The
Mtundu wabodza ukupitilizabe kukhala wofunikira lero pakuwunikanso "zambiri" za Kurds ophedwa ndi adani ndi ogwirizana nawo.
Powunika zochitika zaposachedwa ku Middle East, wina akuwona kuti kuwulutsa kwapa media kumatsindika kuukira kwa Turkey ku Kurds (onse ku Iraq ndi Turkey), m'malo mwake akutsindika kwambiri za imfa ya asitikali aku Turkey ndi anthu wamba m'manja mwa zigawenga zaku Kurd. Chisamaliro chachikulu chidaperekedwa pa mkangano wapakati pa magulu a zigawenga a Kurdish (opangidwa ngati oukira) ndi boma la Turkey (lopangidwa ngati wozunzidwa) mu nthawi yonse ya Okutobala mpaka Disembala. Nyumba yamalamulo yaku Turkey idavota mu Okutobala kuti ivomereze kuwukira kwa asitikali
Okonda dziko la Kurd adachitiridwa ziwanda ndi atsogoleri aku America ndi Turkey poyang'ana anthu wamba ndi asitikali aboma. Ziwerengero zikusonyeza kuti anthu opitilira 37,000 aphedwa kuyambira pomwe gulu la PKK lidayamba kudziyimira pawokha kum'mwera chakum'mawa.
Iwo amene amatsutsa
Ngakhale zolemba zambiri zakuponderezedwa kwa Turkey, zochita za a Kurd zokha ndizomwe zimatchulidwa kuti zigawenga mu lipoti la America. PKK yakhala ikuwukiridwa nthawi zonse ndi akuluakulu a ku Turkey ndi America monga gulu lachigawenga, ndipo zigawengazi zimafalitsidwa mosadziwika bwino muzofalitsa. Ndemanga ya Washington Post nkhani zoyambira Januware 1990 mpaka Disembala 2007 (nthawi yodziwika ndi ziwawa zochulukirapo pakati pa okonda dziko la Kurdish ndi boma la Turkey) zapeza kuti zilembo zachigawenga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo. okha ku zochita za opanduka, osati kutero
Malipoti atolankhani aku America nthawi zina amavomereza kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku Turkey. Komabe, kuponderezana kwa Turkey sikunapangidwe ngati uchigawenga. Kuphatikiza apo, kuponderezedwa kwa Turkey kwa a Kurds kukuwonetsedwa ngati kubweza pang'ono mu chiwembu chachikulu cha ubale wa US ndi Europe ndi Turkey, motsutsana ndi kupondereza kwa Saddam Hussein kwa a Kurds aku Iraq, omwe nthawi zonse amawonetsedwa ngati tsoka lalikulu laufulu wa anthu. A Kurds omwe anaphedwa ndi Saddam Hussein "amalemekezedwa" monga "ozunzidwa" pa "nkhanza" yaikulu ya New York Times. Kuwombera kwa Hussein ku Iraqi Kurds kumatchedwa "tsoka," "kupha," kapena "kupha anthu" m'manyuzipepala apamwamba.[17] Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, akonzi akuwonetsa US ndi Europe ngati "achifundo" ku Turkey pamene akuvutika ndi "chiwopsezo chauchigawenga" cha Kurd, m'malo momvera chisoni aku Kurds akuvutika ndi zigawenga zaku Turkey. Ngakhale kuti US ndi ogwirizana nawo "akakayika kuvomereza kuti dziko la Turkey ndilofanana ndi ndale malinga ngati likuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa a Kurds," nkhanza zoterezi sizikuganiziridwa kuti ndizokwanira (monga momwe zilili ndi Saddam Hussein) kuti ziwonongeke. Mgwirizano waku America-Turkey. Akonzi ku Washington Post lolani dziko la Turkey "mwayi" wachiwiri kuti akwaniritse "kupambana ndi ma Kurds ake," ngakhale magulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe akupitilizabe kutulutsa malipoti odzudzula boma chifukwa chakuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe.[18] Mwachidule, kuponderezedwa kwankhanza kwa anthu wamba aku Kurd ndi nkhani yakutsutsidwa kolungama pokhapokha ochita nawo omwe asankhidwa kukhala adani a boma, monga momwe zinalili ndi Saddam Hussein. Atsogoleri aku Turkey atha kutsata bwino a Kurds kuti azunzidwe ndi kuphedwa, kutsatiridwa ndi thandizo lamphamvu lazandale komanso lankhondo laku America, limodzi ndi zotsutsana zazing'ono pazofalitsa ndi ndale. Momwemonso, zigawenga zaku Iraq zomwe zimalimbana ndi a Kurds omwewo ndizolakwa, bola ngati ozunzidwawo ali ku Iraqi, osati mbali ya Turkey yamalire a Iraq ndi Turkey.
