hwekuramba, kurwisa kudzvanyirirwa ne capitalism kana imperialism. —kuramba kunoda hwaro munharaunda. Mambure ehukama, mutauro wakagovaniswa uye nhoroondo inoita tsika inharaunda yakadaro. Asi kune marudzi akawanda enzanga. Uye hapana chikonzero chekupa ropafadzo yerudzi rumwe rwenharaunda uye uti ndiyo ine chirevo chekupedzisira. Kune hukama hwemitauro, hukama hwechitendero, zvinongedzo zvekufarira kana ushamwari. Munhu anofanira kusarudza pakati pavo here? Munhu anofanira kusarudza pakati pekuva Tzotzil neMexican, kana Quebecois neCanada, kana Malayali, Christian, Indian, kana Muslim, Punjabi, and Pakistani? Maitiro ehurudzi anodzikisira vanhu kune chitupa chimwe chete, achiramba chokwadi chekuti isu tine akawanda, anopindirana mazita uye tiri venharaunda dzakawanda, haienderane nenyika ine hunhu.
Polyculturalism
Saka urudzi haisiriyo mhinduro. Pfungwa yekuti kune nyika 'dzakachena' kana tsika 'dzakachena' dzatinofanira kuvimbika kwadziri idambudziko. Haisi mhinduro yekutonga kweimperialism, uye haisi mhinduro yakanaka kune rusaruraganda. Asi kana pfungwa, inobatwa nevamwe, kazhinji maMarx, yekuti tsika dzese ndedze 'bourgeois', uye kuti mushure mecapitalism, misiyano yetsika ichapera uye tichava netsika dzakanaka dzesocialist. Iro rinongova divi rerucheno rwenyika — panguva ino 'kuchena kwesocialist', kumanikidzirwa kutorwa, zvinova dambudziko rakaenzana kuvanhu vazhinji. Panzvimbo yekuchena kwetsika dzakaparadzana dzisingadyidzane, kana kuchena kwekubatanidza zvese mutsika imwe, ndingapa zano re polyculturalism.
Vijay Prashad anobvunza kuti:
Tsika dzakasiyana uye dzine miganhu here? Tsika dzine nhoroondo here kana kuti dzakamira? Ndiani anotsanangura miganhu yetsika kana kuti anobvumira shanduko? Tsika dzinodonhedzana here? … Kuremekedza masvikiro etsika nemagariro zvinotora kuti munhu anoda kuzviisa mumiziyamu yevanhu pane kuwana mukati maro mukana wekusunungurwa kana shanduko. Tinotofanira kugamuchira homophobia uye kusarurana kwevanhukadzi, hutsinye hwemhando uye rusaruraganda, zvese mukushandira kwekuremekedza kutsanangurirwa kwetsika kweumwe munhu.
Kupesana ne'multiculturalism', Prashad anopokana nezve'polyculturalism.'
A polyculturalist anoona nyika inoumbwa nekutsinhana kwemhando dzetsika, nepo multiculturalism (mune zvakawanda zvakazvarwa) inoona nyika seyakatoumbwa neakasiyana (uye discrete) tsika dzatinogona kuisa muzvikamu uye kudzidza neruremekedzo. Nhoroondo yaizotaridzika sei kubva pakuona kwe polycultural? Zvakanaka, pane kuona bhizinesi reHong Kong semusanganiswa weConfucianism yekare uye capitalism yemazuva ano, semubasa raTu-Wei Ming, tinogona kuterera basa reJesuit mukugadzira "Confucianism" yemazuva ano, se mubasa rakanaka raLionel Jensen… Pane kubata vadzidzi vekuIndia kuYale sevatorwa, tingafunga kuti yunivhesiti yakagamuchira mari yembeu kubva kuna Elihu Yale, aimbova gavhuna weMadras, ane hupfumi hwakabva mukubvutwa kwevashandi vekuIndia.
