Anthu pafupifupi 50 miliyoni ku United States akukhala muumphaŵi lerolino—ndipo anthu oposa 108 miliyoni amapulumuka ndi ndalama zosakwana $55,000 pachaka. Ngakhale kukhala ndi chuma chambiri padziko lapansi, umphawi ku US nthawi zambiri umakhala wankhanza komanso wankhanza. Kuyambira pa mamiliyoni ambiri amene akukhala opanda madzi kapena magetsi odalirika, kufikira kwa ana osaŵerengeka amene amasoŵa chakudya ndi kusowa pokhala. Deta ya umphawi imangowonjezereka pamene mtundu uganiziridwa. Mu 2019, banja loyera lapakati linali ndi ndalama zokwana $188,200, poyerekeza ndi $24,100 ya banja lapakati la Black. Matthew Desmond alowa nawo Lipoti la Chris Hedges kukambirana za buku lake latsopano, Umphawi, ndi Amereka, zomwe zimafufuza zenizeni za umphawi wa ku America osati ngati chikhalidwe chomwe anthu amapeza chifukwa cha zosankha zolakwika, koma chodabwitsa chomwe chimapangidwa ndi zosankha zodziwa ndi zosadziwa za olemera.
Matthew Desmond ndi Maurice P. Panthawi ya Pulofesa wa Sociology pa yunivesite ya Princeton. Zokonda zake zazikulu zophunzitsira ndi kafukufuku zimaphatikizapo chikhalidwe cha anthu akumatauni, umphawi, mtundu ndi mafuko, mabungwe ndi ntchito, chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi ethnography. Mu 2018, Desmond's Eviction Lab ku Yunivesite ya Princeton idasindikiza zolembedwa zopitilira 80 miliyoni zaku America zothamangitsidwa. Labu pakali pano ikuyang'ana mafunso pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri kusanthula deta yomwe ingathandize akatswiri, opanga mfundo, ndi olimbikitsa anthu kumvetsetsa bwino kuthamangitsidwa, kusowa kwa nyumba, ndi umphawi.
Kupanga Situdiyo: David Hebden, Adam Coley, Cameron Granadino
Pambuyo Kupanga: Adam Coley
TRANSCRIPT
Zotsatirazi ndizolemba zofulumira ndipo zitha kukhala ndi zolakwika. Mtundu wosinthidwa udzapezeka posachedwa.
Chris Hedges:
Malinga ndi Center on Poverty and Social Policy ku Columbia University, 14.3% ya aku America, pafupifupi anthu 50 miliyoni, anali muumphawi kuyambira Disembala watha. M’buku lake lakuti Poverty, By America, Matt Desmond analemba kuti: “Ngati osauka a ku America akanakhazikitsa dziko, dziko limenelo likanakhala ndi anthu ambiri kuposa Australia kapena Venezuela.” Pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mwa anthu 38 a ku America, kuphatikizapo mwana mmodzi mwa asanu ndi atatu alionse, amakhala pa umphaŵi. Ku United States kuli anthu oposa 108 miliyoni amene sangakwanitse kugula zinthu zofunika pa moyo, ndipo oposa 55,000 miliyoni amapeza ndalama zokwana madola XNUMX pachaka kapena zocheperapo. Ana athu akusukulu zaboma oposa miliyoni imodzi alibe pokhala, akukhala m’mamotelo, m’galimoto, m’nyumba zogona, ndi nyumba zosiyidwa. Anthu opitilira XNUMX miliyoni aku America alibe madzi opopera kapena chimbudzi chothamangitsira kunyumba. Iye analemba kuti: “Ziwerengero zimenezi n’zoipa kwambiri. Koma zikawonedwa ndi tsankho lokhazikitsidwa ndi mabungwe, amakhala oyipa kwambiri. ”
Mu 2019, banja loyera lapakati linali ndi ndalama zokwana $188,200, poyerekeza ndi $24,100 ya banja lapakati la Black. “Komabe,” monga momwe Desmond akulembera, “kuwononga ndalama pa mapologalamu 13 aakulu kwambiri oyesedwa a dzikolo, thandizo losungidwira anthu a ku America amene ali pansi pa mlingo wakutiwakuti wopeza ndalama, zinachokera pa $1,015 pa munthu chaka chimene Ronald Reagan anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti kufika pa $3,419 munthu chaka chimodzi. mu ulamuliro wa Donald Trump. Ndiko kuwonjezeka kwa 237%. Chifukwa chiyani umphawi pamlingo uwu ulipo chifukwa cha kulemera kwathu? Desmond akutsutsa kuti umphawi ku America si mwangozi. Zili ndi mapangidwe. Iye analemba kuti: “Anthu ambiri a ku America amapindula ndi dongosolo limene limadyera masuku pamutu osauka.”
Kulumikizana nane kuti tikambirane za buku lake, Poverty, lolembedwa ndi America, ndi Matthew Desmond, Pulofesa wa Sociology pa yunivesite ya Princeton. Matt, mumalemba za zomwe mumazitcha kuti ndizovuta pansi, mtundu wa umphawi wadzaoneni womwe umaganiziridwa kuti umakhalapo kumadera akutali okha, a mapazi opanda kanthu ndi matumbo otupa. Ndipo uyu ndi mmodzi mwa anthu 50 aku America omwe salandira ndalama. Ndikungofuna ndiyambire pamenepo. Ngati mungalankhule za zotsatira za umphawi wadzaoneni uwu, zomwe ndiyenera kuwonjezera, kuchokera ku New York Times, zakhala zikutembenuzidwa mosawoneka ndi atolankhani.
