Nndi Debout, Kulimbikitsana kwakukulu kwa dziko la France motsutsana ndi lingaliro loti athetse ndondomeko ya ntchito ya dziko, afanizirana ndi kayendetsedwe ka mayiko ena - Occupy, Gezi Park ya Turkey, kayendedwe ka mabwalo ku Greece. Chuma ichi chimatithandiza kuyang'ana Nuit Debout ndi ziyembekezo zake kupita patsogolo.
Stathis Kouvelakis, membala wa Greece’s Popular Unity, yemwe anali wokangalika m’zaka za m’ma 1980 monga membala wa Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku France (PCF), wakhala akutsatira mosamalitsa mkhalidwe wa ku France. Apa, iye akuyankhula ndi Révolution Permanente mkonzi Emmanuel Barot ndi wolemba nkhani Damien Bernard za "chiwerengero chaulamuliro" cha boma la France, njira zopikisana ndi malingaliro a gulu lotsutsana ndi Lamulo la Ntchito lomwe akufuna, ndi maphunziro ati omwe angatenge kuchokera ku zomwe Syriza adakumana nazo ku Greece.
Nthawi yapitayi idadziwika ndi kuukira kwakukulu kwa boma, makamaka pambuyo pa November 13 kuukira ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zowonjezera vuto ladzidzidzi.
Lero talowa m'gawo latsopano: gawo latsopano lakulimbana kwamagulu komwe kudayambika ndi lamulo la Labor Law, ndikulimbikitsana kwamphamvu mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro abwino a anthu. Kodi munganene bwanji kusintha kwakukulu kwa mlengalenga?
M'malo mwake, kuukira kwachitetezo cha boma komanso mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi womwe udachitika kuyambira Novembala watha sichimayimiranso gawo lotsatira pakuumitsa ulamuliro waulamuliro womwe udayamba kale izi zisanachitike. M’lingaliro limenelo nyengo ya Sarkozy inasonyeza kusintha kwa zinthu, ngakhale ngati zinthu za izi zinalipo kale.
Malo awiri osiyana anali malo opangira ma laboratory a Sarkozy: mbali imodzi, yomwe ife ku France timatcha "kumasulidwa funso,” kutanthauza kasamalidwe ka chitetezo ndi ulamuliro waulamuliro wa anthu omwe amasalidwa kwambiri komanso amayang'aniridwa ndi kusankhana mitundu. Kumbali ina, malamulo otchedwa odana ndi zigawenga, omwe amabwereranso mpaka pa Seputembara 11, 2001 - ndipo zoona zake, ngakhale izi zisanachitike, ndi zoyeserera zoyamba za Alain Peyrefitte chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 "anti- zosokoneza” malamulo.
Malamulo oterowo amakhazikitsa njira yowonjezereka yowunika mopondereza m'maiko onse apamwamba aku Western capitalist. "Ziwerengero zaulamuliro" izi - monga momwe Nicos Poulantzas anafotokozera — motero zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zozama, ndipo mosakayikira anthu monga Nicolas Sarkozy ndi Manuel Valls Charles Pasqua zazikulu zomwe zikugwira ntchito.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa njirazi kudathandizidwa ndi kusagwirizana kwamagulu a anthu ku France kuyambira 2010 komanso kugonjetsedwa, chaka chomwechi, kwa gulu lolimbana ndi kusintha kwa penshoni. Mwachiwonekere, njirazi zinkafuna kulepheretsa kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri.
Koma zomwe zikuchitika pano zikuyimira kubweza m'mbuyo pamalingaliro achitetezo ndi aulamuliro awa, ndendende chifukwa kutembenukaku kumatengera kuthekera kodziyimira pawokha kukana kotchuka ndikuyimitsa kudutsa njira ina yowonekera ndi kukhazikika.
Zoonadi kuti kusonkhanitsa motsutsana ndi Lamulo la Ntchito wadutsa malirewa ndi kale kugonja koyamba kwa mfundozi, ndipo zikuthandizira kuyambitsa zovuta zandale - vuto la kuyimilira lomwe linalipo kale mu mawonekedwe obisika, koma tsopano likukulirakulira pamaso pathu.
Pakanthawi kochepa, ndikuganiza kuti oyang'anira a Hollande adaganiza kuti atha kupeza chilichonse, monga tawonera ndikulengeza zadzidzidzi pambuyo pa ziwopsezo. Uku kunali kudumpha kwenikweni, kumasulira osati ndondomeko zaulamuliro zokha komanso kusintha kwaukali kwa neoliberal, monga momwe zikuyimira Lamulo la Ntchito (lomwe limadziwikanso kuti El Khomri bill). M'malo mwake, titha kunena za mtundu watsopano wandale wa neoliberal straitjacket.