Tinogona kuona mhodzi dzepfungwa idzi munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
Autonomy uye Solidarity muChiapas
MuGuta reMexico muna March 2001, Comandanta Esther weZapatistas akarwira Mutemo weKodzero neTsika dzeMaganhu. Mhinduro yaEsteri pakupomerwa kuti kuva nemutemo wekodzero netsika dzechivanhu, kunyatsoremekedza kuzvitonga kwevanhu vekuMexico, zvaizoguma nekuparadzana nekunetsana uye 'balkanization' yaive:
“Chikumbiro ichi chaipomerwa mhosva yekukanganisa nyika, tisingatarise kuti nyika yave nepakati. Imwe Mexico inobereka hupfumi, imwe inotora hupfumi ihwohwo, uye imwe ndiyo inofanirwa kutambanudza ruoko rwayo kune rudo. Isu, zvizvarwa zvemo, tinogara munyika ino yakakamukana, yakatongerwa kunyadziswa nokuda kwekuva vara ratiri, nokuda kwemutauro watinotaura, zvipfeko zvinotifukidza, mimhanzi uye kutamba kunotaura kusuwa kwedu nomufaro, nhoroondo yedu.
Chikumbiro ichi chinopomedzerwa nekusikwa kwekuchengetedza maIndia, tichiregeredza kuti isu veko tave kutogara takaparadzana, takaparadzaniswa nevamwe vese veMexico, uye, nekuwedzera, munjodzi yekutsakatika.
Chikumbiro ichi chiri kupomerwa mhosva yekusimudzira hurongwa hwemutemo hwakadzokera kumashure, vasingatarise kuti iripo zvino inongosimudzira kurwisana, inoranga varombo uye isingarangi vapfumi. Inoshora ruvara rwedu uye inoshandura mutauro wedu kuita hutsotsi.
Chikumbiro ichi chiri kupomerwa mhosva yekukonzera kusarudzika muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika, vasingatarise kuti mune yazvino uyo anotonga haatongi, asi anoshandura chinzvimbo chake cheruzhinji kuita chitubu cheupfumi hwake, uye anozviziva kuti hapana kurangwa uye haabatike. chero nguva yekutonga isati yapera. "
Chikumbiro cheZapatista chaive, panzvimbo pezvo, chenyika umo “pasina kurasikirwa nezvinoita kuti munhu mumwe nemumwe asiyane, kubatana kunochengetwa, uye, pamwe chete nazvo, mukana wekufambira mberi nekubvumirana. Ndiyo nyika yatinoda mazapatistas. Nyika umo musiyano unozivikanwa nekuremekedzwa. Kuva uye kufunga kwakasiyana hakusi chikonzero chekuenda kujeri, kutambudzwa, kana kufa. ”
Mutemo weKodzero dzeChivanhu neTsika ndechimwe chinhu icho maZapatistas anga achivaka nguva yese zvakadaro, nemadhorobha avo akazvimiririra. Pfungwa yacho haisi yekugadzira zvitsuwa zvidiki zvisingadyidzane nenharaunda yakakura-kusvika pazvitsuwa imhaka yekuti zvakakomberedzwa nekukombwa nemauto eMexico nevabatsiri vemauto. Panzvimbo pezvo, nharaunda dzine maguta anozvitonga, anozvitonga anotsvaka kudyidzana nenharaunda huru maererano nezvaanoda. Iyo 'balkanisation' inotyiwa nevashori verudzi urwu rwekuzvitonga kunouya kwete nekuda kwekuzvisarudzira asi nekuda kwekuyedza kumanikidzirwa kutorwa kana zvakanyanya, kudzingwa nekuparadzwa.