Matt Desmond:
Chabwino, ndizabwino kukuwona, Chris. Zikomo pokhala nane. Kwa bukhu langa lomaliza la kuthamangitsidwa, ndimakhala m'madera awiri osauka kwambiri ku Milwaukee ndipo ndinawona umphaŵi umene sindinauwonepo, sindinakhalepo nawo. Ndinawona agogo akukhala opanda kutentha m'nyengo yozizira m'nyumba zoyendayenda, akungounjikidwa pansi pa mabulangete ndikupemphera kuti chotenthetsera mlengalenga chisazime. Zinali zachizoloŵezi kuona ana akuthamangitsidwa. Ngati mudapitako ku khothi lothamangitsidwa, mumangowona ana ambiri akuthamanga kuzungulira makhothi amenewo ndikutulutsidwa m'misewu tsiku lililonse mumzinda ngati Milwaukee. Ndipo kotero ndikuganiza kuti izi zidakulitsa ndikuwunikira zomwe ndikumvetsetsa kuti ndi umphawi waku America lero.
Umphawi umayesedwa ngati mulingo wopeza ndalama, koma, ndiye muchulukitsidwe wamavuto ndi zovuta komanso zochititsa manyazi. Kuopa kuthamangitsidwa. Ikuuza ana anu kuti sangakhale ndi masekondi. Ndi kuzunza okhometsa ngongole. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowawa m'thupi komanso kuwawa kwa mano pamwamba pa kuzunzidwa ndi apolisi, kukhala m'nyumba zosanja. Ndipo mtundu woterewu wamavuto azachuma ndi momwe umphawi ku America ulili lero kwa omwe ali pansi kwambiri.
Chris Hedges:
Eya, ndi chimene Barbara Ehrenreich anachitcha kukhala muumphaŵi: vuto limodzi ladzidzidzi lalitali. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti mudakweza izi m'buku, kuti ili ndi zotsatira zake. Osati zotsatira za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma, komanso zotsatira zakuya zamaganizo ndi zamaganizo chifukwa ndizopweteka nthawi zonse. Koma ichi sichinthu chomwe ndimadziwa ndisanawerenge buku lanu. Chifukwa tili ndi mkangano uwu kuti nthawi zonse timakhala mu mapulogalamu austerity, kuphwanya mapulogalamu. "Tiyenera kuchepetsa bajeti yankhondo," zomwe ndikuganiza kuti timachita. Koma zomwe mukunena ndikuti tachulukitsa ndalama pamapulogalamu oyesedwa 130% pakati pa 1980 ndi 2018, kuchokera pa $ 630 mpaka $ 1,448 pamunthu, koma umphawi wakula. Ndipo ndikulolani kuti mufotokoze chifukwa chake. Nanga ndalamazo zatani?
Matt Desmond:
Kotero ichi ndi chododometsa, ndipo ine ndikufuna kuti nditengepo nthawi pang'ono pa izo ngati ziri bwino ndi inu. Kotero nthawi zambiri pamene anthu awona chododometsa chimenecho, iwo amati, "Chabwino, ndalama zowononga pa umphawi zakwera," koma umphawi wakhala ukupitirirabe kwa zaka zambiri. Mukayang'ana muyeso wowonjezera waumphawi, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, zaka 50 zapitazo, zinali pafupifupi 15%. Zaka 40 pambuyo pake, inali 15%. Wokhazikika kwenikweni. Mulingo wowonjezera waumphawi udatsika pang'ono COVID-XNUMX isanachitike, kenako idagwa panthawi ya mliri chifukwa cha mpumulo wodabwitsa wa mbiri yakalewu kuchokera ku boma. Koma chikuchitika ndi chiyani? Ndipo anthu ena amati, “Chabwino, ngati tikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri koma osathandiza kwenikweni vutoli, mapulogalamuwa sangagwire ntchito,” ndipo izi ndi zabodza. Ndizo zabodza. Pali kafukufuku wambiri wosonyeza kuti mapulogalamu a boma ndi othandiza, ndi ofunika, amalepheretsa mabanja mamiliyoni ambiri ku njala ndi kusowa pokhala chaka chilichonse.
Ndiye chikuchitika ndi chiyani? Kodi chododometsa chimenechi chikufotokoza chiyani? Ndipo chomwe chikufotokozera ndi chakuti msika wa ntchito sikukukokera kulemera kwake ndipo talephera kuthana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosalekeza kwa osauka pamsika wa ntchito, komanso m'misika yanyumba ndi ndalama. Ndiye ngati muyang'ana pamene Nkhondo Yaumphawi inakhazikitsidwa mu Great Society mu 1964, izi zinali ndalama zozama m'mabanja osauka kwambiri ku America, chabwino? Izi zinali kupanga thandizo la chakudya kukhala lokhazikika, kukulitsa chitetezo cha anthu, kukhazikitsa Medicaid. Ndipo mapulogalamu amenewo, zaka 10 pambuyo pake atakhazikitsidwa, adachepetsa umphawi ndi theka, koma sanali kulimbana ndi umphawi okha.