Kumbali imodzi kuli mkhalidwe wangozi. Kumbali ina tili ndi kusagwirizana kopanda malire kwa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito komanso njira zamaubwenzi ogwira ntchito, ndikuthetsa zitsimikizo zina zomwe zidalipobe malinga ndi mgwirizano wamagulu. Awiriwo amayendera limodzi. Ulamuliro waulamuliro waulamuliro wa neoliberal tsopano ukutuluka, ngakhale sizotsimikizika kuti udzakhazikika.
Zoonadi, kuukira kumeneku kwa boma ndi akuluakulu aboma kwavumbulanso momwe iwo afookera - mfundo yakuti François Hollande, boma, Socialist Party (PS), ndi ndale zoimira ku France mokulirapo zonse zikuchulukirachulukira nthawi imodzi. kukumana ndi anthu aku France. Lero zomwe tikuwona ku France ndikupatukana uku kukuwonekera. Chifukwa chake tikuwona kusintha kofunikira kwambiri mu ubale wamphamvu womwe ulipo, ndikutsegula malingaliro omwe kulibe ngakhale miyezi itatu yapitayo.
M'buku lanu la 2007 La France ndi wotsutsa mudagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "hegemonic instability" kuti muwonetse zochitika zandale ndi zovuta zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi Sarkozyism. Ndipo zomwe zikuchitika pano zimatsimikizira kuti izi zimagwiranso ntchito pakapita nthawi.
Koma kusakhazikika kukukhazikika, mosiyana ndi zomangira za Republican ndi boma lokha zikulimbikitsidwa. Kodi mukuganiza kuti dongosolo lenilenilo likufowoketsedwa mpaka pati? Kodi mungapite patali bwanji pozindikira vuto la zida za boma?
Ndinganene kuti tikuwona kuzama kwavuto lomwe linalipo kale la oimira ndale, koma izi sizinakhalebe "vuto la dziko" - vuto lalikulu lamtundu wina lomwe taliwonapo ku Greece kuyambira 2011 .Zikatero, si dongosolo la ndale lokha limene lagwa, koma dongosolo lonse la ulamuliro wa anthu wa magulu a anthu lagwedezeka kwambiri, zomwe zinayambitsa chimene Gramsci anachitcha “vuto lachilengedwe” kapena, m’mawu a Lenin, “vuto la dziko.”
Ku France sitinapezekebe, koma tifunika kuunika kwenikweni kwa Sarkozyism kuti tiwunikize kuwunika kwathu pamlingowo. M'buku langa ndinatanthauzira Sarkozyism monga "authoritarian populism," mawu omwe ndinatenga kuchokera. Stuart Hall. Inali pulojekiti yolimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi Thatcherism ndi US neoconservatism.
Poyang'anizana ndi mgwirizano wa voti ya 2005 motsutsana ndi European Constitutional Treaty, a kumasulidwa kuwukira, ndi mayendedwe otsutsana ndi Contrat Première Embauche (A CPE, lamulo la neoliberal lantchito lolunjika kwa antchito achichepere) lomwe lidakakamiza boma la De Villepin kuluma fumbi, chigonjetso cha Sarkozy chidawonetsa kutsutsa mwadongosolo. Kupambana kwake mu zisankho zapurezidenti za 2007 kudawonetsa kugonja kwamagulu anthawi imeneyo ndikuwulula kufooka kwa ndale kwa Kumanzere, makamaka makamaka kumanzere.
Komabe, kuwunika kwa Sarkozyism ngati projekiti kuyeneranso kukhala kopanda tanthauzo. Sarkozy mosakayikira adakwanitsa kuchita mbali ya zomwe amafuna kukwaniritsa. Ndiko kuti, adachita bwino kukonzanso nkhani yayikulu, ponse ponse pakuvomereza kutembenuka kwaulamuliro wachitetezo, ndipo koposa zonse pakukankhira m'mbuyo malire a zomwe zinganenedwe m'malo mwa ndale zazikulu.
