Iwo ankawoneka ngati gulu la zimphona zazikulu. Atavala zovala zanzeru wamba - malaya, majuzi, ndi jinzi - ndi nsapato zachipatala zowoneka bwino, amayenda kuzungulira "dziko lapansi," kuyimirira ndikusisita zibwano zawo ndikusinkhasinkha zavuto lomwe lingakhalepo. Pakati pawo panali General Martin Dempsey, Wapampando wa Joint Chiefs of Staff, atavala malaya a shati ndi jeans, popanda mendulo kapena riboni, manja ake adadutsa, kuyang'anitsitsa kwake. Iye anali ndi phazi limodzi anabzala molimba ku Russia, ena ku Kazakhstan, komabe mkuluyo anali asanachoke ku Virginia.

Kangapo chaka chino, Dempsey, mafumu ena ogwirizana, ndi akuluakulu omenyera nkhondo m'madera adasonkhana ku Marine Corps Base ku Quantico kuti. khalidwe masewera ankhondo a futuristic-amakumana-kaphunziro-semina zokhudzana ndi zosowa za asilikali ku 2017. Kumeneko, mapu aakulu a dziko lapansi, aakulu kuposa bwalo la basketball, adayikidwa kotero kuti mkuwa wapamwamba wa Pentagon ukhoza kugwedezeka kuzungulira dziko lapansi - kuperekedwa. adavala zotchingira nsapato zoteteza - poganizira za "zowopsa zankhondo zaku US pamikangano yamtsogolo" (kotero m'modzi adauza New York Times). Kuyang'ana kwa akazembe ankhondowo ndi dziko lapansi pansi kunali chithunzi choyenera cha zilakolako zankhondo za Washington, kukonda kwake kulowererapo kwa mayiko akunja, komanso kunyoza malire (osakhala a US) ndi ulamuliro wadziko.

 

Dziko Lalikulu Kwambiri Kuposa Bwalo la Basketball

M'masabata aposachedwa, zina mwa zipatso zomwe zingatheke za "masemina anzeru" a Dempsey, mishoni zankhondo zomwe zili kutali ndi malire a Quantico, zawonekera mobwerezabwereza m'nkhani. Nthawi zina zokwiriridwa m'nkhani, nthawi zina monga mutu wankhani, malipotiwo amatsimikizira kuti Pentagon idakonda kwambiri globetrotting.  

Mwachitsanzo, mu September, Lieutenant General Robert L. Caslen, Jr., kuwululidwa kuti, patangotha ​​​​miyezi ingapo asilikali a US atachoka ku Iraq, gulu la Special Operations Forces linali litatumizidwa kale kumeneko monga uphungu komanso kuti zokambirana zinali mkati zokonzekera kuti asilikali ochulukirapo aziphunzitsa asilikali a Iraq mtsogolomu. Mwezi womwewo, olamulira a Obama adalandira chivomerezo cha Congress kuti asinthe ndalama zomwe zidaperekedwa kuti zithandizire kuthana ndi uchigawenga ku Pakistan kupita ku projekiti yatsopano ku Libya. Malinga ndi New York Times, US Special Operations Forces mwina adzakhala kutumizidwa kupanga ndi kuphunzitsa gulu lankhondo la anthu 500 aku Libyan kuti athane ndi zigawenga zachisilamu zomwe zakhala zamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kothandizidwa ndi US mu 2011 komweko. 

M'mbuyomu mwezi uno, New York Times inanena kuti asitikali aku US adatumiza mwachinsinsi gulu latsopano ku Jordan kuti likathandize asitikali akumaloko poyankha nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Syria yoyandikana nayo. Patangopita masiku ochepa, pepalalo kuwululidwa kuti zoyesayesa zaposachedwa za US zophunzitsira ndikuthandizira magulu omenyera nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Honduras zinali zitatha kale pakati pa mafunso okhudza imfa ya osalakwa, kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu omwe akuganiziridwa ndi ogwirizana a Honduran. 