Mmodzi mwa antchito atatu panthawiyo anali m'bungwe. Malipiro enieni anali kuwonjezereka. Munali ndi chitukuko china pamsika wa antchito ndipo gulu la ogwira ntchito linali lamphamvu. Koma pamene ogwira ntchito adataya mphamvu, msika wa ntchito unakula kwambiri, malipiro amatsika, ndipo tsopano tikuyenera kuwononga zambiri kuti tikhalebe pamalo omwewo. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti izi ndizofunikira kwa ife omwe timasamala kuthetsa umphawi ku America lero chifukwa zikutanthauza kuti sitingofunika ndalama zozama. Timafunikira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimaduladi umphawi.
Chris Hedges:
Chabwino, mukuwonetsanso kuti momwe ndalamazi zimagawidwira zasintha kwambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa Clinton kwa dongosolo lazaumoyo kunatanthauza kuti ndalamazo zidatumizidwa kumayiko. Ndipo mudawona m'bukhulo osati momwe zimakhalira zovuta komanso zovuta kufunsira thandizo, koma mudazindikira kuti ndalama zopitilira biliyoni zachitetezo cha anthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito osati kupangitsa anthu olumala, koma kupeza maloya kuti athe kulumala. .
Matt Desmond:
Kulondola. Ndinaphunzira izi pamene mnzanga Wu anali kudutsa ndondomekoyi. Ine ndi Wu tinkakhala limodzi ku Milwaukee ndipo adaponda msomali m'chipinda chophwanyika chomwe tinkakhala m'nyumba yogonamo, ndipo mwendo wake unadwala. Ndipo ali ndi matenda a shuga ndipo matendawo adakula chifukwa cha izi, ndipo madotolo adamudula mwendo. Anali m'modzi mwa anyamata olimbikira kwambiri omwe ndimawadziwa. Anali mlonda. Nthawi zambiri ankagwira ntchito maulendo awiri, anali kunja kwa maola onse a usiku, koma sakanatha kugwira ntchito atatenga mwendo wake. Ndiye tinafunsira limodzi kulumala ndipo pempholo linakanidwa. Ndipo kwa Wu, ichi chinali chinthu chachilendo. Iye anali ngati, “Chabwino, ine ndiyenera kubwereka loya tsopano.” Ndipo pogwira ntchito mwadzidzidzi, loya adamenyera nkhondo Wu. Ndipo ngati apambana, amapeza ndalama zobwezera kumbuyo. Izi ndi zomwe zidamuchitikira mnzanga.
Wu adalandira ndalama zokwana $3,600. Anaigwiritsa ntchito pogula galimoto yoyenda pa njinga ya olumala yomwe inayenda kwa zaka zingapo kenako n’kupsa ndi moto. Ndipo loya wake anatenga $400. Wu sanagonepo chifukwa cha izi, koma zinali zovuta kuti ndizindikire kuti chaka chilichonse, madola biliyoni, biliyoni okhala ndi B, samapita kwa anthu ngati Wu, sichoncho? Zimapita kwa maloya kuti athandize anthu ngati Wu kukhala olumala. Ndipo kotero gawo la chinsinsi, gawo la chododometsa, ndi chakuti dola mu bajeti ya feduro sikutanthauza dola m'manja mwa banja.
Chris Hedges:
Chabwino, inunso kulemba m'buku mmene ndalama kuti akuyenera kupita osauka amapatutsidwa ndi mayiko makamaka.
Matt Desmond:
Inde. Ndichoncho. Chifukwa chake ngati muyang'ana zandalama, Thandizo Losakhalitsa kwa Mabanja Osowa, kapena TANF, iyi ndi pulogalamu yayikulu. Ndi pafupifupi $32 biliyoni pachaka ndipo ndi thandizo la block, yomwe ndi njira yabwino, yodabwitsa yonenera, "Chabwino, akuti. Nazi ndalama zomwe mungasankhe kugwiritsa ntchito. Ndipo anthu, mayiko ali ndi luso kwambiri pa momwe amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zothandizira zaumoyo. Maine amawagwiritsa ntchito kupereka ndalama m'misasa yachikhristu yachilimwe. Mayiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito ndalamazo kuthandizira maphunziro oletsa kuchotsa mimba, mapologalamu odziletsa, zomangira ukwati, zinthu zimene zilibe kanthu kochita ndi kuthandiza ana osauka kwambiri ndi makolo osauka kwambiri.
Ndipo mayiko ena sawononga nkomwe ndalamazo. Chifukwa chake nthawi yomaliza yomwe ndidayang'ana, Tennessee anali atakhala pa $700 miliyoni m'ndalama zothandizira anthu osagwiritsidwa ntchito. Hawaii anali atakhazikika kwambiri, amatha kupatsa mwana wosauka aliyense m'boma lawo $10,000. Ndipo kotero inu mukulondola. Chifukwa tagawira ndalama izi m'njira zomwe sizipereka boma, boma la federal, ngati kuyang'anira, mayiko agwiritsa ntchito izi m'njira zomwe sizikhudza mabanja osauka kwambiri ndi malire awo.
Chris Hedges:
Kodi muli ndi lingaliro loti chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chiyani mungakhale pa $ 700 miliyoni yomwe iyenera kupita kwa osauka?