Anakakamiza mitu ina yonga ngati chizindikiritso cha dziko pazokambirana, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa tsankho laboma, kukulitsa - mwachiwonekere kukhalako kale — Islamophobic mbali. Analetsa mitu yomwe m'mbuyomu inali yodziyimira pawokha kumanja kwakutali komanso mapiko otsutsana kwambiri ndi msasa wake. Motero iye anavomereza chinthu chatsopano: nkhani ya kukangana, yolengezedwa mopambanitsa monga choncho, ngakhale pa mlingo wapamwamba wa boma. Izi zinali mosakayikira kupuma ngakhale ndi nthawi ya Chirac, mwachitsanzo.
Kusiyana kwa "mnzake-mdani", monga Carl Schmitt akanati.
Ndendende. Sarkozy adati: pali mdani, ndipo ndi mdani mkati mwake yemwe tiyenera kulimbana naye. Ena mpaka anafika ponena kuti imeneyi inali nkhani ya nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni. Mwina izo zinali mokokomeza, koma ku Sarkozy kunali chiwawa chophiphiritsira ndi chotsutsana chokonzekera maziko a chinthu chofanana ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni yotsika kwambiri, kulimbikitsa chiwawa cha konkire cha zida zopondereza zomwe zinali kale zikugwira ntchito.
Ndikuganiza kuti pankhaniyi Sarkozy adapambana nkhondo yotsimikizika, ndikuti m'lingaliro limenelo panali zinthu za kukhazikika kwa hegemonic, kapena kuthetsa kusakhazikika kwa hegemonic komwe kunalipo kale. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, iye sanapambane kuchita chinachake chimene bourgeoisie a ku France sanachite bwino kuyambira kumapeto kwa Gaullism. Ndiko kuti, sanapambane pomanga zida zandale zomwe zingalole kukhazikika kwa dongosolo loyimilira kuti likhale lolimba kuti liyike dongosolo la mabungwe ndi ndale pansi pa lock ndi chinsinsi.
Sarkozy, kapena kuti Sarkozyism, adapambana, koma Sarkozy mwiniwakeyo adagonjetsedwa mu chisankho cha 2012 ndi chipani chake, Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), idakhala yosalimba ngati makina andale. Zomwe Sarkozy adapereka zikuwonetsa malire ake - ndipo tikutha kuwona bwino lomwe lero, ndi kuchuluka kwa mipikisano yayikulu kumanja komanso zolepheretsa zomwe Sarkozy adayesa kubwerera.
Munkhaniyi, munthu wina wakale ngati (mkatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1990, yemwe tsopano angathe kukhala pulezidenti) Alain Juppé atha kuwoneka ngati "munthu wosamalira" wa Ufulu. Kumbali ina, chipani cha Socialist Party chafooketsedwa kwambiri, ndipo ndithudi National Front ikupindula ndi kusakhazikika kwakukulu ndi kusweka kwa dongosolo la zipani ziwiri za France.
Kotero zomwe tili nazo ndizosakhazikika, ndipo kwenikweni izi zimatsegula mwayi wotsutsa mphamvu. Komabe, tiyenera kuganizira mfundo yakuti zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zawonongeka. Ndipo m'malingaliro mwanga kumanzere, anticapitalist eft, ali kutali kwambiri ndi kulemba bwino pepala la Sarkozyism. Zimenezo zimalemetsa kwambiri mkhalidwe wamakono.
Mwatchulapo tanthauzo la Poulantzas la ziwerengero zaulamuliro. Palinso njira ina yomwe imasanthula kusintha kwadongosolo komwe kulipo pokhudzana ndi kulimbikitsa zizolowezi za Bonapartist.
Ngati zizolowezi izi zimanyamulidwa ndi boma la capitalist ambiri, limakhalanso ndi mbiri yayitali pankhani yachiphamaso cha French republicanism. Kodi mukuganiza kuti kutanthauzira kongopekaku molingana ndi zinthu kapena zizolowezi za Bonapartist kumagwirizana ndi lingaliro lachiwerengero chaulamuliro?
Pa nthawiyo, tiyenera kubwerera ku Gramsci. Iye analankhula za "Bonapartism popanda Bonaparte," m'lingaliro lakuti muvuto la ndale tikuwona kubwerera m'malo a mabungwe oyimira ndi kulimbikitsa akuluakulu, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa maulumikizano achindunji pakati pa zigawo za magulu akuluakulu ndi ogwira ntchito m'boma omwe amayang'anira boma moyenera ndikukhazikitsa ndondomeko. Zochita zachikhalidwe - zotengera zipani - zoyimira zipani zimangochitika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo timalowa m'mavuto azandale.