Pambuyo pake, a Times inanena mdima, ngati nkosadabwitsa, nkhani yakuti gulu lankhondo la US lakhala zaka zoposa khumi likumanga ku Afghanistan, malinga ndi akuluakulu a boma, "akuvutitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuthawa komanso kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amalembetsanso kuti alowe m'malo mwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mphamvu zake zonse chaka chilichonse." Mphekesera tsopano zimamveka pafupipafupi zokhuza kuthandizidwa ndi ndalama ndi US proxy nkhondo m'mphepete mwa Northern Mali kumene Asilamu ogwirizana ndi al-Qaeda alanda madera ambiri - chinanso mwachindunji chifukwa za kulowererapo kwa chaka chatha ku Libya.

Ndipo izi zinali chabe zoyesayesa zakunyanja zomwe zidadziwika bwino. Zochita zina zambiri zankhondo zaku US kunja zimakhalabe pansi pa radar. Mwachitsanzo, milungu ingapo yapitayo, ogwira ntchito ku United States anatumizidwa mwakachetechete ku Burundi kuti akagwire ntchito yophunzitsa anthu m'dziko laling'onolo, lopanda mtunda, komanso losauka kwambiri ku East Africa. Gulu lina la ophunzitsa Asitikali a US ndi Air Force adapita kudziko lomwelo la Burkina Faso losatsekeredwa ndi madzi komanso losauka ku West Africa kuti akaphunzitse magulu ankhondo. 

Ku Camp Arifjan, malo aku America ku Kuwait, US ndi asitikali akumaloko adapereka masks a gasi ndi suti zodzitchinjiriza kuti aphunzitse pamodzi mankhwala, biological, radiology, ndi nyukiliya. Ku Guatemala, 200 Marines ochokera ku Detachment Martillo adamaliza ntchito ya miyezi ingapo kuti athandize asitikali am'madzi am'deralo ndi mabungwe azamalamulo pantchito zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. 

Padziko lonse lapansi, m'nkhalango zoletsedwa za ku Philippines, Marines adalumikizana ndi asitikali osankhika aku Philippines kuti aphunzitse zankhondo m'nkhalango ndikuthandizira kukulitsa luso lawo lowombera. Ankhondo a m'mayiko onsewa adalumphanso kuchokera ku ndege, mamita 10,000 pamwamba pa zilumba za zilumbazi, pofuna kupititsa patsogolo "kusagwirizana" kwa asilikali awo. Panthawiyi, ku Southeast Asia fuko la Timor-Leste, Marines adaphunzitsa alonda a kazembe ndi apolisi ankhondo popundula "njira zotsatirira" monga zowawa ndi kusokoneza maganizo, komanso asilikali kunkhondo za m'nkhalango monga gawo la Exercise Crocodilo 2012.

Lingaliro la "masemina anzeru" a Dempsey linali kukonzekera zam'tsogolo, kudziwa momwe angayankhire bwino zomwe zikuchitika kumadera akutali a dziko lapansi. Ndipo m'dziko lenileni, asitikali aku US nthawi zonse amaika zikhomo zodzitchinjiriza pamapu akuluwo - kuchokera ku Africa kupita ku Asia, Latin America mpaka ku Middle East. Pamwambapa, kuchitapo kanthu kwapadziko lonse lapansi, mishoni zophunzitsira, ndi ntchito zolumikizana zimawoneka zomveka mokwanira. Ndipo kukonzekera kwakukulu kwa chithunzi cha Dempsey kumawoneka ngati njira yomveka yoganizira njira zothetsera ziwopsezo zamtsogolo zachitetezo cha dziko.