Maitiro evaZapatistas anoratidza kuti kuzvitonga hakureve kubviswa. Kure nazvo. Chokwadi, munharaunda yeZapatista uye iwe uchasangana nevekuChiapas, asi iwe unogona zvakare kusangana neveMexico kubva kupi zvako munyika, maLatin America kubva chero kupi zvako mukondinendi, maNorth America neEurope, vese vakakokwa kuti vasaende. kupa rudo kuvaZapatista asi kushanda navo pahwaro hwekuenzana nekubatana. Mutauriri mukuru uye mutungamiriri wemauto, Subcomandante Marcos, haasi chizvarwa cheChiapas asi mestizo anobva kumaguta eMexico. Paakataura zvakaitika kwaari kekutanga muChiapas, akati:
“Zvaityisa… unofanira kunzwisisa mumwe munhu anobva muguta, ane dzidzo yeyunivhesiti, achiuya kunzvimbo iyo munhu wese ari kuti kwauri, 'ibva. Ino haisi nzvimbo yenyu.' Nyika yataura izvi kwamuri, uye painoshanduka ikaita matope, nemvura inonaya… yose inoti, ‘ino haisi nzvimbo yenyu,’ uye inotaura norurimi rwamusingatombonzwisisi.”
Nekubatana nevechivanhu, kunetsekana navo, kutambura izvo zvavanotambura uye nekutanga kuvimba kwemakore, Marcos muenzaniso wekuti mitsara isina kuchena ye 'mutsauko' uye 'tsika' inogona kuve sei kana iri yechokwadi, yakasimba kusangana pakati pevanhu pahwaro hwekubatana uye. equity.
Autonomy uye Solidarity muAndes
MuColombia, maAfro-Colombians uye veko vanoronga kuzvitonga kwenzvimbo. Bumbiro remitemo reColombia rinobvuma kodzero dzekuzvitonga kwenzvimbo kune maAfro-Colombians uye zvizvarwa zveko-asi pasi, vanhu vanopondwa. Vanotamburira pasinei neizvi. Kubata kwemasangano akaita sePCN, (Black People's Processes) uye ONIC (National Indigenous Congress), nharaunda netsika ndizvo zvakakosha pakudzivirira kwevanhu vavo uye mararamiro kubva mukurwiswa kwehondo uye pasi rose. Hondo nemasimba zvinotsvaka kubvisa vanhu ava munyika dzavo, zvingava zvicherwa zviri pasi pazvo kana kuti mari yerendi inogona kutorwa kubva kwavari.
Kufanana nemaZapatistas, uye kusiyana nemafambiro eRudyi rwechitendero, masangano eColombia aya haasi kudzokera kune imwe 'tsika' yakakosha mushure mekunge vakanda mapfumo pasi pakurwira kugarisana zvakanaka. Tsika kwavari chikamu chekurwisa kwavo, chikamu chekuramba kwavo, uye kiyi yekupona kwavo. Kufanana nemaZapatistas chinangwa chavo hachisi chekuvharisa tsika dzavo kubva kune vekunze uye kudzichengetedza, asi kuvararama uye kunyange kugovera hupfumi hwavo.
Izvi zvinovaunza mukunetsana kwete neUS chete neguta guru renyika dzakawanda nevakuru veColombia nevamiriri vemauto, asiwo dzimwe nguva nevapanduki veColombia avo vanoona zvinodiwa nezvirevo zve'marudzi' sematurusi ekurwisa mhirizhonga. Nepo mafambisirwo aya achigovera chishuwo chevapanduki chehutongi hwejekerere, kuda kwavo kuzvitonga kunogumbura hupanduki nekuti hakuna chinosara: maAfro-colombians nevekumusha vanoda kuzvitonga kubva kuhurumende yeColombia nemabhunu. Ivo vanoramba polarization uye vanoramba kushandiswa semidziyo yekupikisa. Vanosvika kuvanhu veColombia nepasirese sezvavanoyedza kuenzanisa kuzvitonga, kubatana, uye kururamisira kwevanhu kurwisana nemasimba ekupambwa kwehupfumi uye kusarura kwechisarura kune rumwe rutivi uye kumanikidzirwa kuenzanisa kune rimwe.
Ecuador neBolivia vaonawo mafambiro anotungamirwa nevechivanhu, vachipesana nekubata chisimba kwecapitalist uye kumanikidzwa kutorwa uye rusaruraganda.