Ndikuganiza kuti lingaliro ili la Bonapartism popanda Bonaparte likugwirizana bwino ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Choyamba, chifukwa palibe Bonaparte. Zomwe tinganene za François Hollande ndikuti ndi wofooka, womvetsa chisoni. Zoonadi, zochita zake ndi zovulaza kwambiri komanso zowopsa, koma iye mwini alibe makhalidwe aliwonse a munthu wachikoka amene amafika pamalopo kuti apereke njira yothetsera mavuto a ndale.
Lingaliro la ziwerengero zaulamuliro limawonjezeranso chinachake, apa, chifukwa chimatsindika za kusintha kwa zinthu za zida za boma, osati kokha chitukuko cha superstructures, vuto la kuyimira ndale, ndi njira yothetsera vutoli. Zida zoulutsira nkhani mwa zina zimakwaniritsa osati ntchito yofalitsa nkhani yayikulu, komanso ntchito yokonzanso malo andale. Izi ndi zomwe maphwando apamwamba a magulu akuluakulu sathanso kuchita, chifukwa ndi ofooka kwambiri komanso osavomerezeka.
Tikuwona izi momveka bwino Maiko a Latin America kumene ofalitsa nkhani alidi maziko a ndale m'bungwe lamphamvu kwambiri - koposa zipani zandale za bourgeois zomwe zafowoka kwambiri - komanso ku Italy ndi Berlusconi. Komabe izi ndizoonanso ku France, ndi Sarkozyism komanso zomwe zikuchitika tsopano monga oligarchs omwe ali ndi maubwenzi ambiri ku boma ndi ndale akuyang'anira zofalitsa zofunika kwambiri.
Koma ziwerengero zaulamuliro zimagwirizananso ndi zomwe Poulantzas adazitcha "ndale za utsogoleri wapamwamba": mfundo yakuti pali kupitiriza kwakukulu mu ndondomeko za boma, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa bwino ngakhale kuti maboma akusintha, zomwe ziri zochepa kwambiri ndipo zingatheke. kuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kusakhazikika komwe kulipo.
Chomwe chimatsimikizira kupitiriza kwachikhalire kwa mfundo za magulu olamulira ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito zapamwamba, zomwe zimatengera udindo wa "chipani cha bourgeoisie." "Chipani" ichi chikuyimilira pampando wa boma, osati pamenepo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa maubwenzi ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za ndalama, makamaka zachuma.
Tiyeni titembenukire kukulimbikitsana kwakali pano. Kodi mukuganiza kuti Lamulo la Ntchito likuyimira malire omwe Sarkozy sakanatha kufikira; kuti ndi gawo latsopano pakutsutsa zigonjetso zambiri za gulu la ogwira ntchito, ngakhale zitakhala kuti sizinayende bwino? Ndipo mutapatsidwa zonsezi, maganizo anu ndi otani pa zolimbikitsana, Nuit Debout, etc., tsopano kuti tadutsa gawo loyamba la kusonkhanitsa anthu, ndipo tafika pa gawo lachiwiri logwirizana ndi chiyambi cha mkangano wa nyumba yamalamulo?
Kuyang'anira mphamvu zantchito “malamulo a m'fakitale,” monga momwe Marx anafotokozera Capital - wakhala nthawi zonse pakati pa mfundo za neoliberal. Sarkozy adagonjetseratu malo ena apamwamba kwambiri okanira ogwira ntchito: tidawona momwe adakhazikitsira ntchito zochepa panjanji yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zoyendera za anthu onse, gawo lomenyera nkhondo. mwabwino kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Anakankhira kupyolera mu kusinthasintha, kugwetsa kapena kusokoneza zomwe zinatsalira Aubry malamulo (zokhazikika pa sabata la maora makumi atatu ndi asanu).
Koma mosakayika kuti El Khomri bilu ikuwonetsa kuthyola malire, chifukwa zikutanthauza kusagwirizana kwapayekha kwa maubale a ntchito, kufooketsa lamulo mokomera mgwirizano. Izi ndizomwe zimatanthawuza "kusinthika kwa utsogoleri wa chikhalidwe": mfundo yakuti mgwirizano wa kampani ndi kampani tsopano ukukhala pakati, chifukwa panopa ndi malo abwino kwambiri ku likulu.
Komanso chifukwa malingaliro a lamuloli ali ndi chikhumbo chofooketsa ndikubwezeretsanso malo a bungwe lazamalonda. Lingaliro - lophatikizidwa bwino ndi mabwana ndi njira zaboma — ndikuchita zonse zomwe angathe kukomera odzisunga. French Democratic Confederation of Labor (CFDT), mphamvu yomwe yapanga mwapadera kuyang'anira mtundu uwu wa maubwenzi ogwira ntchito movomerezeka momwe mungathere komanso pamlingo wamakampani. Chifukwa chake kutsogola kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwake m'mabizinesi apadera.