Koma mukaganizira momwe Pentagon imagwirira ntchito, masewerawa ankhondo mosakayikira ali ndi khalidwe lopanda nzeru. Kupatula apo, ziwopsezo zapadziko lonse lapansi zikubwera mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira magulu achisilamu akunja ku Africa kupita kumagulu achifwamba aku Mexico. Kuti kwenikweni amawopseza bwanji "chitetezo cha dziko" ku US nthawi zambiri sizidziwika - kupitilira zomwe alangizi ena a White House kapena wamkulu wanena. Ndipo njira zina zilizonse zomwe zingabwere m'masemina a Quantico, kuyankha "mwanzeru" nthawi zonse kumakhala kutumiza ku Marines, kapena SEALs, kapena drones, kapena ma proxies am'deralo. Zowonadi, palibe chifukwa chokhalira tsiku mukusuntha mapu akulu mu nsapato za buluu kuti mumvetsetse.

Mwanjira ina, asitikali aku US tsopano zogwirizana ndi mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Asilikali ake, ma commandos, ophunzitsa, omanga maziko, oyendetsa ndege, akazitape, ndi ogulitsa zida, komanso mfuti zolembedwa ganyu ndi makontrakitala amakampani, tsopano akupezeka paliponse padziko lapansi. Dzuwa sililowa kwa asitikali aku America omwe akuchita ntchito, kuphunzitsa ogwirizana, kupatsa zida, kuphunzitsa antchito awo, kugula zida zatsopano ndi zida, kupanga chiphunzitso chatsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano, ndikuwongolera masewera awo ankhondo. A US ali ndi sitima zapamadzi zomwe zikuyenda mozama komanso zonyamula ndege zomwe zikuyenda m'nyanja ndi nyanja, ma robotic drones akuwuluka mosalekeza komanso ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi anthu zikuyenda mlengalenga, pomwe pamwamba pake, kazitape mozungulira ma satellites, kuyang'ana pansi pa abwenzi ndi adani mofanana.

Kuyambira 2001, gulu lankhondo la US laponya zida zake zonse, zopanda zida zanyukiliya, kuphatikiza mabiliyoni osaneneka a madola mu zida, ukadaulo, ziphuphu, mumatchula, pagulu la adani ofooka kwambiri - magulu ang'onoang'ono ankhondo opanda zida. m'maiko osauka monga Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, ndi Yemen - pomwe sanagonjetse aliyense waiwo. Ndi matumba ake akuya komanso kutalika kwake, luso lake laukadaulo ndi maphunziro ake, komanso mphamvu zowononga zomwe amalamula, asitikali aku US akuyenera kuti dziko lapansi litseke. Iyenera, mwaufulu wonse, kulamulira dziko lapansi monga momwe olota a neoconservative azaka zoyambirira za Bush amaganizira.

Komabe pambuyo pazaka zopitilira khumi zankhondo, yalephera kuthetsa zigawenga za ku Afghanistan zopanda chithandizo chodziwika bwino. Idaphunzitsa gulu lankhondo lachi Afghanistan lomwe limadziwika kalekale chifukwa chosachita bwino - lisanadziwike bwino popha ophunzitsa ake aku America. Zakhala zaka zambirimbiri ndi mamiliyoni osaneneka a madola amisonkho kuthamangitsa atsogoleri osiyanasiyana azigawenga, "achigawenga" osiyanasiyana, komanso gulu la zigawenga zomwe sizikudziwika ndi dzina la al-Qaeda, makamaka kumadera akumbuyo kwa dziko lapansi. M'malo mofafaniza bungweli ndi zofuna zake, komabe, zikuwoneka kuti zathandizira kugulitsa ndalama padziko lonse lapansi.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, yakwanitsa kujambula magulu ankhondo ofooka ngati a al-Shabaab aku Somalia ngati ziwopsezo zapadziko lonse lapansi, kenako ndikuyika chuma chake pakuthana nazo, ndikulephera kugwira ntchitoyo. Yaponya mamiliyoni a madola mwa ogwira ntchito, zida, thandizo, ndipo posachedwa ngakhale asitikali pantchito yothetsa othamanga amankhwala otsika (komanso magulu akuluakulu amankhwala osokoneza bongo), popanda kukhazikitsa dzino kumpoto kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kupita ku mizinda ndi midzi yaku America. 

