Annie Jacobsen’s new book is called Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America. It isn’t terribly secret anymore, of course, and it was never very intelligent. Jacobsen has added some details, and the U.S. government is still hiding many more. But the basic facts have been available; they’re just left out of most U.S. history books, movies, and television programs.
Ina ua maeʻa le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi, sa faafaigaluegaina e le militeri a Amerika le sefulu ma le ono selau o saienitisi ma fomai a Nazi, e aofia ai ma nisi o vavalalata a Adolf Hitler, e aofia ai ma tamaloloa na nafa ma le fasioti tagata, pologa, ma faʻataʻitaʻiga a tagata, e aofia ai ma alii ua molia i soligatulafono tau le taua, ua solofua alii mai le ma alii e le mafai ona tutu ai i tofotofoga. O nisi o le au Nazis na taumafai i Nuremberg ua leva ona galulue mo le US i Siamani poʻo le US aʻo leʻi faia ia faamasinoga. O nisi na puipuia mai lo latou taimi ua mavae e le malo o Amerika mo le tele o tausaga, a o latou nonofo ma galulue i Boston Harbor, Long Island, Maryland, Ohio, Texas, Alabama, ma isi nofoaga, pe sa lele mai e le malo o Amerika i Argentina e puipuia i latou mai le moliaga . O nisi o faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻavasegaina i lona atoa e aloese ai mai le faʻailoaina o mea na tutupu i le taua o saienitisi US. O nisi o le au Nazis na aumaia o ni taufaasese lea na latou tuufaʻasolo mai o latou o saienitisi, o nisi na mulimuli ane aʻoaʻoina o latou fanua ao galulue mo le militeri Amerika.
O le US nofoia o Siamani ina ua maeʻa le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi na faʻailoa mai o suesuega uma a le militeri i Siamani e tatau ona faʻamutaina, o se vaega o le faʻagasologa o le denazification. Ae o lena suʻesuʻega na alu ma faʻalauteleina faalilolilo, i lalo o le pulega a Amerika, i Siamani ma i Amerika, o se vaega o se faiga e mafai ona vaʻai i ai e pei nazification. E le gata o saienitisi na faafaigaluegaina. O isi tagata sipai Nazi, o le toʻatele o nisi sa avea muamua ma SS, sa faafaigaluegaina e le US i le ina ua mavae le taua Siamani e sipai - ma sauaina - Soviets.
O le militeri a Amerika na fesuiaʻi i le tele o auala ina ua avea muamua le au Nazis i ni tulaga iloga. O Nazi saienitisi saienitisi na latou faʻataʻuina le tuʻuina o pomu faaniukilia i papa ma amata loa ona atiaʻe le osofaʻiga puʻe puʻupuʻu. O le enisinia Nazi na fuafuaina le pusa paʻu a Hitler i lalo o Perelini, o le na latou faia nei fale puipui lalo mo le malo o Amerika i le mauga o Catoctin ma Blue Ridge. O tagata pepelo a le Nazi sa faafaigaluegaina e le militeri a Amerika e fai se tusitusiga o ni tusitusiga atamai e pepelo le Soviet. Na fausia e saienitisi Nazi US polokalame o mea tau vailaʻau ma meaola, aumai a latou malamalama i tabun ma sarin, ae le o le thalidomide - ma lo latou naunau mo suesuega a tagata, lea sa avea le militeri US ma le CIA fou fausiaina vave aafia i se tele tele. Soo se suʻesuʻega ma uiga mataga o se tagata e ono fasiotia pe o se 'au e le faʻatupuina sa fiafia i a latou suʻesuʻega. Na fausia auupega fou, e aofia ai VX ma Agent Orange. Na faia se nofoaga fou e asiasi ma auupega i fafo atu, ma sa avea muamua le au Nazis ma pule o le ofisa fou e taua o le NASA.
