Zinakambidwa pabwalo la anthu, ‘Media and the War on Iraq’ lokonzedwa ndi Asian Regional Exchange for New Alternatives, Hong Kong.

Mutu wanga kwenikweni ndi propaganda zankhondo ndi ufumu. Ndisanalowe mu mbiriyakale yake, ndikufuna kunena chinachake. Utolankhani wophatikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe chamalingaliro. Simukuyenera kuyenda ndi gulu lankhondo kuti mukhale mtolankhani wokhazikika. Pakati pa 1965 ndi 1975, panali atolankhani aku America 5,000 ku Saigon, ndipo sanaimvetse bwino nkhaniyi. Palibe m'modzi mwa anyamata osaphatikizidwawa omwe adakwanitsa kunena nkhani yowona ya Zochitika za Gulf of Tonkin kwa zaka pafupifupi khumi. Chifukwa chake "kuphatikizidwa" ndi malingaliro, mutha kukhala pafupi ndi PC yanu muofesi yanu ku Oklahoma kapena kulikonse ndikukhala mtolankhani wophatikizidwa. Sindikudziwa ngati ma network omwe alipo kapena ma conglomerates angalole mwachitsanzo Al Jazeera kuwonetsedwa m'maiko awo m'dzina lakuyenda kwaulere. Ndikufuna kuwona izi zikuchitika, ndikufuna kuti Al Jazeera ipezeke kwa onse owonera kontinentiyo. Kodi zidzachitika liti?

Mawu oti "ophatikizidwa" malinga ndi utolankhani wophatikizidwa, ndi nthawi yosangalatsa, tibwereranso ku izi. Koma muli nawo m'dziko lino, ku Hong Kong mu 1975, nkhani yopangidwa ndi Barry Zorthian yemwe anali mkulu wa JUSPAO, Ofesi Yogwirizana ya US Public Affairs yomwe inayendetsa zabodza za nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndipo adadandaula kuti ena mwa "ophatikizidwa" € atolankhani a nthawiyo anali osayankhula kotero kuti samatha kutenga zikwangwani zinthu zikavuta. Ndipo Barry Zorthian adanyansidwa kwambiri, kotero adasiya ntchito yake ku JUSPAO- komwe adakhala ndi udindo wofanana ndi CIA Station Chief ndi General Westmoreland malinga ndi utsogoleri wazofalitsa zabodza- ndipo adabwerera ku ntchito yake yakale ngati Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Nthawi. Magazini.

Tsopano ulaliki wanga womwe. Zaka 88 zapitazo, asilikali a ku India 8,500 anafa pankhondo imodzi. Mu nkhondo imodzi. Izinso zinali ku Iraq, ndipo izinso zidachitika m'dzina la kusintha kwaulamuliro. Ndiye nawonso adayenera kuperekedwa nsembe chifukwa cha zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe boma likufuna kusintha lidakumana nalo. Nkhondoyo inali Nkhondo ya Kut, inamenyedwa pakati pa mapeto a 1915 ndi kumayambiriro kwa 1916. Ufumu wa Britain unali utachita phala ku Gallipoli, ndipo Ofesi Yankhondo inkafuna kwambiri mabodza kuti afotokozere amayi chifukwa chake. ana anayenera kufa mu mamiliyoni ochuluka chotero. Zida zamagetsi ndi mpweya wapoizoni zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwaufulu ndi mayiko otukuka paminda yobiriwira ya France. Chifukwa chake a War Office adatumiza lamulo ku 6th British Indian Army Division kuti atenge Baghdad. Iwo sanathe kutenga Baghdad, iwo analibe mwayi mu gehena kutenga Baghdad, koma iwo anayenera kutenga Baghdad kuchepetsa kukakamiza propaganda pa War Office kunyumba chifukwa iwo anagonjetsedwa ku Gallipoli, panali. kukula kukhumudwa kunyumba, chigonjetso chinayenera kupangidwa. Ndipo zinkaganiziridwa kuti posintha ulamuliro ku Baghdad, panthawiyo Mesopotamia… A British anali kumenyana ndi anthu a ku Turkey panthawiyo, osati boma la Baghdad, koma panali gulu laling'ono lachigawenga lomwe linali ku Baghdad. Gulu la asilikali a ku India linayesa kuchita zomwe silikanatha, linataya anthu 8,000 pankhondo imodzi ku Kut. Zaka 88 pambuyo pake, India ndi Pakistan onse akufunsidwa kutumiza asilikali kuti athandize kusintha kwa boma ku Iraq komwe kwachitika kale kuti tithe kutaya asilikali ena zikwi zingapo kumeneko. Awa ndi malingaliro a ufumu. Malingana ngati asilikali a munthu wina akufa, zilibe kanthu.