Imawononga mabiliyoni ambiri panzeru kuti ingodzipeza yokha mumdima. Idawononga ulamuliro wa wolamulira wankhanza waku Iraq ndikulanda dziko lake, koma idamenyedwa mpaka kuyimitsidwa ndi zigawenga zopanda zida, zosakonzekera bwino kumeneko, kenako motsogozedwa ndi ogwirizana omwe adathandizira kuyika mphamvu, ndikuthamangitsidwa mopanda ulemu kuchokera kunkhondo. dziko (ngakhale tsopano likuyamba kulira mobwerera). Zimawononga madola mamiliyoni osaneneka kuphunzitsa ndi kukonzekeretsa asilikali apamwamba a Navy SEALs kuti atenge adani osauka, osaphunzitsidwa, opanda zida, monga owombera mfuti aku Somalia.
 

Momwe Osasinthira M'dziko Losintha

Ndipo ilo si theka la izo.

Asilikali aku US amawononga ndalama koma sapereka njira zopambana. Ogwira ntchito ake atha kukhala m'gulu la aluso komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino padziko lapansi, zida zake ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri komanso wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo zikafika pazachitetezo cha chitetezo, zili kutali amapambana mitundu isanu ndi inayi ikuluikulu ikuphatikiza (ambiri mwa iwo ndi ogwirizana mulimonse momwe zingakhalire), osasiya adani ake ngati a Taliban, al-Shabaab, kapena al-Qaeda ku Arabiya Peninsula, koma m'dziko lenileni lankhondo izi zikuwonjezera. mpaka pang'ono kwambiri.

M'boma lodzaza ndi mabungwe omwe nthawi zambiri amanyozedwa chifukwa cha chinyengo, kusagwira ntchito bwino, komanso kutulutsa zotsatira zoyipa, mbiri ikhoza kukhala yosiyana malinga ndi zinyalala ndi zonyansa kulephera, ngakhale kuti izi zikuwoneka kuti sizikudabwitsa aliyense ku Washington. Kwa zaka zopitilira khumi, gulu lankhondo la US lakhala likuchoka pa chiphunzitso china cholephera kupita ku china. Panali "military lite" ya Donald Rumsfeld, yotsatiridwa ndi yomwe ikanatchedwa "military lite" (ngakhale inalibe dzina), yomwe inalowetsedwa ndi General David Petraeus's "counterinsurgency operations" (yomwe imadziwikanso ndi chidule cha COIN). Izi, zatheka chifukwa cha kuyitanitsa kwa olamulira a Obama kuti apambane pankhondo yamtsogolo: "malo opepuka" Kuphatikiza a ops apadera, ma drones, azondi, asitikali wamba, cyberwarfare, ndi omenyera oyimira. Komabe, zilizonse zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, chinthu chimodzi sichinasinthe: kupambana kwakhala kwakanthawi, kulepheretsa ambiri, kukhumudwitsa dzina lamasewera, ndi kupambana kwa MIA.

Kukhutitsidwa komabe kuti kupeza basi njira yoyenera Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi ndiye chinsinsi chakuchita bwino, asitikali aku US pakali pano akusunga dongosolo la mfundo zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mawa, zitha kukhala zosakanikirana zina zankhondo-lite. Penapake panjira, mosakayikira idzayesanso chinthu cholemera kwambiri. Ndipo ngati mbiri ndi chitsogozo chilichonse, kutsutsa, lingaliro lomwe linalephera US ku Vietnam ndipo linatsitsimutsidwa kuti lilepheretsenso ku Afghanistan, tsiku lina lidzabwereranso.

Mu zonsezi, ziyenera kuonekeratu, njira yophunzirira ikusowa. Njira iliyonse yothetsera mavuto omenyera nkhondo ku America mosakayikira idzafunika kuunikanso kofunikira kwa nkhondo ndi mphamvu zankhondo zomwe palibe aliyense ku Washington yemwe ali wotseguka pakali pano. Zitenga masiku ochulukirapo ndikusuntha mapu akulu muzovundikira nsapato zapulasitiki.