Matt Desmond:
Ndi funso labwino. Ndikutanthauza, ndizovuta kuganiza kuti izi zidachitika mwangozi, sichoncho? Dziko lirilonse limachita izi kupatula Kentucky. Kentucky ndiye dziko lokhalo mdzikolo lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake zambiri zothandizira mabanja osowa. Koma m'maiko ena ambiri, zikuwonekeratu kuti $ 1 yoperekedwa kuti ithandizire ndalama, masenti 22 okha amathera m'matumba osauka, ndipo ndizovuta kuwerenga izi ngati ngozi. Ndizovuta kuwerenga kuti ngati chinthu china osati mwa mapangidwe ndi mtundu wa kusamvera boma mothandizidwa ndi boma, ndi kunyalanyaza kuchepetsa kuvutika kwa mabanja osauka kwambiri m'dzikoli.
Chris Hedges:
Ndikufuna kupita ku American Enterprise Institute. Ali ndi masitepe atatu kuti apewe umphawi ndipo ndi awa: kumaliza maphunziro a kusekondale, kupeza ntchito yanthawi zonse, kudikirira mpaka mutalowa m'banja kuti mukhale ndi ana, ndiyeno njirazi zimatchedwa Kupambana Kwambiri. Ndiyeno mmodzi mwa maphunziro awo anapeza kuti 2% yokha ya anthu omwe amamaliza ndondomekoyi anali osauka mu 2007, poyerekeza ndi 76% ya anthu omwe anaphwanya malamulo awo atatu. Ndikutanthauza, mudang'amba zomwe zili, koma izi ndi zonyenga zachikale. Ndiko komwe kuli ndi mfumukazi zazaumoyo. Koma fotokozani zomwe akuchita komanso zomwe zili zenizeni.
Matt Desmond:
Ndikanakonda zikanakhala zosavuta. Ndikuterodi. Ndikukhumba kuti zonse zomwe tinkafunika kuchita ndikutsata njira zitatuzi. Zimasokoneza pang'ono chifukwa izi ndi zomwe timauza ana athu. “Gwirani ntchito molimbika, phunzirani zolimba, kumaliza sukulu ya sekondale, kuleka kukhala ndi ana kwa kanthaŵi,” ndipo ndikuona kuti limenelo ndi uphungu wabwino wa makolo. Koma uphungu wabwino wakulera suli kwenikweni malingaliro abwino a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndipo pamene muyang'ana mu deta, mumazindikira kuti zambiri zomwe zimapindula zimangoyendetsedwa ndi kupeza ntchito yanthawi zonse.
Chris Hedges:
Eya.
Matt Desmond:
Ngati mukupeza ntchito yanthawi zonse, ndi njira yowonekera bwino yochotsera umphawi nthawi zina. Koma ngati muyang'ana deta, anthu ambiri amatsatira Kupambana Kwambiri kuposa omwe anali osauka. Ndipo kusiyana pakati pa anthu akuda aku America omwe amatsatira malamulo ndi a White American omwe adatero, pali kusiyana kwakukulu. Anthu akuda satha kuthawa umphawi, ngakhale atayang'ana mabokosi onse atatuwo. Ndipo ndimangoganiza ngati munthu yemwe amakhala nthawi yayitali m'malo osauka omwe ali ndi abale ndi abwenzi okondedwa omwe akulimbana ndi umphawi, kwa anthu omwe akumana ndi zovuta kuyambira kubadwa, kuwapempha kuti angopeza ntchito yabwino ndikungochedwetsa kukhala nawo. ana, ndi mtundu wa kuwafunsa kukhala ndi moyo wosiyana nthawi zina.
Ndipo sindikuganiza kuti timapeputsa kufunika kwa ntchito kapena maphunziro kapena ukwati tikamanena kuti, “Izi sizichepetsako.” Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti kufanana kwapadziko lonse kwa ine kukunenadi. Tili ndi umphawi wochuluka kwambiri kuposa mayiko ambiri a anzathu. Ndipo sichifukwa chakuti anthu aku Germany kapena South Korea kapena Canada akugwira ntchito molimbika kapena akutsata malamulo bwino kuposa ife. Pali china chakuya mudongosolo lathu chomwe chiyenera kuthetsedwa.
Chris Hedges:
Panali mfundo yochititsa chidwi yomwe mudapanga m'buku la kapena kutsutsa chiphunzitsochi, chiphunzitso chachuma ichi chomwe chimati kukweza malipiro ocheperako kumabweretsa ulova wapamwamba, ndipo munakhala ngati imploded chiphunzitsocho. Fotokozani.
Matt Desmond:
Chifukwa chake izi zakhala nkhawa kwa ambiri aife kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo zidayamba ndi 40s. Panali katswiri wina wa zachuma dzina lake George Stigler ndipo anati, “Taonani, sitingakweze malipiro ochepa chifukwa izi ziwononga ntchito. Ngati ndinu abwana ndipo mukuyenera kulipira antchito anu ndalama zambiri, muwalemba ntchito ochepa.” Ndipo iye analemba pepala pa izo ndipo izo zinakhala ngati zovomerezeka mu zachuma. Koma mukamawerenga pepalalo, mumazindikira kuti palibe deta papepala. Zinali ngati chiphunzitso chokongola ndipo zimakhala zomveka. Mukamva, mumati, "Chabwino, ndizomveka." Koma mu 1994, akatswiri azachuma angapo ku Princeton, adazindikira kuti pali kuyesa kwachilengedwe komwe kukuchitika. New Jersey imati ikweze malipiro ake ochepera ndipo Pennsylvania sanali, ndipo iwo anati, “Chabwino, tiyeni tiyese malingaliro a Stigler. Tiyeni tiwone ngati akulondola,” ndipo zinapezeka kuti anali kulakwitsa.