Mukudziwa, ngati mumvera ngakhale zowonetsera za embeds… sindikuganiza kuti vuto lankhondo linali mayendedwe, kapena mtengo wake, kapena kuti zinthu sizikuyenda bwino, kapena kuti zinthu sizikuyenda momwemo. asilikali adatero. Vuto la nkhondo linali nkhondo! Limenelo linali vuto, nkhondoyo inali yachiwerewere, yopanda chilungamo, inalibe maziko m'malamulo a mayiko. Tsono chisoni chomwe chimamangika poyang'ana mavuto a “anthu wamba†,“wamba GI Joes†chifukwa adamenyedwa kunyumba kapena ayi, sakuyang’ana masautso ndi mazunzo omwe anthu aku Iraq amakumana nawo. Chimene chinali nkhondoyi. Ndipo amenewo ndi amodzi mwamavuto a utolankhani wophatikizidwa, ma Iraqi adetsedwa- ngakhale zisoni ndi malingaliro ndi chisoni chomwe timakumana nacho ndi cha GI Joe ndi Jane wabwino wakale. Ndivuto lalikulu kwa ine.

Koma tiyeni tibwerere ku Gallipoli. Kugonjetsedwa ku Gallipoli pambuyo pake kunajambulidwa ngati chigonjetso chabodza, monga Dunkirk. Asilikali aku India ndi ena olembedwa m'makoloni adaperekedwa osati m'ma mazana awo koma masauzande awo pankhondo za Iraq kwa zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi. sikutha ndi Iraq. Nkhondo itangotha ​​​​ku 1919, ndipo izi ndizosangalatsa kwa inu poganizira zabodza zomwe mwakhala mukuzidziwa pankhondoyi, Britain mwadongosolo, mwadala, adagwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala motsutsana ndi anthu aku Iraq. Ndipo tsopano akuyang'ana ma WMD ndi zida za mankhwala ku Iraq. Iwo mwina adzapeza zizindikiro za zinthu zawo! Iwo adzapezadi manda a anthu masauzande ambiri amene anafa ndi mpweya wapoizoni umene anagwiritsa ntchito ku Iraq, ndi mawu otsatirawa ochokera kwa Winston Churchill: “Sindikumvetsa kupsinja kumeneku pakugwiritsa ntchito gasi. Ndimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wapoizoni polimbana ndi mafuko osatukuka. Zotsatira za makhalidwe abwino ziyenera kukhala zabwino, ndipo zingafalitse mantha.â€

Kusiyana komwe kulipo tsopano ndikuti iwo anali oona mtima pang'ono za izo, iwo anali omasuka kwambiri za izo, ndipo popeza mbadwazo zinali zing'onozing'ono, ndipo tonse tikudziwa kuti ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono, kotero momwe gehena amachitira. ngati mugwiritsa ntchito gasi wapoizoni? Lero mutenga munthu ndikumuchitira ziwanda kuti muthe kulanda anthu ena onse osawonetsa kalikonse, chifukwa atolankhani anu ophatikizidwa samalumikizana ndi anthu amenewo. Kotero palibe chosiyana kwambiri chomwe chimachitika, malinga ndi ine, muzofalitsa zankhondo, zimangochitika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Koma zimachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Zikachitika m'nthawi yathu ino, zimachitika nthawi yomwe zoulutsira nkhani zimakhazikika kwambiri kuposa kale, m'manja mwa theka la khumi ndi awiri ma conglomerates kwenikweni. Chifukwa chake kuthekera konyenga ndikwambiri kuposa kufuna kunyenga kwanu. Ndikhoza kukhala ndi cholinga chonyenga, ndikhoza kusindikiza mu nyuzipepala ‘Amuna Aang'ono Obiriwira Ochokera ku Mars Anatera Panja Pazenera Langa Dzulo’, koma zilibe kanthu ngati nyuzipepala yanga imasindikizidwa 5 ndi kusindikizidwa kwa 100. Koma ngati zichitika kuti ndi mwana wa Rupert Murdoch, mutha kuyambitsa mantha m'misewu ndi nkhani yamtunduwu, chifukwa kuthekera kwanu kunyenga kumakhala kokulirapo mukamatsogolera ufumu, wosindikizidwa wokha. Mawu 6 biliyoni tsiku lililonse, monga amachitira. Chifukwa chake zomwe zasintha ndikuti zinthu zikuyenda m'malo osiyanasiyana atolankhani, panthawi ya kugwa kwa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, panthawi yachikhazikitso chamsika chowopsa cha neoliberal komwe chilichonse chingalungamitsidwe pamtundu wina. za mawu.