Kuyesera kusiyanitsa pakati pa ozunzidwa oyenerera (a Kurds aku Iraq) ndi osayenera (Turkey Kurds) asinthidwa, komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa. Pofika chaka cha 2007, kuwukira kwa a Kurds aku Iraq kudakhalanso kovomerezeka m'manyuzipepala aku US, bola ngati wozunzayo anali boma la Turkey, osati Saddam Hussein. US idapereka thandizo laukadaulo komanso mwaukadaulo ku boma la Turkey pomwe idaphulitsa madera osiyanasiyana aku Kurdish kumpoto kwa Iraq, zomwe akuti zikufuna zigawenga za PKK.[19] Ngakhale malipoti akuti anthu wamba amwalira,[20] Zolemba za ku America zidathandizira boma la Turkey. Akonzi ku New York Times "Mkwiyo wa Turkey ndi womveka. Zigawenga za PKK zikumenya nkhondo ku Iraq ku Kurdistan popanda chilango komanso zotsatira zakeโฆChiwopsezo cha imfa kwa asitikali aku Turkey chikuchulukirachulukira."[21]
Editors ku New York Times anaika udindo wa chiwawa makamaka pa mapewa a Kurds, osati atsogoleri a Turkey, pamene ankatsutsa kuti "A Kurds adzapeza kuti n'zosavuta kuchita bwino ngati angakhale mwamtendere ndi Turkey." Momwe mgwirizanowu ungathekere poganizira kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Turkey sikunathetsedwe. Akonzi a pepalalo adawonetsanso US ngati wogulitsa wowona mtima pakati pa mbali ziwirizi, m'malo mothandizira kuponderezedwa kwa Turkey kwa a Kurds: "Washington iyenera tsopano kuyesa kuyenda mbali zonse ziwiri kuchokera m'mphepete mwa izi. kuyesetsa kukonza mgwirizano wandale womwe wakhalapo pakati pa Turkey ndi Iraqi Kurdistan."[22] Akonzi ku Washington Post adawonetsanso mkanganowu kudzera mu lens lovomerezeka la Turkey. Chidwi chachikulu chinalunjikitsidwa pakuwunika kwamphamvu kwa mphamvu ya chigonjetso cha ndale cha Turkey pa zigawenga zaku Kurdish: "Zowona ndizakuti chiwopsezo cha PKK sichingathetsedwe mwachangu ndi zida zankhondo ... Ntchito zankhondo zaku Turkey mkati mwa Turkey, komanso kusintha kwandale m'maiko onse awiri. "[23]
Phunziroli lili ndi phunziro lofunika kwambiri: likuwonetsa kuti chidwi chofalitsa nkhani za ku America pa kuponderezedwa ndi kuopsa kwa mayiko akunja sikumayendetsedwa ndi zovomerezeka zothandizira anthu, koma ndi mphamvu ya mgwirizano pakati pa US ndi dziko lomwe likufunsidwa. Palibenso china chomwe chingafotokoze chifukwa chomwe a Kurds aku Iraq omwewo omwe amawonedwa ngati ozunzidwa oyenerera ataphedwa ndi adani aku US monga Saddam Hussein sali oyenera kuphedwa ndi boma logwirizana ngati Turkey. Zotsatira za nkhani zabodza zoterozo zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri kwa anthu amene amaona kuti ufulu wa anthu nโngofunika kwambiri. Kukhudzidwa kwenikweni ndi chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kumafuna kutsutsidwa kosalekeza kwa uchigawenga, mosasamala kanthu kuti akutsatiridwa ndi adani aku America kapena ogwirizana nawo.