Zinapezeka kuti panali ntchito zambiri, makamaka, ku New Jersey osati ku Pennsylvania. Chifukwa chake, sikuti New Jersey idataya ntchito zambiri. Icho chinawapindula iwo. Ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo ... ndipo pepalalo linatuluka mu 1994, lomwe ndi pepala lodziwika bwino ... akatswiri azachuma achita kafukufuku wambiri akuyang'ana zotsatira za kukweza malipiro ochepa pantchito. Ndipo maphunziro abwino kwambiri apeza kuti zotsatira zake ndizochepa. Sitingathe kukweza malipiro ochepera popanda kuwononga ntchito mdziko muno. Ndipo kachiwiri, ngati mutayang'ana ku Denmark, munthu yemwe akugubuduza ma burgers kumeneko amalipidwa kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa munthu yemwe akugwedeza ma burgers kuno, ndipo mwanjira ina dziko lawo silinawonongeke. Ndipo kotero inenso ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kufunsa funso lina lachidziwitso lokhudza malipiro ochepa, zomwe zimachitika tikapanda kutero? Timawononga chiyani anthu. Timawawonongera moyo, banja ndi thanzi. Timawatengera kukhala moyo wonse m'dziko lolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndikuganiza kuti ndi funso lina lomwe ndiyenera kulifunsanso.
Chris Hedges:
Chabwino, muli ndi khalidwe. Ndikutanthauza, mumangoganizira zomwe zimachitika pamene malipiro ake ochepa amakwezedwa malinga ndi moyo wake, ponena za kupsinjika maganizo, kuthekera kukhala ndi banja, zonsezi monga momwe mukusonyezera. Mumabwereranso m'bukuli kufunikira kokweza malipiro, komanso mabungwe. Ndipo ndithudi anthu ambiri m'mabungwe ndi ozimitsa moto, anamwino, apolisi, antchito ena a boma. Pafupifupi onse ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe apadera, omwe ndi 94%, alibe mgwirizano. Ndipo ndimadabwa ngati mutha kungoyankha zomwe zikutanthawuza kwa ogwira ntchito ndi osauka omwe akugwira ntchito, komanso lingaliro ili lomwe mabizinesi osalumikizana, monga akatswiri odana ndi mgwirizano amanenera, amakhala opindulitsa mwanjira ina.
Matt Desmond:
Ndiye ngati muyang'ana m'mbiri yamakono ndikufunsa kuti, "Ndi liti pamene nthawi yabwino kwambiri pazachuma m'dziko lathu inali iti? Kodi malipiro a CEO analamulira liti ndi kukwera kwa antchito?" Izi zinali m'zaka za m'ma 70s, ndipo ndi pamene mphamvu za ogwira ntchito zinali pamlingo wake, pamene mabungwe anali ndi mphamvu zawo zonse ku America. Ndipo imeneyo sinali nthawi yabwino mwanjira iliyonse. Ndikutanthauza, tiyenera kuthana ndi mfundo yakuti mabungwe ambiri anali atsankho. Analetsa anthu akuda ndi a Latino m'magulu awo, koma adachitanso zabwino zambiri kuti akweze malipiro a udindo ndi mafayilo, kuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito osauka kwambiri komanso kuphatikizapo anthu omwe ali m'masitolo omwe sali ogwirizana, chabwino? Chifukwa ngati mukugwira ntchito mu shopu ya mgwirizano ndipo kutsidya lina la msewu kunali shopu yosagwirizana, anyamata osagwirizana anali ngati, "Man, Chris abwera. Palibe njira yomwe antchito anga azindigwirira ntchito ngati sinditsatira mfundo za bungweli. "
Koma ogwira ntchito atataya mphamvu, pomwe mabungwe amawukiridwa pomwe opanga akuchoka mdzikolo ndipo mabungwe adataya mphamvu zawo zachikhalidwe, mphamvu za ogwira ntchito zidapunthwa, ndipamene mudawona kukweza malipiro akuluwa kwa anthu olemera kwambiri aku America mdzikolo, ndipo ndipamene mudawona malipiro. kuyamba kuyimirira. Kotero pakati pa 1945 ndi 1979, malipiro enieni, malipiro osinthidwa ndi inflation, amawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 2% chaka chilichonse. Ndiye munali ndi ntchito. Munali ndi mwayi wopita patsogolo. Malipiro anu amakwera chaka chilichonse. Munali ndi zopindulitsa zina. Koma kuyambira 1979, malipiro enieni amangowonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 0.3% pachaka. Ndipo kwa amuna opanda digiri ya ku koleji, malipiro awo osinthidwa ndi kutsika kwa mitengo lerolino ndi ocheperapo kusiyana ndi zaka 50 zapitazo. Izi ziyenera kuthetsedwa. Tiyenera kuthana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'misika yantchito. Ndipo tikapanda kutero, tikhala ngati tili pamalo ano pomwe tikugwiritsa ntchito zambiri kuti tikhale pamalo amodzi.
