Lawrence King ndi Pulofesa wa Economics ku UMass Amhest kuyambira pa September 1, 2017. Kwa zaka zapitazi za 11 wakhala Pulofesa wa Political Economy ku yunivesite ya Cambridge, England, komwe adafalitsa kwambiri za chitukuko cha mankhwala, mitengo ndi kubweza komanso kubwezera. mitu ina yokhudzana ndi Political Economy of Public Heath.

SHARMINI PERIES: Ndi Real News Network. Ndine Sharmini Peries ndikubwera kwa inu kuchokera ku Baltimore.

Nzika za chigawo cha Ohio zakhala zikutsutsana koma zolimba mtima kuti zithetse mitengo ya mankhwala m'boma lawo poika ndondomeko ya mtengo wa mankhwala pa voti ya chisankho chawo chotsatira pa November 7th. Nzika zaku US zimalipira kale kuposa dziko lina lililonse padziko lapansi pogula mankhwala, ndipo njira yovota ku Ohio ikufuna kutsitsa ndikuwongolera mitengoyi. Ngati atavomerezedwa, ntchitoyi ingafune kuti makampani opanga mankhwala agulitse mankhwala awo ku boma pamtengo kapena pansi pa mtengo umene amawagulitsa ku boma la federal ku Dipatimenti ya Veterans Affairs. Mitengo yamankhwala yomwe a Veterans Affairs imapeza ndiyotsika kwambiri ku US chifukwa dipatimentiyi imakambirana za mtengowo ndi makampani opanga mankhwala. Ochirikiza ntchitoyi akuyerekeza kuti ingapulumutse anthu aku Ohio mazana mamiliyoni a madola pachaka.

Njira yoyendetsera mtengo wamankhwala, komabe, yalowa nawo mkangano. Malinga ndi lipoti lofalitsidwa mu International Business Times, makampani opanga mankhwala akuyesera kuzembera malamulo azachuma a kampeni pofuna kuthana ndi njira yovota. Makampaniwa akuwoneka kuti akuwonjezera madola mamiliyoni ambiri mu kampeni ya Palibe popanda kuwulula omwe amapereka.

Kulumikizana nane tsopano kuti ndifufuze nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane ndi Lawrence King. Iye ndi Pulofesa wa Economics pa yunivesite ya Massachusetts Amherst, ndipo asanakhale Pulofesa wa Political Economy pa yunivesite ya Cambridge ku England komwe adafalitsa kwambiri pamitu yokhudzana ndi zachuma pazandale za umoyo wa anthu. Zikomo pobwera nafe lero, Professor King.

LAWRENCE MFUMU: Zikomo pokhala nane.

SHARMINI PERIES: Chifukwa chake Pulofesa King, malinga ndi nkhani ya International Business Times, makampani opanga mankhwala adachita zofanana kwambiri ku California chaka chatha pakupanga voti yomwe ikadawongolera mitengo momwe aku Ohio akuyesa kuchitira. Nanga bwanji makampani opanga mankhwala aku US omwe apatsa US mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri yamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito njira zotani kuti izi zisungidwe mdziko muno?

LAWRENCE MFUMU: Makampani opanga mankhwala ndi opindulitsa kwambiri, ndipo pakhala zaka zambiri. Mukayang'ana makampani a Fortune 500 kuyambira pomwe Fortune 500 idayamba mndandandawo, makampani opanga mankhwala kutali ndi kutali ndi gawo lopindulitsa kwambiri pazachuma chilichonse cha America. Zaka zina mafakitale amafuta ndi zaka zina zankhondo zili pafupi, koma nthawi zonse makampani opanga mankhwala akhala opindulitsa kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira m'ma 90s izi zakulitsidwa. Chifukwa chake ali ndi ndalama zambiri zomwe zimatsika mozungulira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zamitundu yonse kuti zikhudze ndale kuti ziwalole kupitiliza phindu lodabwitsali.

Chinthu chimodzi choyenera kukumbukira ndi chakuti phindu ndilokwera kwambiri chifukwa makamaka makampani opanga mankhwala, akakhala ndi chilolezo chatsopano pa mankhwala atsopano, amatha kulipira chilichonse chimene akufuna. Kwenikweni chirichonse chimene iwo akufuna. Boma limapereka chitetezo chamakampani opanga mankhwala. Kotero iwo akhoza kulankhula za misika yaulere ndi mpikisano waulere, koma izi ziribe kanthu kochita ndi mpikisano waulere.

SHARMINI PERIES: Tsopano, kuthamangitsa malamulo azachuma a kampeni m'maboma amodzi kuti agonjetse voti, monga akuchitira ku Ohio ndi zomwe achita ku California, ndiye njira yofunika kwambiri yopewera kuwongolera. Kodi zoyesayesa izi zafalikira bwanji ku US, ndipo ayesa izi kuti asinthe mtengo wamankhwala m'maiko ena?