Kuzvitonga uye Kubatana muPalestine
Pakati pemakakatanwa seaya ari muColombia, zvinoshamisa kufunga kuti kune mhodzi dzekuzvitonga uye kubatana kunoderedza rusaruraganda. Zvimwe chetezvo ndezvechokwadi muPalestine: heino mhirizhonga pakati penyika ine simba yevagari vemo uye vanhu vakatorerwa hupfumi seizvi pakati peIsrael nemaPalestine. Ko bato rerusununguko rwenyika, rinotsvaga kuumba nyika-nyika itsva, ringaite sei riine chimwe chinhu kunze kwekungotarisa ruzhinji, rwenyika?
Kune mafambiro anounza maIsrael kuPalestine kuchengetedza maPalestine kubva kurwiswa kubva kune vagari veIsrael nemasoja. Sangano rinounza vanhuwo zvavo vakawanda kubva kumativi ose enyika kuti vatarise, vave pasi, uye vashandise kuvapo kwavo senhoo yevanhu kuchengetedza maPalestine kubva kumhirizhonga yehurumende iri kuedza 'kuvatamisa'. Kune mafambiro erunyararo muIsrael, vatori venhau vanopokana vakaita saAmira Hass kana vadzidzi vakadai saTanya Reinhart, masoja akaita se500 seruvnik anoramba kushanda munzvimbo dzakagarwa dzePalestine, maIsrael nePalestine avo, mushure mekutarisana nemasoja pamwechete, mushure mekungovapo kweIsrael uye. vepasirese vakaderedza mhirizhonga yakaunzwa nemauto kuvanhu vePalestine zvakanyanya, vaigara pamwe chete vachiseka kuti 'maArabu nemaJuda… tiri hama' sei.
Neta Golan naGeorge Rishmawi ndivo vakavamba International Solidarity Movement.
MuToronto muna 2002, Rishmawi, wekuPalestine, akapa muenzaniso wekuti kubatana kwaigona sei kubvisa zvombo mukoloni paakataura nezvekukombwa kweBeit Sahour muna 1989:
"Pane maIsrael aiuya kuzoputsa kukomba uye kuve nemaPalestine. Icho chaive chikamu chekuedza kupokana nemutemo weMutungamiriri weNyika Rabin we'kutyora mapfupa evaPalestine'. Chirongwa chedu chainzi 'Merai chingwa kwete mapfupa'. Rimwe zuva mauto akarayira kubudiswa kwevaIsraeri vose muguta racho nechikonzero chokuti zvaiva 'nengozi' kwavari. Sezvineiwo vamwe vevaIsraeri vaitishanyira vaiva vanarabhi, uye vakaita nharo. Yakanga iri Shabbat, ivo vakati - hurumende yeIsrael ndiyo yaizova hurumende chete pasi rose yakakanganisa rusununguko rwechitendero rwevaJudha nekuvamanikidza kufamba paSabbat?
Neta Golan, murwiri werunyararo weIsrael anogara muNablus yakagarwa, akataura nezvezvaaifanira kukunda kuti ashande akabatana:
"Magadzirirwo acho anodzika zvakanyanya. Zvakadzika zvekuti pandakatanga kuenda kuWest Bank, panguva yeOslo, ndaizova nekunetsekana. Kamwe pavhiki ndaienda, uye rwendo rwuri rwose ndaizadzwa nefunganyo, ndazadzwa nokutya, ndichifunga, kuti: “vose vanoda kundiuraya!” Uye zvakatora kanenge maminitsi gumi nemashanu kuona vanhu vachiita basa ravo, vachitaurirana, vachishanda, vachiita chero chinhu chipi zvacho kunze kwekufunga nezvekuti vaida kundiuraya zvakadini, ndisati ndadzikama. Kuona kusununguka kwavo, kuda kwavo kundigamuchira, rupo rwavo, icho chave chiri chipo chikuru chekukunda kutya kwangu-mukana wekuwana huchenjeri, kunaka kwevanhu vePalestine. VaIsrael vasingakwanise kukunda kutya kwavo varombo zvakanyanya nekusawana mukana wekuita izvozvo. "
Izvi zvinenge zvakadarikidza: vekunze vari kuedza kubatsira bato rerusununguko rwenyika; vane ropafadzo vachishandisa ropafadzo yokubatwa sebetsero yorusaruraganda kuitira kudzivirira vanyajambwa varwo. Asi gangaidzo rinonyangarika nekuziva kuti kuzvitonga uye kubatana ishamwari, kwete vavengi.
