Gwero: Counterpunch
"Ulimi wokonzanso" ndi lingaliro lomwe likuyenda masiku ano. Koma zikutanthauza chiyani? Mawu oti "kukonzanso" amasokonezedwa ndi mitundu yonse yaulimi, magulu olandirira alendo, ndi omwe angakhale atsogoleri oganiza. Komabe, popanda tanthauzo logwirizana, lakhala mtundu waposachedwa wa 'chilengedwe' kapena 'chokhazikika' - amanenedwa ndi ambiri, koma opindula ndi ochepa.
Mfundo yaikulu pa ulimi wa ku America ndi ulimi wochuluka wa mbeu imodzi, kumene malo olimapo mbali iliyonse amalimidwa kuti abzale zomera zapachaka zomwe zimafa pambuyo pokolola ndiyeno zimachititsa kuti nthaka ikhale yonyowa, kukokoloka, kusauka, ndi mphepo. kuyenda. Mchitidwewu umadalira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wamankhwala, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi mankhwala ophera udzu, ndipo kumaphatikizansopo kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zosinthidwa pafupipafupi kuti zisakulidwe bwino. Dongosololi limagwira ntchito bwino pamafakitale, koma limapanga zipululu zopanda phindu kwa nyama zakuthengo, kukhetsa michere m'nthaka m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje (kupanga malo okhala ndi nyanja yamchere ku Gulf of Mexico), ndikuchepetsa kusungirako kaboni nthaka.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ulimi wobereketsadi umachepetsa kusokonezeka kwa nthaka mwa kusunga nthaka pakati pa mizere ya mbewu zoyamba, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya nayitrogeni yomwe imawonjezera michere m'nthaka. M’malo mobzala mbewu imodzi monga mmene maso angaonere, mbewu zambiri zimabzalidwa palimodzi, n’kupanga dongosolo losavuta komanso losakhala la mbadwa koma losiyana kwambiri ndi zachilengedwe lomwe limapereka mpata wabwino kwa mbalame, nyama zoyamwitsa, ndi zotulutsa mungu wopeza malo abwino okhala. Nthawi zina ulimi wosinthika umakhudzanso mitundu ya zomera zosatha, zomwe kwa zaka zambiri zimatha kuyika ndalama zothandizira kukhazikitsa mizu yozama komanso yolemera, ndikuchotsa mpweya wambiri m'nthaka. Njira zaulimi zotsitsimutsazi sizingayandikire kusungirako kaboni m'malo odyetserako udzu osatha komanso zitsamba zomwe zidakhala m'malo omwe amakhala, koma ndikusintha kwakukulu kuposa minda yayikulu yamabizinesi. Poganizira za mabiliyoni a anthu padziko lapansi komanso kupanda pake kwa kuwadyetsa onse pakusaka ndi kusonkhanitsa kuchokera ku zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, ulimi wokonzanso ndi gawo lofunikira kuti likhale lokhazikika.
Komabe, regenerative kuweta ndi malingaliro okayikira kwambiri. Paulimi, zokambiranazo zidabedwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo ndi wamatsenga dzina lake Allan Savory, akugulitsa nkhani basi kuti kudyetsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ng'ombe ndi ziweto zina kunali kopambana kusiyana ndi njira zachikale zoweta ziweto. Ananenanso kuti mutha kuchulukitsa ziwerengero za ziweto ndikuchulukitsa udzu, zomwe zinali choncho zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi ndi asayansi odalirika osiyanasiyana. Linali maganizo osocheretsa kwa alimi ovutika amene amati anali m’gulu lalikulu la nyama zakuthengo zomwe poyamba zinkayenda m’malo odyetserako udzu, n’kumadya ndi kupondaponda mwamphamvu kenako n’kumapita, nthawi zina osabwerera kumalo omwewo kwa zaka zambiri. Koma mosiyana ndi msipu waulimi womwe umakonda kuyenda kwambiri, "Njira Yokoma" nthawi zambiri imadalira kutchingira malowo kukhala msipu ang'onoang'ono, ndikusinthasintha zoweta msipu waung'ono mobwerezabwereza nthawi yakukula.