Mafaufauga le tumau, mafaufauga taua e le faatuaoia, ma mafaufauga taua o le taua lea sa ufitia ai e le saienisi ma tekinolosi le oti ma puapuaga, na o uma mainstream. Ina ua talanoa le sa avea ma Nazi i le 'aiga o le aoauli a tamaʻitaʻi i le Rochester Junior Chamber of Commerce i le 1953, o le ulutala o le mea na tupu o le "Buzz Bomb Mastermind to address Jaycees Today." E le manaia tele lena mea ia matou, ae masalo na faateia ai se tasi e nofo i Amerika i taimi uma aʻo leʻi oo i le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi. Matamata i lenei Walt Disney polokalame televise featuring a former Nazi who worked slaves to death in a cave building rockets. Before long, President Dwight Eisenhower would be lamenting that “the total influence — economic, political, even spiritual — is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government.” Eisenhower was not referring to Nazism but to the power of the military-industrial complex. Yet, when asked whom he had in mind in remarking in the same speech that “public policy could itself become the captive of a scientific-technological elite,” Eisenhower named two scientists, one of them the former Nazi in the Disney video linked above.
O le filifiliga e tuʻuina atu 1,600 o Hitler i le saienisi-faʻatekonolosi i le militeri a Amerika na aveina e le fefe o le USSR, e talafeagai uma ma o le iʻuga o le taufaʻaleaga fefe. O le filifiliga na faʻasolosolo ile taimi ma na mafua mai ile tele o mafaufau sese. Peitai na taofi le tupe faatasi ma le Peresetene Harry S Truman. Henry Wallace, le pule a Truman o se sui-peresitene lea tatou te fia vaai faalemafaufau o le a taialaina ai le lalolagi i se tulaga e sili atu nai lo Truman faia e avea ma peresitene, na tulei Truman e faafaigaluega a le Nazis o se polokalame galuega. E lelei mo fai pisinisi Amerika, fai mai a matou toa alualu i luma. Na finau le auvaʻa a Truman, ae o Truman na filifili. Ina ua lauiloa vaega o le Operation Paperclip, o le American Federation of Scientists, Albert Einstein, ma isi na unaʻia Truman e faamuta. Nuclear physicist Hans Bethe ma lana paaga Henri Sack fesili ia Truman:
"O le mea moni e faapea o tagata Siamani mafai ona laveaʻi le malo miliona miliona o lona uiga o le nofo tumau ma sitiseni mafai faatau? E mafai e le Iunaite Setete ona faalagolago i le [saienitisi Siamani] e galue mo le filemu pe a le mafai ona avea lo latou inoino ita i tagata Rusia e ono fesoasoani e faateleina le eseesega i le va o malo sili? Na fai le taua e faʻatagaina ai le talitonuga a Nazi i totonu o tatou aʻoaʻoga ma faʻasaienisi faʻavae i le faitotoʻa i tua? Matou te mananaʻo i saienisi i soʻo se tau? ”
I le 1947 Operation Paperclip, sa laititi lava, sa i ai i se lamatiaga o le faateʻa. Nai lo lena, Truman suia le US militeri ma le National Security Act, ma fausiaina le sili lagolago e mafai ona Faagaioia Paperclip: CIA. Ua amata nei le polokalame, ua maeʻa ma le loto i ai ma le malamalama atoa ma le malamalama o le Peresetene Amerika e toʻatasi sa ia faʻalauiloa o ia e avea ma senatoa, a fai e malo le au Rusia, e tatau ona fesoasoani i tagata Siamani, ma le isi itu, ia mautinoa le toʻatele o tagata e ono oti, o le peresitene lava lea e tasi na paʻu le lua pomu i le taulaga o Iapani, o le peresitene lava lea e tasi na aumaia le taua i Korea, o le taua e aunoa ma le tautinoga, o taua faalilolilo, o le tumau o le malo o faavae, o le militeri faalilolilo i mea uma mataupu, o le au peresitene o le malo, ma le militeli-alamanuia lavelave. O le US Chemical Warfare Service na ia faia le suʻesuʻega a Siamani vailaʻau i le faʻaiʻuga o le taua o se auala e faʻaauau ai pea i ai. George Merck na faʻamaonia uma e le au faʻafau faʻafefe mea tau osofaʻiga mo le militeli ma faʻatau atu ai fitafita i tui puipui e faʻatautaia ai. Taua o pisinisi ma pisinisi o le a lelei mo taimi umi mulimuli ane.