Autonomy muNorth America
Vanhu vekuNorth America havafanire kutarisa kure kuti vawane mazano ekuunza kuzvitonga uye kubatana pamwechete.
Winona LaDuke akati:
“Pamwero wepasi rose, kunonzi kune marudzi 5,000 500,000,000 evanhu veko; 5,000 vagari vemo munyika; 170 marudzi. Nyika idzi dzave nezviuru zvemakore dziripo semarudzi. Isu tinogovana pasi pemutemo wenyika dzakawanda kuzivikanwa senyika pakuti tine mutauro wakafanana, nharaunda inofanana; masangano anotonga, masangano ehupfumi uye nhoroondo, zviratidzo zvose pasi pemutemo wepasi rose wemarudzi evanhu. Asi chokwadi ndechekuti pamwero wenyika dzakawanda sarudzo hadziitwe nenyika nevanhu. Pane kudaro vanogadzirwa nenyika. Kune nyika dzinosvika zana nemakumi manomwe dziri nhengo dzeUnited Nations. Dzakawanda dzenzvimbo idzodzo dzakavapo kubva Hondo Yenyika II.”
Mhinduro yakarongwa yevagari vemo haisi yekugadzira zviuru zvedzimwe nyika, asi kuti munhu wese ari mukondinendi anofanira kushandura mafungiro avo evhu, hupfumi, tsika.
Taiaiake Alfred, mubhuku rake rinonzi 'Peace, Power, Righteousness: an Indigenous Manifesto', haapokane nezve 'kuzvitonga' kwechivanhu, asi kuti pfungwa yose ye'kuzvitonga' haina kururama: kwete chete kune vemunyika asi kune wese wese. Kana pfungwa ye'kuzvitonga' ichireva kuti nyika imwe, ichiita muzita re'nyika' imwe, ichitora nzvimbo yekutanga pane imwe nzvimbo, inofanana nemafungiro e'tsika yakachena' iyo munhu anofanira kuvimbika kwairi. Mushonga wekuzvitonga uye kuchena kwetsika zvakafanana: kuziva kuvimbika kwakawanda, kushandiswa kwakapindirana uye kodzero pasina miganhu yakaoma.
Kurudziro yaWard Churchill yekuNorth America, yakatsanangurwa mu 'Ini Indigenist' ndeye tsika yenyika pamaonero. Anopokana, achitaura Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, izvozvo
“Mafungiro echiIndia anotsigira kuvapo kweimwe—yakasiyana uye yakasiyana—budiriro yeIndia, inobva pakutaura kwakasiyana tsika dzevanhu vakasiyana-siyana. Saka, kuzivikanwa uye kubatana pakati pevaIndia. "ChiIndia" chavo harisi nzira yakapusa yakarongwa, asi kutaura kunodiwa kwekubatana kwenhoroondo, kwakavakirwa mubudiriro yakajairika, iyo colonizer yaida kuvanza.
Churchill ari kuita nharo dzakafanana nedzaJawarhalal Nehru mubhuku rake rinonzi 'The Discovery of India'. Iro bhuku rakanyorwa kubva muchitokisi chejeri muBritish India iyo yaakaisirwa mabasa ake erudzi. Nehru akaongorora nhoroondo yakakura, yakasiyana-siyana yeIndia uye akagumisa kuti kwaiva nekubatana kwebudiriro ikoko. Nokunyora pamusoro pazvo, akanga achitsvaka kusimbisa kubatana ikoko pamberi pemudzvinyiriri wekoloni, uye zvinangwa zvaChurchill zvakafanana. Asi saLaDuke naAlfred, vasingapokane nezvekusikwa kwedzimwe nyika pane yekare modhi, kana kudzokera kune yakapfuura:
“Ndirikureva kuti vanhu varikunetseka nei pano? Imi mose munofanoona here maIndia akamira pazvikomo zveBoston neNew York City, achipa mapapiro emvura kumitsetse mirefu yevasiri maIndia kuitira kuti vose vashambira vachidzokera kuNyika Yekare? Chimbozorora."