Andale aku America satopa kuyamika zabwino za asitikali aku US, zomwe zafala masiku ano adatamandidwa monga “gulu lankhondo labwino koposa m’mbiri ya dziko lapansi.” Izi zimawoneka zosemphana ndi zenizeni. Kupatula kupambana kwa omwe si amphamvu monga chilumba chaching'ono cha Caribbean cha Grenada ndi dziko laling'ono la Central America la Panama, mbiri ya asitikali aku US kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse yakhala ikupambana. litanyaZokhumudwitsa: kukhazikika ku Korea, kugonjetsedwa kotheratu ku Vietnam, kulephera ku Laos ndi Cambodia, zosokoneza ku Lebanon ndi Somalia, nkhondo ziwiri zolimbana ndi Iraq (zonsezi zikutha popanda chigonjetso), zaka zoposa khumi zakuzungulira magudumu ku Afghanistan, ndi zina zotero.

Chinachake chofanana ndi lamulo la kuchepetsa kubweza kungakhale pa ntchito. Nthawi yochulukirapo, khama, ndi chuma chomwe US ​​imayika ndalama zake pazankhondo zake zankhondo komanso zankhondo, m'pamenenso malipiro ake amachepa. M'nkhaniyi, mphamvu zowononga zowononga za asilikaliwo sizingakhale zovuta, ngati zili ndi ntchito yochita zinthu zomwe mphamvu zankhondo, monga momwe zimakhalira kale, sizingathenso kuchita.

Kupambana sikungatheke, kaya zivute zitani, m'dziko lazaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, ndipo chigonjetso sichingakhale chosankha. M'malo moyeseranso kupeza njira yolondola kapena kuyambiranso nkhondo, mwina asitikali aku US akuyenera kudzipangira okha komanso chifukwa ngati idzatha kuchoka pa kulephera kwake kwautali.

Koma musadalire.

M'malo mwake, yembekezerani kuti andale apitilize kuyamikiridwa, Congress kuti ipitilize kupereka ndalama pamlingo womwe umasokonekera, apurezidenti apitilize kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zovuta pamavuto azandale (ngakhale atakhala mosiyana pang'ono), ogulitsa zida kuti apitilize kutuluka. zida zodabwitsa zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti ndizosadabwitsa, ndipo Pentagon ikupitiliza kulephera kupambana.

Kuchokera pazolephera zaposachedwa, asitikali aku US adalumphira munyengo ina yakusintha - kuyitcha kuti kusintha kwa ufumu - koma musayembekezere kusintha kwa zida, machenjerero, njira, kapena chiphunzitso kuti zisinthe. zotsatira. Mwambiwu umati: zinthu zikasintha, zimakhalanso chimodzimodzi.

Nick Turse ndi mkonzi wamkulu wa TomDispatch.com komanso mnzake ku Nation Institute. Mtolankhani wopambana mphoto, ntchito yake yawonekera mu Los Angeles Times, ndi Nation, ndi zonse at TomDispatch. Iye ndi mlembi/mkonzi wa mabuku angapo, kuphatikizapo amene angofalitsidwa kumene Kusintha Kwa nkhope ya Ufumu: Special Ops, Drones, spies, Proxy Fighters, Secret Bases, and Cyberwarfare  (Mabuku a Haymarket). Nkhaniyi ndi yomaliza m'buku lake mndandanda pakusintha kwaufumu waku America, womwe ukulembedwa ndi Lannan Foundation. Mukhoza kumutsatira Tumblr.

Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa TomDispatch.com, tsamba lawebusayiti la Nation Institute, lomwe limapereka kusuntha kwazinthu zina, nkhani, ndi malingaliro kuchokera kwa Tom Engelhardt, mkonzi wanthawi yayitali pakusindikiza, woyambitsa nawo American Empire Project, wolemba Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chopambana, monga buku, The Last Days of Publishing. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Became Obama's (Mabuku a Haymarket). 

---