Chris Hedges:
Ndipo izi zikuwukitsa mfundo yomwe mukunena m’bukhulo kuti pamene simukulipirira antchito ngakhale malipiro ochepera, si ntchito imene imalepheretsa ogwira ntchito amene amalipidwa movutikira ku umphaŵi, koma boma. Kenako ndinangodabwa ngati mungafotokoze zomwe mumazitcha kuti malo antchito atsopano ophwanyidwa?
Matt Desmond:
Inde. Si nthawi yanga. Izo zakhalapo kwa kanthawi mu chikhalidwe sayansi. Koma kwenikweni, zikutanthauza kuti panali nthawi yomwe ngati mutagwira ntchito ku Ford, mumagwira ntchito ku Ford. Ford inasaina malipiro anu ndipo munali wantchito wa Ford. Koma lero, ngati mungayang'ane Apple ndi Google ndi mabungwe athu ambiri akulu masiku ano, anthu ambiri omwe amagwira ntchito m'mabungwe amenewo sagwira ntchito ku Apple ndi Google. Ndi makontrakitala odziyimira pawokha ndipo pali mitundu iwiri ya ntchito. Pali akatswiri opanga mapulogalamu ndi mabwana amakampani ndi maloya, ndipo amagwira ntchito ku Google ndipo pali zopindulitsa zamphamvu, malipiro amphamvu. Koma pali makontrakitala ambiri odziyimira pawokha omwe chipinda chopititsira patsogolo chimakhala cholimba, nthawi zina zosatheka. Malipiro nthawi zambiri amakhala osasunthika. Zopindulitsa palibe kwenikweni.
Ndipo iyi ndi njira yopezera malo ogwirira ntchito opindulitsa kwambiri, koma omwe amawononga ndalama kwa anthu onse omwe ndi antchito athu a gig. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti tikaganizira zachuma cha gig, nthawi zambiri timaganiza za Uber ndi Lyft ndi TaskRabbit ndi DoorDash, malo omwe timalumikizana kwenikweni ndi chuma cha gig. Koma pali ogwira ntchito m'mayunivesite ndi zipatala ndi ntchito za hardhat. Ndi gawo lalikulu modabwitsa komanso lomwe likukula kwambiri pachuma chathu pano.
Chris Hedges:
Ndipo tiyenera kumveketsa bwino, wogwira ntchito pamasewera, mulibe zopindulitsa. Mulibe chitetezo pantchito. Mulibe inshuwaransi yazaumoyo. Ndinali gawo chabe la kumenyedwa kwa adjuncts, ku Rutgers. Muli ndi anthu omwe akuphunzitsa zambiri zamaphunziro akuyesera kukhala ndi $28,000 pachaka. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe ndidapeza zosangalatsa kwambiri m'bukuli, zomwe sindimadziwa kuti zinali zowona kwa ogwira ntchito otsika, ndi momwe olemba ntchito amavutikira kuti ogwira ntchito azipita kuntchito zina, kuti akagwire ntchito zabwino, powauza kuti asaine izi. mapangano osawululira.
Matt Desmond:
Inde. Izi zinandidabwitsanso kwambiri. Ndiye tinene kuti mukugwira ntchito ku Subway Sandwiches, ndipo mwakhala mukugwira ntchito kumeneko kwa zaka zingapo ndipo muli ndi luso lambiri pantchito yamtunduwu, ndipo mukufuna kutengera luso lanu ku Jimmy Johns pansi. msewu kapena deli ina ndi mtundu ntchito ogwira ntchito mphamvu. Mphamvu yosiya kuti mupeze ntchito zabwino. Makampani ambiri akupanga zotsika, zolipira zochepa, zolipidwa movutikira, ndiyenera kunena kuti, ogwira ntchito amasaina mapangano osawulula izi komanso mapangano osapikisana akuti, “Simungapite kukapeza ntchito ina kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mutasiya ntchito. .” Ndipo mwachiwonekere, uku ndikuteteza chuma chanzeru. Koma nthawi zambiri, mabizinesi amawagwiritsa ntchito kuti anyengerere ndikukankhira pansi mphamvu za ogwira ntchito. Ndipo kotero, kachiwiri, sitingathe kuthetsa umphawi m'dziko muno ngati sitipeza njira yowonjezera mphamvu za ogwira ntchito m'magulu onse.
Chris Hedges:
Algorithms. Mukunena kuti atsimikizira kuti ndi mabwana ovuta kuposa anthu, zomwe ndikuganiza kuti aliyense amene awerenga chilichonse chokhudza Amazon amvetsetsa, komanso kupsinjika. Koma lankhulani za momwe ma algorithms amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso malipiro ochepa.
Matt Desmond:
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe tikuwona ndi momwe ma aligorivimu ndi ukadaulo wina wa AI umagwiritsidwiradi ntchito kuyeza zokolola za ogwira ntchito poyeza kuchuluka kwa kudina kwa mbewa ndi makiyi, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito masensa otentha ndi ukadaulo wina waukadaulo kuti ukhale wokhazikika komanso osatha. kupumula, limenelo ndi diso losaphethira, yang'anani antchito. Ndipo mutha kuganiza, "Chabwino, ogwira ntchito pansi pamlingo wolipira okha ndi omwe amakhudzidwa ndi izi," koma sizowona. Nyuzipepala ya New York Times inali ndi lipoti lolimba mtima limene linasonyeza kuti abusa a m’malo osamalira odwala, ochiritsa odwala, nawonso ali pansi pa maulamuliro ameneŵa. Chifukwa chake ogwira ntchito ataya mphamvu, koma makampani apanga zopanga, ndipo ndiye tanthauzo lachikale lakugwiritsa ntchito masuku pamutu.