Tiyeni tibwerere ku Iraq. Sindikudziwa kuti ndi angati a inu omwe mudawona umodzi mwamisonkhano yoyamba ya atolankhani ku Rumsfeld, pomwe atolankhani onse adakhala pamenepo, … oh, ndikupita, ndikukumbukira msonkhano wa atolankhani a Tommy Franks, sindikudziwa ngati alipo. mwa inu munawona izi, pomwe zowonera zinali US $ 250,000 yopangidwa ku Hollywood. Chifukwa chake ngakhale zida zowonera atolankhani, komwe anyamatawa amalankhula ndi dziko lapansi, adapangidwa ku Hollywood, mutha kupeza cholinga- mumapanga Hollywood kuti mukhale ndi msonkhano wa atolankhani pankhondo, mutha kudziwa zomwe zili mkati. kukhala. Komabe, izi ndi zomwe Rumsfeld adanena pamsonkhano wina wa atolankhani, ndili ndi mawu awa: "Zikuwoneka ngati kuphulitsidwa kwa mzinda, koma sichoncho." Kuphulika kwa bomba kwakhala kolondola kwambiri, adauza ma embeds ndi mitu yopanda kanthu ndi wina aliyense, kutalika ndi mbali za kuphulitsa bomba, adanenanso kuti zidawerengedwa bwino kwambiri kuti zichepetse kuwonongeka kwa anthu, kutaya moyo wamunthu. Izi panthaŵi imene mabomba okwana mapaundi 2,000 ndi mapaundi 5,000 anali kugwera anthu ku Baghdad.

Tsopano ichi, monga ine ndinanena, pachokha si chinthu chatsopano. Mu 1945, Brigadier General Thomas Farrell- Wachiwiri kwa Director wa Manhattan Project omwe adapanga mabomba awiri omwe amatchedwa Fat Man ndi Little Boy omwe adagwetsedwa ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki - akulankhula zamasewera oyamba padziko lonse lapansi ku Tokyo pambuyo pa kuphulitsidwa kwa Hiroshima. General Thomas Farrell anati, ndipo ine ndimagwira mawu liwu liwu: “Mabomba a atomiki anaphulika pamalo okwera kwambiri kuti asaphatikizepo kuthekera kulikonse kwa radioactivity yotsalira. ndege, koma anatha kulamulira mtunda umene idzaphulika. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi kukhulupirika kwakukulu kophatikizidwa kwa nyuzipepala yodabwitsayo ya The New York Times imene inasimba masiku angapo pambuyo pake m’nkhani yachikwangwani: “Palibe radioactivity m’mabwinja a Hiroshima.” Masiku angapo pambuyo pake, boma la United States linamva molimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi kukhulupirika kozikika koteroko idalengeza chinthu chopambana kuposa zonse zomwe zatsekedwa ndikukwiriridwa. Adatulukadi ndi mawu akuti “radioactivity not damage†. Mawu ovomerezeka, radioactivity sivulaza.

Simukuyenera kubwereranso kumbuyo, mu 1965 pankhondo yolimbana ndi Vietnam kuti atolankhani 5,000 sanathe kuwongolera, Time Magazine August 5 1965 inanena za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa gasi motsutsana ndi anthu wamba ndi asitikali aku Vietnam, gasi wapoizoni, monga “nkhondo yosapha mpweya wa gasi.†Tsopano “nkhondo†ndi“yosaphaâ€TM mawu otsutsana! Mwa njira, anali Peter Arnett wamkulu amene anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewo, “nkhondo yosapha mpweya wa gasi.†Panthawiyo anali ndi Associated Press. Ndipo Time Magazine inapereka lingaliro lake pakugwiritsa ntchito gasi motsutsana ndi “mafuko osatukuka†, monga momwe Winston Churchill ananenera moona mtima. Magazini ya Time inanena kuti poyerekeza ndi mabomba ngati napalm- sananene kuti napalm inalinso chida cha US, sichinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi a Vietnamese - poyerekeza ndi napalm, "mipweya yomwe ikulepheretsa kwakanthawi ndi yabwino kwa anthu. kuposa zoipa.” Imeneyo inali Time inanena mu 1965 za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa gasi pa “mafuko osatukuka” aku Vietnam.