Kukaniza kunyansidwa koopsa kumeneku kwachokera mbali ziwiri, monga kuwonjezera kwa 2006 2010 anti-CPE ndi XNUMX anti-pensions reform movement. Kumbali ina yachokera kwa ogwira ntchito yolipidwa, makamaka pakukwera kwankhondo kuchokera pansi, mwachitsanzo mu General Confederation of Labor (CGT). Pamsonkhano waposachedwa wa chitaganya cha makumi asanu ndi chimodzi tinaona kulimbana kwa anthu okulirapo, koma kukweraku kukufalikira ndipo pakali pano akuvutika kuti awonekere m'gawo linalake m'njira yomwe ingakhale ngati sitima yapamtunda yotha kuyendera magawo ena.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zili pachiwopsezo pakali pano: kuwona kuti ndi gawo liti lomwe lingatenge gawo lotsogolera. M'magawo ambiri am'mbuyomo anali ogwira ntchito ku njanji omwe anali patsogolo, pomwe mu 2010 makamaka anali ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale - makamaka omwe amayenga mafuta. Zowonadi, linali bungwe lamankhwala la CGT lomwe lidagwiritsa ntchito njira zina zovuta zolimbikitsira.
Kumbali inayi, zomwe zachitikazo zachokera kwa achinyamata, momwe timakhalira ndi kupitirizabe ndi kayendetsedwe ka CPE ndi penshoni. Achinyamata a kusekondale ndi ophunzira akuzindikira kale zomwe zikuwayembekezera, koma kuonjezera apo, ophunzirawo ali ndi phazi limodzi m'moyo monga olandira malipiro, ndipo gawo lonse la iwo likuphatikizidwa muzantchito m'njira zambiri. Ichi ndi chowonadi chotsimikizika, komanso choletsedwa.
Izi zimatsegula mwayi watsopano wogwirizana pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi achinyamata, mwa njira yopita patsogolo kuposa momwe zinalili kale. Ngakhale kuti kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ambiri kumakhala kotsika kusiyana ndi momwe zimakhalira kale, kuyanjana pakati pa ogwira ntchito tsopano kwapita patsogolo kwambiri chifukwa cha mafomu omwe gululi latenga m'masukulu apamwamba, mayunivesite (ndi malire omwe tikudziwa kale), komanso kayendetsedwe ka Nuit Debout, omwe achinyamata ali pachimake chogwira ntchito, ngakhale kusunthako kumadutsanso.
Kumeneko, ogwira ntchito achichepere komanso achinyamata ovutikira kwambiri akusukulu yasekondale ndi ophunzira apeza njira yoyesera zomwe zili ku France mitundu yatsopano yochitira zinthu pamodzi.
Miyezi iwiri yapitayi idatsatiridwa ndi masiku khumi ndi limodzi a ziwonetsero zomwe achinyamata nthawi zambiri amasiyidwa okha pamzere wakutsogolo, ndikuponderezedwa ndi boma ndi apolisi ake. Kodi mungawunike bwanji udindo wa utsogoleri wa mabungwe ogwira ntchito motere, mwachitsanzo, "masiku ochitapo kanthu" omwe amangodumphadumpha?
Kodi mungawunike bwanji mfundo yoti gulu la ogwira ntchito silinadzudzule padziko lonse lapansi kuponderezedwa kwa gululi komanso makamaka achinyamata? Makamaka poganizira kuti pali kutseguka komanso kuvomereza pafunsoli, zomwe zingathandize kupanga ndendende mgwirizano womwe mumatchula pakati pa olandira malipiro, achinyamata, ndi Nuit Debout?
Chiyambireni gululi akuluakulu akhala akutsatira ndondomeko yachitsulo yomwe ikuyang'ana osati achinyamata okha komanso mabungwe a mabungwe ogwira ntchito komanso makamaka magulu omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri. Palibe mwayi kuti CGT ndi mgwirizano womwe umasalidwa kwambiri, ndipo womwe ukukumana ndi mafoni ambiri kuti ubwerere pamzere.
Zomwe zimayang'aniridwanso ndi zoyesayesa zenizeni zofikira mgwirizano pakati pa achinyamata ndi ogwira ntchito pansi: tawona momwe ophunzirawo analili. kumenyedwa ndi apolisi pa siteshoni ya Saint Lazare, kapena pa doko la Gennevilliers, pamene iwo anayesa kujowina pamodzi ndi magulu osonkhanitsidwa a antchito.