Chris Hedges:
Muli ndi mutu womwe umatchedwa Momwe Timakakamiza Osauka Kuti Alipire Zambiri, ndipo ndimadabwa ngati mungafotokoze momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito, kuphatikiza zomwe mumatcha zipululu zanyumba, zotsatira za chindapusa cha overdraft, cheke masitolo ogulitsa ndalama, kukana ngongole, ngongole zolipira, izi mtundu wa kuphatikizika kolanda.
Matt Desmond:
Inde. Chifukwa chake ndagwiritsapo ntchito mawu oti "exploitation" kangapo pokambirana kwathu. Ndipo kwa ena, awa ndi mawu owopsa., Koma kwa ine zimangotanthauza kuti ngati mulibe zosankha zambiri, anthu akhoza kukugwiritsani ntchito. Ndipo ife tonse takhala mu mkhalidwe umenewu, ziribe kanthu malo athu m’moyo. Takhala tikukhala mumkhalidwe wovuta ndipo timangoyenera kulipira. Koma kwa mabanja osauka, ndi mtundu wa kukhalapo kwawo. Ndipo mwachitsanzo, pamene muyang’ana pa nyumba, mabanja ambiri osauka ali ndi chosankha chimodzi chokha ponena za kumene angakhale. Amatsekeredwa kunja kwa eni nyumba, osati chifukwa sangakwanitse kubwereketsa, koma mabanki sakufuna kuchita nawo bizinesi, ndipo atsekeredwa m'nyumba za anthu chifukwa tilibe phindu lokwanira. kuzungulira. Ndipo mndandanda wodikirira nyumba za anthu tsopano sunawerengedwe zaka. Imawerengedwa zaka makumi angapo.
Kotero iwo ali ndi kusankha kumodzi. Amachita lendi kwa eni nyumba, ndipo ngati ali ndi umphawi wambiri, amawononga ndalama zambiri pogula nyumba. Ndipo ngati muyang’ana malire a phindu la eni nyumba m’dziko lonselo, mumazindikira kuti amene akugwira ntchito m’madera osauka samangopanga zochuluka, koma kaŵirikaŵiri akupanga kuŵirikiza. Eni nyumba ndi madera olemera, ndipo chifukwa chake ndi chomveka bwino. Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito m'madera osauka ndizotsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi zomwe zili m'madera olemera, koma lendi si yotsika kwambiri. Ndipo umu ndi momwe osauka akulipirira nyumba zambiri. Kumene ngati muyang'ana pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, chaka chilichonse, $ 11 biliyoni m'malipiro a overdraft, $ 1.6 biliyoni m'malipiro a ndalama za cheke, pafupifupi $ 10 biliyoni m'malipiro a ngongole a tsiku lolipira amachotsedwa m'matumba a osauka. Izi ndi $61 miliyoni mu chindapusa ndi chindapusa tsiku lililonse. Chifukwa chake James Baldwin atanena kuti kukhala wosauka kumakwera mtengo bwanji, sakanatha kuganiza za malisiti awa.
Ndipo ine ndikufuna kukhala ngati kubweretsa izi pamlingo waumwini ndi ife. Ndani amapindula ndi izi? Ndani amapindula? Ndiye ngati muyang'ana pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, mabanki ena ndi makampani obwereketsa tsiku lolipira amapindula, koma ambiri aife timatero chifukwa maakaunti athu owerengera kwaulere sali aulere. Zikuoneka kuti amathandizidwa ndi chindapusa chonsecho ndi zolipiritsa zomwe zaunjikidwa kumbuyo kwa osauka. Ndi 9% yokha yamakasitomala aku banki omwe amalipira 84% ya chindapusa cha overdraft. Iwo ndi osauka opangidwa kuti alipire pa umphawi wawo. Kotero uku ndi kusuntha kwina komwe ndikuyesera kupanga m'bukuli. Ndi za ndondomeko, ndi za mayendedwe, ndi za ndale, komanso zaumwini. Ndi za zisankho zambiri zomwe timapanga tsiku lililonse komanso momwe timalumikizirana ndi vuto ndi yankho.
Chris Hedges:
Chabwino, izi zimafika pa misonkho ya anthu apakati ndi olemera. $ 1.8 thililiyoni pakupuma msonkho. Ndiko kuchotsera chiwongola dzanja chanyumba. Izi zimalola anthu aku America 13 miliyoni kuti asunge $24.7 miliyoni, ndipo mumachitcha kuti dziko losawoneka bwino. Ndipo izi zimafika pamfundo yomwe mumangopanga, kuti omwe ali ndi njira ndi omwe amapindula ndikupindula ndi dongosolo lino. Chifukwa ngati misonkho ija kulibe ndipo ndalamazo zidalunjikitsidwa kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo, zikanathandiza kwambiri kuthetsa umphawi ku United States.