Kuchokera ku Churchill kupita ku George Bush, malingaliro a ufumu kwa “mafuko osatukuka†akhalabe osasintha, koma zinthu zina zambiri zasintha. Ndale za m’dzikoli zasintha, mmene anthu amaonera nkhani zabodza zasintha komanso mmene zinthu zimachitikira. Chilankhulo, kunyozetsa chinenero kupyolera mwa magulu ankhondo ndi ufumu ndizosangalatsa. Kodi tonsefe tavomereza mosavuta m'malexicons athu kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ngati WMDs, mukudziwa, Zida Zowononga Misa. Ma acronyms azinthu zosiyanasiyana. ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’, ‘War on Terror’, iliyonse mwa izi ndi mawu okayikitsa kwathunthu…

Mpaka m'zaka za m'ma 70 ndi 80s, magawo awiri omwe akukula mofulumira kwambiri pazachuma cha padziko lonse anali chidziwitso ndi zida. Ndipo kusakanikirana komwe kukukulirakulira pakati pa magawo awiriwa, kuphatikizika kofulumira pakati pa magawo azidziwitso ndi zida zankhondo, kunali ndi tanthauzo lodziwikiratu pazambiri zomwe timapeza, pamtundu wamtundu wa media womwe tikukhalamo. oligarchies aang'ono awa, pafupifupi 6 a iwo, kaya mukutenga Time-Warner kapena Disney… ingotengani Time Warner. Mtengo wake wamsika ndi wofanana ndi GDP yophatikizana ya Mali, Mauritania, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka ndi theka la mayiko ena. Mtundu wa mphamvu zomwe zimapatsa anyamatawa ndichinthu chachikulu komanso chodabwitsa. Ndipo bizinesi yonseyi yokhudzana ndi “kupatsa anthu zomwe akufuna†kwenikweni ndi mkhalidwe wopanda ulemu waukulu kwa anthu. Sizimene anthu amafuna, maganizo oti anthu akufuna chinachake ndipo akupatsidwa ndi osokeretsa. Ndi zomwe ndikufuna kupatsa anthu, zomwe otsatsa anga akufuna kupatsa anthu, zomwe othandizira anga akufuna kupatsa anthu, ndipo anthu, ngati ali ndi zosankha zochepa, angatenge.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake muli ndi vuto, ndipo chinthu chimodzi chomwe atolankhani aku United States amatsimikizira momveka bwino, ndikuti ndizotheka kukhala ndi media yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso anthu osadziwa zambiri padziko lapansi. Ndi kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi komwe 55% ya anthu amakhulupirira kuti Saddam adamangidwa ndi al Qaida, ndipo 42% amakhulupirira kuti ndiye adayambitsa ziwonetsero za WTC? Chifukwa alibe njira zina zoulutsira nkhani. Ali ndi gulu lomwelo la zigawenga zomwe zimawavumbitsira zabodza mokulira kwambiri, zofunda, zokhutiritsa, ndipo palibe zambiri zomwe zingachitike pa izi. Kotero monga kukonda dziko lako ndilo pothaŵirapo komalizira kwa wonyoza, kuimba mlandu anthu pazomwe akufuna ndikuthawa pang'ono, pali mphamvu zenizeni zomwe zimalamulira zofalitsa zomwe sizingathe kuchita zonse zomwe anthu sakufuna, koma. adzachita gehena wambiri zomwe anthu sanafunsepo. Zowonadi, malingaliro ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zitha kupangidwanso pakapita nthawi, koma anthu ambiri angafune zambiri zomveka bwino zomwe sizinali zamitundumitundu momwe zinalili.

Pomaliza, ndikuganiza kuti zomwe muli nazo lero ndi, ufumu umodzi kuphatikiza neoliberalism kuphatikiza kusanja komanso kusanja kwambiri kwa media ndi tsoka. Ndiyo mfundo yoyamba yomwe ndikufuna kunena.