LAWRENCE MFUMU: Ndithu. Iwo ali ofala kwambiri ku United States. Makampani opanga mankhwala ali ndi mwayi wokopa anthu ambiri ku Washington. M'dziko lililonse, amayesa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana kukopa ndale bwino kwambiri. Amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, zilizonse zomwe zilipo, osati ndalama za kampeni, osati kungokopa. Iwo amakhudza ntchito zachipatala. Iwo amakhudza Food and Drug Administration.

SHARMINI PERIES: Chigawo chaposachedwa chokhudzana ndi mitengo yamankhwala chinali chakuti EpiPen, yomwe imalimbana ndi ziwengo muzochitika zadzidzidzi, kampani yamankhwala idagula chivomerezocho, ndiyeno idawonjezera mtengo ndi kasanu ndi kamodzi, ndikukhulupirira. Kodi mukuganiza kuti ufulu wa patent wa ku US ndi malamulo azinthu zaukadaulo amatenga gawo lanji pamitengo yamankhwala?

LAWRENCE MFUMU: Ndi zazikulu. Zazikulu. Ngati sichoncho chifukwa cha mitengo yamtengo wapatali yoperekedwa ndi ma patent, phindu likadakhala lolimba, koma lingakhale kutsika kwakukulu, mwina. Chifukwa chake izi ndizokhudza ma patent ndi momwe amakulitsira ma patent. Momwe amachitira patent. Momwe amapangira ziphaso zatsopano zamankhwala, zomwe zilibe mwayi wachipatala ngati zilipo kuposa mankhwala am'mbuyomu, koma amatha kukopa madokotala kuti apereke mankhwalawo. Chifukwa chake ndizovuta kwambiri za patent. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, lamulo la Bayh-Dole, lomwe linalola kuti malonda a malonda apangidwe ndi mayunivesite, anali ndi dongosolo loti boma likhoza kusintha mitengo pazochitika zadzidzidzi za umoyo wa anthu kapena zofuna za anthu. Ndipo izi sizinatchulidwepo kamodzi.

SHARMINI PERIES: M'maiko ambiri, maiko osachepera otukuka padziko lonse lapansi, adakhazikitsa chithandizo chamankhwala mdziko lonse ndipo amakhala ndi mtengo wotsika wamankhwala. Kodi kusowa kwa kayendetsedwe ka zaumoyo ku US kumatenga gawo lanji pamitengo yamankhwala?

LAWRENCE MFUMU: Ichi ndi chinthu, koma ngakhale kutsidya kwa nyanja, ngakhale ku England, komwe kuli ndi machitidwe odziwika bwino a zaumoyo, mitengo yamankhwala ndi yokwera kwambiri, ndipo pali vuto lalikulu pamtengo wamankhwala. Ngakhale ndi dongosolo la zaumoyo m'dziko lonselo, ngakhale kuli kofunikira kwambiri ndipo ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yoperekera inshuwaransi, sizimakulolani kutsitsa mitengo kwambiri. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi machitidwe azaumoyo. Ili ndi vuto linalake ku US, koma lidakali vuto m'maiko ena ambiri.

SHARMINI PERIES: Kuphatikiza malo ngati Canada pafupifupi zaka khumi zapitazo, tinali ndi mitengo yotsika kwambiri yamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka m'maiko otukuka, ndiye tsopano ili ndi yachitatu kwambiri. Ndi US, Canada, ndi Germany omwe ali m'maiko atatu apamwamba kwambiri pankhani yamitengo yamankhwala. Zina mwa izo zakhala mu nthawi ino ya ulamuliro wokhazikika komanso ulamuliro wa neo-liberal, motsutsana ndi boma la Harper ku Canada. Iwo akwanitsa kupereka mwayi wambiri kumakampani opanga mankhwala, ndipo makampani opanga mankhwala angopereka mitengo yokwera ndi yokwera ku boma ngakhale idakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo ndipo boma limayang'anira mitengo yamankhwala ku Canada, anthu kwenikweni. sanapambane. Kodi mukuyembekeza kuti makampani opanga mankhwala sasiya pano ku Ohio kapena California kapena ku US, kuti azilimbanabe ndi izi?

LAWRENCE MFUMU: Makampani opanga mankhwala azilimbana nawo, ndikuyembekeza. Sindingaganize chifukwa chimodzi chomwe iwo sakanachitira. Chifukwa chokhacho iwo sakanapitiriza kumenyana, ngati pali chipwirikiti chokwanira cha ndale chomwe amawopa kusagwirizana kwa ndale komanso malamulo akuluakulu. Ndicho chinthu chokha chimene iwo akukhudzidwa kwenikweni nacho.

SHARMINI PERIES: Pulofesa King, ndikukuthokozani kwambiri chifukwa chokhala nafe lero.

LAWRENCE MFUMU: Chisangalalo changa. Zikomo.

SHARMINI PERIES: Ndipo zikomo chifukwa chobwera nafe pano pa The Real News Network.

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