Koma ndithudi palinso kuponderezedwa mopitirira muyeso kwa ophunzira ndi achinyamata a kusekondale, omwe ali ndi cholinga chenicheni choyendetsa mkangano pakati pa achinyamata ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito. Ndipo nkofunikira kuti bungwe la mabungwe ogwira ntchito lisagwere mumsampha umenewu.
Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pankhaniyi: mbali imodzi kusagwirizana kwa chikhalidwe cha bungwe la ogwira ntchito kumawoneka ngati ogwirizana ndi magawo omwe sangalamuliridwe kapena akuganiziridwa kuti ndi choncho. Kumbali ina, pali vuto lenileni lomwe sitingathe kuliyang'ana kutali. Poganizira momwe mphamvu zomenyera ufulu wa achinyamata zilili pano, pali tsatanetsatane wa njira kapena njira zomwe, kuti tichepetse zinthu, titha kuzitcha njira zakuda za bloc, ndi zomwe ndimaganiza kuti ndi chikhulupiriro chonyenga chakuti pakukulitsa mikangano iyi, mutha kuyitanitsa. zimapanga ma radicalizing.
M'malo mwake, ndi njira zamtunduwu mumangovomereza kuponderezedwa kwa apolisi, kapena kupereka zifukwa zomwe zimatsimikizira izi pamaso pa anthu. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti anthu asamavutike, kulepheretsa anthu ambiri kutenga nawo mbali pamisonkhano. Ndikuganiza kuti machenjererowa ndi opanda pake ndipo gululo lingachite bwino kudziteteza kwa iwo, kuwaletsa kuti asakhudze momwe ziwonetsero zimachitikira.
Ponena za kayendetsedwe ka mabungwe a ogwira ntchito ndi machitidwe ake, kulephera kwa masiku osagwirizana ndi ntchito kwasonyezedwa kale, monga momwe zinaliri mu 2003 ndi 2010. Gulu la 2006 lotsutsana ndi CPE linapambana ngakhale maganizo awa a mbali ya mabungwe. , chifukwa panalinso kusonkhanitsa kosalekeza komanso kwaunyinji kwa achinyamata motsutsana ndi muyeso womwe udawaganizira kwambiri. Koma cholinga cha Labor Law ndi chokulirapo.
Masiku ano palibe amene angadalire achinyamata kuti atulutse mabokosi awo pamoto m'malo mwawo, monga momwe mabungwe amachitira panthawi yolimbana ndi CPE. Tiyenera kusuntha kupita ku zida zapamwamba. Pali kukankhira mbali iyi m'mabungwe, monga momwe zimawonekera mu CGT mwachitsanzo pa msonkhano wake waposachedwa.
Zowonadi, pempho lomwe lidasindikizidwa kumapeto kwa msonkhanowo silinali lokhutiritsa kwenikweni, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusamvana kwamkati komwe kumawonetsa kukana kwa mabungwe akuluakulu kukana zomwe zingafunike kuti ziwonjezeke kumenyera ufulu wawo komanso kufalikira kwa gululo. Choyipa ndichakuti bungwe la ogwira ntchito njanji likuwoneka kuti lavomereza malingaliro awa, mpaka pano. Ngakhale zili choncho, pempholi lidawonetsa kusintha: mwa kudziwa kwanga ndi koyamba kuti CGT ifunse momveka bwino za zomwe zingawonjezeke kumenyedwa pamlingo uwu.
Izi sizinthu zomwe zidapambana kale kapena zomwe zasankhidwa kale, koma kuthekera kulipo, ndipo pakadali pano titha kuwona magawo a CGT akufuna mgwirizano ndi gulu la achinyamata, makamaka ndi Nuit Debout. Zowona kuti mlembi wamkulu wa CGT Philippe Martinez anabwera kudzalankhula ku Place de la République — ngakhale kulowererapo kwake sikunali kogwirizana ndi zomwe mkhalidwewo umafuna — ndipo njira yolondola.
Sitiyeneranso kuiwala kuti Martinez akunena zoona pamene akunena kuti momwe zinthu zilili panopa m'malo antchito komanso m'mafakitale akuluakulu ogwira ntchito sizimakondera kuchitapo kanthu mopanda malire. Izi zati, uku ndiye njira yomwe tiyenera kupitako. Magawo olimbana kwambiri akuyenera kudzipangira okha ntchitoyi.