Kwa zaka zambiri kafukufuku wa sayansi awunika njira zosiyanasiyana zodyetsera msipu (omwe nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mipanda yokulirapo) ndi madyedwe osayang'aniridwa, omwazikana molingana ndi miyezo yofananira. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti msipu wozungulira komanso wobalalika umapezeka zotsatira zofanana kwambiri.
M'madera ouma akumadzulo kwa dziko la United States, msipu wa ziweto uli ndi mavuto aakulu omwe amapangitsa kuti 'msipu wosinthika' ukhale wosatheka kupeza zachilengedwe. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ng’ombe zoweta zinkawetedwa mwa kusankha kuti zizidyetsedwa m’malo obiriwira obiriwira a kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Akasiyidwa m'madera ouma, amasonkhana m'malo obiriwira obiriwira a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje, kuwononga malo okhala ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso kupondereza mitsinjeyo kukhala matope osaya, amatope. Onjezani izi pakuchulukirachulukira kwamitundu yakumadzulo. Bungwe la Land Management and Forest Service limapereka chilolezo kwa alimi omwe amabwereketsa malo odyetserako ziweto kuti achotse 45 mpaka 60 peresenti ya zokolola zapachaka za msipu womwewo, chaka ndi chaka. Kudyetserako msipu kovomerezeka kumeneku kumawononga udzu wosatha ndipo nyama zakuthengo zimasowa chakudya ndi malo okhala. Mukawerenga buku lovomerezeka laulimi wa ziweto zakumadzulo Range Management: Mfundo ndi Zochita Wolemba Pulofesa wa New Mexico State University, Jerry Holechek - mupeza kuti 30% yochotsa zoweta ndi ziweto ndiye kuchuluka kwa udzu ndi zitsamba zakumadzulo. Zipululu zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito zochepa kwambiri, komanso pazaka zamvula zokha. Malo ambiri achipululu sayenera kudyetsedwa ndi ziweto zapakhomo chaka ndi chaka. Ndipo kudyetsedwa kosinthasintha sikuthetsa mavutowa.
Kuweta msipu kukakhala koopsa kwambiri kuti kuthetse udzu ndi dothi losalimba lomwe ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe ku udzu wowononga, nthawi zambiri kumabwera zomera zakunja zapachaka monga cheatgrass ndi medusahead wildrye. Owukirawa ndi chizindikiro cha kudyetsera mopitirira muyeso - m'machitidwe achilengedwe athanzi, namsongole amatha kukhala otsika kwambiri, chifukwa udzu wokhala ndi thanzi ndiwopikisana kwambiri akakula. Koma ziweto zikangowononga nthaka ya zomera zake zachilengedwe - zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri pa chilala chomwe chimakhala chofala Kumadzulo kuposa zaka za mvula yambiri - namsongole wowononga akubisala, okonzeka kudzaza malowo. Cheatgrass yakhala ikuzungulira Kumadzulo kuyambira 1800s, koma ili kukula mofulumira m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Kuwonongeka kwa msipu kumachulukana pakapita nthawi pamene nthaka ikutha, zomera za komweko zimasinthidwa ndi zomera zosabala zipatso ndipo kuchuluka kwa ziweto kumasungidwa mouma nthawi ya chilala. Onjezani kuti ng'ombe zoweta masiku ano nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokulirapo ndi mapaundi 150-250 kuposa momwe mabungwewo adakhazikitsira mitengo yosungira komanso kuti kusintha kwanyengo kukupangitsa kuti pakhale nyengo yotentha komanso yowuma ndipo chithunzicho ndi choyipa kwambiri.
Cheatgrass ndi udzu wapachaka wokhala ndi mizu yosazama yomwe imafa ndi chomera chilimwe chilichonse, ndikusiya mpweya wawo kumlengalenga. Chifukwa chake cheatgrass ikatenga malo, ikuyaka moto wokulirapo womwe umachotsa zitsamba zosalolera moto ngati msadzi, pamapeto pake zimakhazikitsa ulimi umodzi womwe umachepetsa kusungidwa kwa mpweya wa dothi ndikuwononga malo okhalamo zomera ndi nyama zakuthengo.