But how big a change did the United States go through after World War II, and how much of it can be credited to Operation Paperclip? Isn’t a government that would give immunity to both Nazi and Japanese war criminals in order to learn their criminal ways already in a bad place? As one of the defendants argued in trial at Nuremberg, the U.S. had already engaged in its own experiments on humans using almost identical justifications to those offered by the Nazis. If that defendant had been aware, he could have pointed out that the U.S. was in that very moment engaged in such experiments in Guatemala. The Nazis had learned some of their eugenics and other nasty inclinations from Americans. Some of the Paperclip scientists had worked in the U.S. before the war, as many Americans had worked in Germany. These were not isolated worlds.
O le a le mea e uiga i le solitulafono o le taua i le tala atu o lona lua, o le le mautonu ma le taua i taua? Ua matou manatu o le Iunaite Setete e le o se sala ona ua suia le au Iapani i le osofaʻiga muamua, ma talu ai na molia ai nisi o le taua na leiloloa. Ae o le faʻamasinoga le faʻamaoni e ono tuʻuaʻia ai foʻi Amerika. O pomu na pa'ū i tagata lautele fasiotia ma manua ma faatamaia sili atu nai lo nofoaga o tolauapiga - o tolauapiga na i Siamani na faataitai i se vaega ina ua uma US tolauapiga mo tagata Amerika moni. Mata e mafai e saienitisi Nazi ona fefiloi i totonu o le militeri a Amerika ona o se faʻalapotopotoga na uma ona faia le mea na ia faia i Filipaina e le manaʻomia tele nazification?
Ae ui i lea, tatou te manatu o le osofaʻiga o taulaga a Iapani ma le atoa o le tulaga o 'aʻai Siamani e le o se mea taua pe a faʻafaigaluegaina le au saienitisi Nazi. Ae o le a le mea e le fiafia ai i tatou e uiga i le au saienisi Nazi? Ou te le manatu e tatau ona sa latou auai i fasioti tagata-fasioti tagata mo le itu sese, o se mea sese paleni i totonu o nisi mafaufau ae o latou mulimuli ane galue mo le fasioti tagata-fasioti tagata e le itu taumatau. Ma ou te le manatu e tatau ona atoa sa latou auai i tagata mamai suʻega o tagata ma faamalosia faamalosia. Ou te manatu o na gaioiga e tatau ona faatiga ai i tatou. Ae e tatau foi ile fausiaina o papa maila e fia afe ola. Ma e tatau ona faʻatiga ia i tatou poʻo ai lava na faia mo.
E fia iloa pe a mafaufau i se sosaiete i se mea i luga o le lalolagi ni tausaga mai le taimi nei. Mata e mafai e se tagata malaga mai ma le taimi ua tuanai i totonu o le militeri a Amerika ona maua sana galuega? E manaʻomia se toe iloiloga? Pe na latou sauaina pagota? Pe na latou osofaʻia tamaiti? Pe na latou atia fale ma faʻapipiʻi tagata lautele i soʻo se atunuʻu? Pe na latou faaaogaina pa pomu? Ua faʻaalu le uranium? Paʻepaʻe fulufulu? Sa latou faigaluega i totonu o le US falepuipui? Faiga faʻapipiʻi nofoaga taofia? Oti laina? O le a le maeʻa o le a manaʻomia se iloiloga? Faamata e i ai ni tulaga o amio-mulimuli-poloaiga-amio e ono talitonuina taliaina? Pe o le a afaina, e le naʻo le mea na faia e le tagata, ae pe faʻapefea o latou mafaufau e uiga i le lalolagi?