Kuti tibwerere ku funso la kuponderezedwa ndi malingaliro akuda-bloc, pali zomangamanga zamphamvu za discursive zomwe zikuchitika pamlingo waukulu, mulingo wa media. Kaya pali ma bloc-ers akuda kapena china chofanana, umu ndi momwe kulimbikitsira kumafotokozedwera muzofalitsa. Ndipo chipwirikiti chikuchitidwa kwa achinyamata ndi ogwira ntchito omwe ali nawo, ngakhale palibe njira yolimbana ndi mtundu woterewu.
Lingaliro lakuda-bloc ndilolepheretsa kusonkhanitsa komwe kulipo, koma ndi chizindikiro cha kusowa kwa njira, kutayika kwa nthawi yaitali kwa gulu la achinyamata, ndi kufooka kwa mabungwe amphamvu ndi osintha momwemo. Chifukwa cha zomwe gulu likukumana nazo, mtengo wa zofookazi ndikuti mafunde awa ndi njira zawo zazing'ono zidzamira mizu.
Ndimagwirizana ndi kusanthula uku. Ichi ndi chizindikiro komanso zotsatira za magnifying-glass effect opangidwa ndi atolankhani kuti atsimikizire kuponderezedwa. Izi zati, malingaliro awa alipo - sitingathe kuchepetsa kapena kubisa, chifukwa ali ndi zotsatira zoyipa zenizeni.
M'chigawo cha Paris ntchito za Mouvement Inter Luttes Indépendant (gulu la ophunzira lakuda-bloc-bloc anarchist) pamapeto pake zidakhala ndi gawo loyipa kwambiri pakusonkhanitsa ophunzira aku sekondale. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi izi zakhala zikuchititsa kuti ophunzira a kusekondale apite patsogolo kwambiri, ndipo zotsatira zake n’zakuti zinachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha ophunzira a kusekondale chigwere.
Izi tsopano zikuyambitsidwanso, koma panjira yatsopano, ndi malamulo a National Coordination of High Schools. Ndikuganiza kuti ili ndi vuto lamkati la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ndipo, ndikuvomereza, pamwamba pa chizindikiro cha chinachake chachikulu. Chifukwa chake magulu omenyera ufulu ndi osintha zinthu akuyenera kukonzanso pakati pa achinyamata, ndipo ndiudindo wawo kuti asasiye gawo lotseguka kumalingaliro amtunduwu.
Kodi masomphenya anu ndi otani pa Nuit Debout? Zingakhale bwino kuyika chodabwitsa ichi motsatira wokwiya ku Spain, Occupy Wall Street, etc., komanso ndi zomwe zachitika ku Greece.
Zoonadi, ndikukhulupirira kuti Nuit Debout ili m'gulu la anthu olimbikitsa anthu kutengapo mbali, kudzera m'njira yomwe gululi likuchita - ndiko kutengera malo, ndale. Posachedwapa tawona njira zogwirira ntchito pamodzi zikubwera patsogolo pazochitika zonse zomwe mumatchula, zomwe tiyenera kuwonjezerapo gulu la Gezi Park ku. nkhukundembo. Zomwe tidawona pamisonkhano yonseyi, kuphatikiza mu Nuit Debout, ndi achinyamata ophunzira omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ngakhale nthawi zina pamakhala gawo lalikulu.
M'chi Greek - chitsanzo chimene ndikuchidziwa bwino kwambiri — mabwalo kuyenda ya kasupe 2011 inali yochuluka kwambiri, komanso mwachiwonekere "plebeian". Kutenga nawo mbali kwa magulu ambiri achikhalidwe kunawonetsanso mfundo yoti anthu achi Greek anali atakumana kale ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa chokhazikitsa mfundo zokumbukira.
M'chaka chimodzi chokha ndondomekozi zinali zitabweretsa zododometsa kwambiri: kuchepetsedwa kwa malipiro, kuwononga ndalama zambiri, komanso kusokoneza mofulumira kwa magulu onse a anthu. Chifukwa chake chowonadi kuti panali mkwiyo wakuthwa komwe kulibe momwemo mukulimbikitsa ku France.