Kuphatikiza apo, mipanda yomwe msipu wa Savory umafuna ndi vuto lalikulu kwa nyama zakuthengo, kuletsa kusamuka nyama zakutchire komanso kupha mbalame zowuluka pang'ono ngati sage grouse mkati manambala odabwitsa. Kuonjezeranso mipanda yopingasa madera a anthu kudzangopha mbalame za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kutseka misewu yambiri kuti nyama zakuthengo zisamuke. Izi sizosinthanso, sizokhazikika, ndipo chinthu chokha chomwe chimakwaniritsa ndikuwonjezera kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe zomwe zatsindikitsidwa kale.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, malo olandirira ziweto amagawanitsa zodabwitsa za kuweta kokulirapo kwambiri nthawi zambiri ndi omwe akuyimira alimi omwe sasintha kwambiri, osakhazikika, komanso owononga kwambiri. Ngakhale alimi ang'onoang'ono a mabanja angakonde kudyetsera msipu wocheperako (chifukwa cha ng'ombe zonenepa komanso phindu lalikulu), zoweta zambiri m'malo a anthu zimapikisana ndi udzu wochepa kwambiri. Oyang'anira madera awoonda kwambiri ndipo sangathe kuyang'anira malo onse odyetserako ziweto kuti adziwe momwe nthaka ikukhalira chaka chilichonse, kapena zaka khumi zilizonse. Pazaka makumi asanu ndi anayi kuchokera pamene Taylor Grazing Act idakhazikitsidwa, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kubwezeretsanso malo a anthu, tapita patsogolo pang'ono pamagawo ambiri, ndipo tataya mwayi kumwera chakumadzulo. Mabungwe aboma awonetsa chidwi chochepa chokana kuti 'ayi' pazakudya zosakhazikika za ziweto, makamaka akakakamizika ndi ma komishoni a maboma, aphungu a boma, ndi nthumwi za congressional omwe amayang'ana zaulimi ndikuwona madera aboma ngati gwero. kudulidwa kuti apeze phindu, m'malo mokhala malo okhala ndi moyo oyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala.
Zoona zake n’zakuti njira yokhayo yopititsira patsogolo thanzi la nthaka, kusinthika kwa nthaka, ngakhalenso kulemera kwa ziweto ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchulukitsitsa kwa msipu wa ziweto pa nthaka. Koma ng'ombe zochepa, nkhosa zochepa, ndi minda yocheperako zimatanthauza kuchepa kwa mphamvu, kutchuka, ndi chikoka cha ndale pa malo ochezera ziweto, ndichifukwa chake akulimbana kwambiri kuti aletse kusintha kwa udzu wodzudzula kumadera akumadzulo. Monga makolo ndi agogo awo amaika pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongedwa kwa madera akumadzulo m'malo mosiya kuphwanyidwa kulikonse ku mphamvu ndi chikoka chopanda malire chomwe akupitiliza kukhala nacho. Malo athanzi ndi nyama zakuthengo ndizomwe zimawononga mwayi wawo.
Kusinthika kwachilengedwe kumadera akumadzulo a anthu kutha kutheka pochotsa ng'ombe ndi nkhosa zomwe sizili zakwawo, ndikulola kuti zomera zoyambira zachilengedwe (monga njati, mbawala ndi agwape) zizidzazanso malo omwe asanduka msipu wa ng'ombe. Kuthetsa msipu wa ziweto kumapereka mpata wabwino kwambiri wobwezeretsa midzi ya zomera zachibadwidwe, kubwezeretsa ndi kukonza dothi, ndi kuonjezera kusunga mpweya m'madera akumadzulo ndi udzu. Zowona, izi zimachotsa 'ulimi' kuchokera kuzinthu zosinthika, koma iyi ndiye chinsinsi chothandizira tsogolo la anthu am'deralo. Mwina ndi nthawi yoti oyang'anira feduro ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu uwu wowongolera nthaka.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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