Anthony DiMaggio ndi mlembi wa Mass Media, Mass Propaganda: Kufufuza Nkhani zaku America mu "War on Terror," yomwe idatulutsidwa mu Epulo 2008. Waphunzitsa Middle East Politics ndi Boma la America, ndipo atha kufikiridwa pa: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
zolemba
[1] Ant Ant, "
[2] Herman ndi Chomsky, Chilolezo Chopanga, 37.
[3] Suna Erdem,"
[4] Associated Press, "Turkey Jets Amenya Zigawenga za Kurdish," 26 December 2007, http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/122607R.shtml
[5] Karl Vick ndi Yesim Borg, "Mu Mabomba a ku Turkey, 'Ndani Amapindula?'"
[6] BBC, "Opanduka a Kurdish Amapha Asilikali a Turkey," 8 April 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6537751.stm
[7] Amberin Zaman, "Rebel Kurds Akufunsa
[8] Human Rights Watch,"
[9] Tamar Gabelnick, William D. Hartung, ndi Jennifer Washburn, "Kuponderezedwa kwa Zida: US Arms Sales ku Turkey Panthawi ya Clinton Administration," World Policy Institute, October 1999, http://www.fas.org/asmp/library/reports/turkeyrep.htm
[10]
[11] Chomsky, The New Military Humanism, 1999; Human Rights Watch, "Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper," 4 October 2004, http://hrw.org/backgrounder/eca/turkey/2004/10/; Human Rights Watch, "Kusamutsidwa ndi Kunyalanyazidwa: Pulogalamu Yobwerera Kumudzi ya Turkey," October 2002, http://hrw.org/reports/2002/turkey/; Human Rights Watch, "Ikadali Yovuta Kwambiri: Zoyembekezereka mu 2005 kwa Akurds Othawa kwawo ku Turkey," 2005, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/turkey0305/3.htm#_Toc97005223
[12] Amnesty International, "Amnesty International Report 2007:
[13] Human Rights Watch, "Kuthetsa Chilango Chachikulu ndi Kupewa Kuzunzidwa," 10 September 2002, http://hrw.org/press/2002/09/osce0910-stat.htm; John M. Goshko, "
[14] Human Rights Watch, "Chitani Chinachitika kwa A Kurds aku Iraq?" 11 Marichi 1991, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/IRAQ913.htm#12
[15] John Ward Anderson, "Kurd Apambana Mlandu Waufulu Wolankhula,"
[16] Kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa Lexis Nexis kunachitika kuyambira pa Januware 1, 1990 mpaka Disembala 31, 2007. Mawu atatu ofunika kwambiri akuti "Turkey," "Kurds" ndi "chigawenga" adagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuti ajambule zitsanzo za nkhani zofotokoza zonse ziwiri. maphwando (boma la Turkey ndi zigawenga zaku Kurdish) ndi zigawenga zilizonse zomwe zingakambidwe pankhani iliyonse yamaguluwo.
[17] Kusaka kwa Lexis Nexis kuyambira Marichi 1988 (pamene Hussein adapha Kurds aku Iraq ku Halabja) mpaka Marichi 2003 (panthawi ya
[18] Steven R. Weisman, "The Struggle for
[19] Ann Scott Tyson ndi Robin Wright, ".
[20] Foxnews.com, "Akuluakulu aku Iraq Akutsutsa Ma Jets a ku Turkey Akuwombera Malo Opanduka a Kurdish," 17 December 2007, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,317095,00.html; BBC News, "'US Yathandizira' Kuukira kwa Turkey
[21] Mkonzi, "Ngakhale Pafupi ndi M'mphepete," New York Times, 23 October 2007, 28(A).
[22] Mkonzi, "Even Near to the Brink," 2007.
[23] Mkonzi, "
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