Matt Desmond:
Inde. Ndikutanthauza, ambiri aife sitiganiza zopuma misonkho ngati pulogalamu ya boma, ndipo ndimapeza. "Misonkho iyenera kuvulaza," adatero Reagan, ndipo amatero mdzikolo. Koma ngati mukuganiza za izi, kupuma msonkho ndi voucher yothandizira nyumba, ndizofanana. Onse amawononga ndalama zaboma. Onse anaika ndalama m’thumba mwathu. Onse awiri amapindulitsa banja. Ndipo chifukwa chake ntchito yomanga nyumba za nsanjika 15 ndi nyumba yobwereketsa yakunja kwatawuni zonse zimathandizidwa ndi boma, koma m'modzi yekha amawoneka ndikumva choncho. Ndipo izi zidandikhumudwitsa kwambiri nditawerengera zomwe boma likutichitira.
Ngati muwonjezera misonkho yonse ndi mapulogalamu onse a inshuwalansi ya anthu, ndi njira zonse zoyesedwa monga masitampu a chakudya ndi Medicaid, mumaphunzira kuti chaka chilichonse, banja lapakati pa 20% ya kugawa ndalama, mabanja athu osauka kwambiri, amapeza pafupifupi $26,000 kuchokera ku boma. Koma mabanja ambiri omwe ali pamwamba pa 20%, mabanja athu olemera kwambiri, amapeza pafupifupi $35,000 chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku boma. Ndiko pafupifupi kusiyana kwa 40%. Ndilo chikhalidwe chenicheni cha umoyo wathu. Timapereka zambiri kwa mabanja omwe ali ndi zochuluka kale, ndiyeno timakhala olimba mtima kuyang'ana pulogalamu yomwe ingachepetse umphawi wa ana, kapena kuwonetsetsa kuti aliyense atha kukhala ndi dokotala, ndipo timangofunsa kuti, "Tingakwanitse bwanji?" lomwe kwa ine ndi funso lochimwa komanso funso losaona mtima chifukwa yankho likutiyang'ana pamaso pomwe. Tikhoza kukwanitsa ngati olemera kwambiri pakati pathu atatenga zochepa kuchokera ku boma.
Chris Hedges:
Kulondola. Ndipo ndinu omveka bwino kuti zipani ziwiri za ndale sizikufuna kukokera misonkho yamtunduwu m'boma losawoneka bwino chifukwa cha ndale. Ndipo mwaitanitsa kampeni yothetsa umphawi poyang'anizana ndi dongosolo lachinyengo lotere. Mukufuna chiyani? Kodi mukuganiza kuti tingatani kuti tichoke m’chiwonongeko chimenechi?
Matt Desmond:
Kulondola. Chifukwa chake tikufunika ndalama zozama polimbana ndi umphawi komanso njira yomveka yopezera ndalama zozama izi ndi chilungamo chamisonkho. Kafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa zaka zingapo zapitazo adapeza kuti ngati 1% yapamwamba ya anthu aku America adangolipira misonkho yomwe adabwereka, osapereka misonkho yochulukirapo, adangosiya kuthawa misonkho mopambana, ife monga dziko titha kukweza $ 175 biliyoni pachaka. Ndizokwanira kukhazikitsanso ngongole yamisonkho ya ana yomwe tinali nayo ku COVID yomwe idachepetsa umphawi wa ana pafupifupi theka m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. $ 175 biliyoni ndiyokwanira kukokera aliyense pamwamba pa mzere waumphawi. Choncho tili ndi zothandizira. Tikhoza kuchita izi. Ndipo sizinthu zakuya zokha, komabe, zomwe timafunikira. Timafunikira mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana. Tikufuna ndondomeko zomwe zimadula umphawi pachiyambi. Ndipo izi ndikupeza njira zowonjezerera mphamvu za ogwira ntchito ndikukulitsa zisankho za mabanja kuti asapeze njira yabwino kwambiri iyi ikafika komwe amakhala komanso momwe angapezere ndalama ndi ngongole zawo. Choncho tiyenera kuthana ndi kudyerana masuku pamutu pa ntchito, nyumba, ndi m’misika yandalama.
Ndiyeno kusuntha kwachitatu ndikuti tiyenera kugwetsa makoma athu. Ambiri aife tikukhalabe m’mabungwe opatukana modabwitsa. Timamanga makoma kuzungulira madera athu opangidwa ndi malamulo, ndipo timakhala ndi mwayi kumbuyo kwa makomawo. Ndipo izo zimayang'ana kulemera, koma zimalimbikitsanso umphawi. Ndipo kotero tiyenera kuyesetsa ndi kugwirira ntchito madera ophatikizana, omasuka. Ndiko kusuntha kwachitatu komwe tiyenera kupanga. Ndipo iyi ndi polojekiti yandale. Ndi pulojekiti yamalamulo, koma ndi yanunso. Othetsa umphawi amayesetsa kugwirira ntchito zomwe amasankha ogula, zisankho zawo zachuma. Iwo amachita zinthu ngati vie ndi kumenyera boma lomwe limapanga ndalama zozama m'mabanja osauka kwambiri ku America, ndipo iwo ndi odana ndi tsankho komanso odana ndi mazunzo. Ndipo ndicho chinthu chaumwini chomwe tonse titha kuchita tsiku ndi tsiku kuti tiyambe kupanga zofuna zandale kuti tipangitsedi kukakamizidwa kumveka pamaboma apamwamba.
Chris Hedges:
Zabwino. Ameneyo anali Matt Desmond m'buku lake, Poverty, lolembedwa ndi America. Ndikufuna kuthokoza Real News Network ndi gulu lake lopanga, Cameron Granadino, Adam Coley, David Hebden, ndi Kayla Rivara.
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