Churchill ndeyekuzvimiririra kwenzvimbo, izvo zvisingareve kupatsanurwa:
“Maonero angu pachangu… anoda kumhanyira kuzvitonga kuzere, asi…Handichina kodzero yekumanikidzira zvido zvangu kunyika dzechivanhu sekuita masimba anotonga; rudzi rumwe norumwe rwechizvarwa ruchazvisarudzira rumene mutoo chaiwoiwo uye mwero warunoratidza kuzvitonga kwarwo, uchangamire hwarwo.”[11]
Zvakakodzera kusimbisa pfungwa yaChurchill yekuti 'iyo nzira chaiyo uye hukuru hwekuzvimiririra' inogona kutaurirana, asi inharaunda yakadzvinyirirwa ndiyo inotora sarudzo.
Kudzoreredza
Zvikumbiro zvevaIndigenist zvinoratidzira chimiro chehukama hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakataurirana pakati pevanhu. Asi kuti hukama hwakadaro hutange zvakaenzana, kudzoreredza kunofanira kuitwa kudzoreredza kusaenzana uko nhoroondo yerusarura yakatisiya nayo.
Manning Marable anoti:
"Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemhuri dzese dzemuAfrica-America nhasi dzine hupfumi husina kunaka. Hupfumi hwepakati pevatema huri pasi pezvikamu gumi nezvishanu kubva muzana zvevachena. Vazhinji vevanhu vedu vakavharirwa mugomba rinenge rakadzika midzi mune zvehupfumi umo musingazopukunyuke-kunze kwekunge tashandura zvido zvedu zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zano kubva kune yakasununguka mubatanidzwa kuenda kukugadzirisazve zviwanikwa zvehupfumi, uye kubviswa kwekushomeka kwezvimiro izvo zvinoparadzanisa vatema nevachena kuva. nyika dzemarudzi dzisina kuenzana.”
Ongororo iyi inoshanda pasi rose sezvairi muUS. Kudiwa kweBlack Reparations, sekuda kwekudzoreredza kwenyika yechitatu, kudiwa kwekubvisa zvakapambwa izvo varombo vakatambura kwemazana emakore uye kuunza kuenzana. Kuti uwane kudzoserwa, zvichave zvakafanira kuvaka kubatana mumitsetse yenyika, tsika, kana ruvara.
mhedziso
Aya mazano mana anobatsira mukuedza kusvika kunyika isina rusaruraganda.
Kudzoreredza kuitira kusaita kugovaniswa kusina kuenzana kweupfumi nesimba inova nhaka yekupondwa kwemarudzi, huranda, kushandiswa kwemacapitalist uye ma imperialist;
Solidarity kukunda ruvara, rudzi, uye tsika mitsara zviri chikamu chenhaka iyoyo uye zvakatadzisa vanhu kuwanana kana kutamburira pamwe chete;
Kuzvidzivirira nokuti hapagoni kuva nehukama hwakaenzana pakati pevanhu kana vanhu kusiri kwekuzvidira, uye sarudzo nekushandiswa kwekuzvimiririra zvakakosha kuti pave nekubatana mutsika nemagariro;
Polyculturalism nekuti hakuna chinhu chinonzi 'pure tsika'. HL Mencken akanyora muzana remakore rechi19 kuti 'kuchena kwedzinza hakuna. Isu tiri nhangemutange ye energetic mongrels'. Zvimwe chetezvo kune tsika—vanhu vose 'vane simba guru', uye kuedza kutimanikidza kupinda mune imwe pfungwa 'yakachena' yenyika-kana yechitendero-kana yedzinza, idambudziko rakakodzera kune vanonyanya kukoshesa sezvakaita George W. Bush. kana kuti Osama bin Laden.
Kunopinda Kunotevera: Parecon uye Chitendero
Zvakadini nerudzi uye rusaruraganda - mucapitalism ndiko rusaruraganda rwakazara here?
Zvakadini mune parecon - rusaruraganda?