Chachiwiri, pali china chachisoni koma choyenera kuphunzira. Pankhondo, chinyengo cha media nthawi zina chimayima maliseche, kotero tonse ndife okonzeka kutsutsa ndi kutsutsa. Komabe, atolankhani omwewo amachita izi komanso zoyipa kwambiri panthawi yamtendere. Imatero pamene ikufotokoza za WTO, pamene ikufotokoza mikangano pazachuma, pamene ikukhudza misika ndi maziko a msika ndi malingaliro a neoliberal, pamene ikufotokoza zomwe zimatchedwa “nkhani zopambana†. Mukudziwa, Mexico ndi "nkhani yopambana" ndiye Mexico ili pansi, ndiye Argentina ndi "nkhani yopambana" ndiye muyenera kuyang'ana ndi telescope pansi pa chubu. Amaphimba zonsezi mofanana, koma sizikwiyitsa mkwiyo wathu mwanjira yomweyo. Ndi phukusi lomwelo, ndi malingaliro omwewo, phukusi lamalingaliro lomwelo. Ndipo ndibwino kuti muzolowerane ndi lingalirolo, sikuti kungopunthwa pa nkhani yankhondo. Ndi phukusi lophatikizidwa…

Pankhani ya zoulutsira mawu, ndidachita chidwi kumva chitsanzo [cha Korea], pali ena awiri kapena atatu omwe ndimawadziwa. Ndikuganiza, mwa njira, palibe aliyense pano kapena kwina kulikonse ali ndi ufulu wodandaula ndi zoulutsira mawu wamba ngati simukulembetsa zosachepera ziwiri zoyeserera zapa TV. Ngati simukulembetsa kwa izo ndipo osayika ndalama zanu pakamwa panu, musalire. Sindikufuna kumva. Kotero ndicho chinthu chimodzi. Chinthu chachiwiri ndi, ngakhale kuti ndingathe kuthandizira bwanji, ndipo ndikuyembekeza kuti nonse mukuthandizira, zoyesera zina zofalitsa, sindiri wokonzeka kusiya malo anga muzofalitsa zodziwika bwino. Ndikuganiza kuti izi ziyenera kumasulidwa kuchokera ku neocolonialism. Ndipo kuti timasule atolankhani kumagulu ophatikizidwa amisonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi, tifunika kuchitapo kanthu pagulu. Tiyenera kunena kuti malo a anthu ayenera kulemekezedwa pabwalo lachinsinsi, tiyenera kunena kuti zofuna za anthu ziyenera kugonjetsa phindu laumwini, ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kubwezeretsanso malo omwe anthu ambiri atenga nawo pawailesi. Ngati simungathe kuletsa kuguba kwaulamuliro, mudzapeza kukhala kovuta kwambiri kudzimasula nokha ku mabodza ophatikizidwa.

Pali chinthu chimodzi chomaliza chomwe chimatipatsa chiyembekezo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti malire abodzawa adafikiranso pankhondo yaku Iraq. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi chakuti atolankhani sanakhazikikepo kwambiri kuti anali munkhondo iyi, sanakhalepo amphamvu kuposa momwe analili panthawiyi. Ndipo komabe, panali kusiyana pakati pa zomwe ananena ndi zomwe 85% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi amakhulupirira ndikutsata. Maboma ndi atolankhani anali mbali imodzi, anthu mbali ina. Boma la India lidachita zonse zomwe lingathe kulimbikitsa anthu aku America potumiza asitikali ku Iraq, koma silinathe chifukwa chotsutsidwa ndi anthu aku India, ngakhale manyuzipepala akuluakulu ngati Times of India amalemba zolembedwa kuti "konzekerani kupita samalirani Baghdad.” Iwo sanathe kutero chifukwa chotsutsidwa ndi anthu ngakhale kuti atolankhani anali ndi maganizo. Ku Spain, New Europe, boma lidathandizira nkhondo yaku America ku Iraq, 85% ya anthu aku Spain adatsutsa. Chifukwa chake kusiyana uku, ndikuganiza kuti kumatsegula zenera, kumatilola kuti tifufuze zomwe zingatheke kuti tithe kuphwanya ulamulirowu pamalingaliro. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti izi sizinachokere ku ziweto zopanda nzeru zomwe zimafuna chinachake kotero kuti Murdoch amawapatsa. Khalani ndi ulemu kwa anthu wamba a dziko lapansi, adakuwonetsani kuti sali okonzeka kugula mabodza awa. Izo zimatsegula danga, lomwe limatsegula chiyembekezo. Simungagwirizane ndi ufumu, mumathetsa.

P Sainath ndi m'modzi mwa atolankhani otsogola ku Asia, komanso mlembi wa ‘Everybody Loves a Good Drought’. Zolemba zake zimayang'ana kwambiri za kudalirana kwadziko lonse lapansi kwa neoliberal pamiyoyo ya anthu, umphawi ndi chitetezo cha chakudya kumidzi yaku India, ndi zina zomwe zikukhudzidwa masiku ano.

[yolembedwa ndi Pranjal Tiwari]

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