Ndithudi ku Place de la République kuli madandaulo enieni ndi chifuno chenicheni chomenyera nkhondo, koma kudakali bata pang’ono poyerekeza ndi kuphulika kwa chiphala chamoto, kuphulika koopsa koopsa komwe kunalipo ku Greece. Panali chiwawa — kapena makamaka, chiwawa cholimbana ndi chiwawa — pano sindikukamba za anthu akuda koma mawu okwiya odziŵika okha—monga amene sitinaonepo ku France.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ku Greece ntchito sinali pabwalo lililonse lakale: Syntagma Square ndiye bwalo lapakati ku Athens, lomwe lili kutsogolo kwa nyumba yamalamulo. Panali chifuno chachikulu - osati makamaka m'malo momwemo - kuti akumane ndi nyumba yamalamulo mwachindunji. Kutsutsana kwakukulu kotsutsa-parliamentarism kunawonekera, pamodzi ndi kukana kwakukulu ndi kukana kwathunthu kwa ndondomeko yoyimira ndale yomwe yakhala ikulamulidwa - monga momwe tikudziwira - ndi ulamuliro wamagulu awiri okhazikitsidwa ndi Ufulu ndi Pasok alternating mu boma.
Mawu omwe adatengedwa ndi khamu la anthu adadzudzula mwamphamvu ndale zakuba komanso zachinyengo zomwe zidayika dzikoli pansi pa chitetezo cha troika ndi memorandum regime. Poyerekeza, kulimbikitsana kwachi French kumakhalabe kochepa.
Mosiyana, chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri chomwe ndimawona mu Nuit Debout ndi anti-bwana kapena anticapitalist - kapena, “anti-capital” — nkhani. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti zomwe zikutsutsidwa mochuluka - m'misonkhano yayikulu, zokambirana ndi zokambirana - ndi mphamvu ya likulu m'magawo onse a moyo wa anthu.
Chifukwa cha Lamulo la Ntchito kutsutsa uku mwachiwonekere kumayang'ana kwambiri mphamvu za likulu pa mlingo wa malo ogwira ntchito, mphamvu zopanda malire za mabwana, kuphwanyidwa kwa ogwira ntchito pa ntchito yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi kuzunzika komwe kumabwera.
Koma izi zimapitanso patsogolo, ndipo zimakhudza zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zolemba zochokera ku bungwe la ecology zimawoneka kwa ine kukhala zotsutsana kwambiri ndi capitalist, zolozera ku capital, makampani akulu, ndi zida zomwe zimagwira ntchito yawo zomwe zidayambitsa kuwononga chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe. M'lingaliro limeneli ndikuganiza kuti zinthu zatsopano za radicalism zatulukira ngakhale poyerekeza ndi mawonetseredwe osinthika a dziko lonse lapansi, zomwe gululi latsimikizira kuti lili ndi mfundo zazikulu zomwe zimagwirizana nazo.
Zomwe mayendedwe amakhalanso ofanana - ndipo izi zitha kungobweretsa mavuto ambiri - ndikuti amanyamula chiyeso, motero chiopsezo, chokhazikika muzochita ndi mikangano yosalekeza panjira yopangira zisankho, komanso chowonadi cha kulankhula ndi "kumasulidwa" kwake kutenga mbali yodziwonetsera yokha, kukhala mathero mwa iwo okha. Izi zitha kulowa m'malo mwa kufunafuna ntchito yoyenera ya ndale yomwe imadzipangira zolinga zenizeni ndikudzikonzekeretsa ndi njira zokwaniritsira zolingazo.
Iyi ndi njira yosamvetsetseka kwambiri yofotokozera funso la demokalase, kuichotsa ku mikangano yamagulu ndi kufalikira kwake.
Ndendende. Kapena kungofuna kukambirana komwe sikubweretsa zisankho zolunjika pakuchitapo kanthu: kungofotokoza njira zabwino kwambiri, njira zabwino zokambilana, kapena demokalase kukhala mawu ofanana ndi kukambirana kosalekeza kwaumwini komwe kulibe dziko lenileni. Chiyesochi chinaliponso ku Greece, pamisonkhano yayikulu yomwe inachitika pa Syntagma Square ndi kwina kulikonse.
Koma pamenepo izo zinalepheretsedwa bwino ndi kusinthika kwa zinthu, ndi zomwe zinali kuchitika patsogolo pake; osati kokha mfundo ya mavoti pa chikumbutso ndi troika kukhazikitsa chitetezo chake pa dziko, komanso pafupipafupi mayendedwe amphamvu kwambiri sitiraka. Izi zidapereka mwayi kwa ena mayesero proceduralist ndi "kukhudzana ndi nzika" zosagwirizana ndi ndale zenizeni.
Munali m'modzi mwa oyamba kuzindikira — pakati pa Novembala — imfa ya a Front de gauche. Ngakhale ngati tsopano kulimbikitsana kuli kutali ndipo kuzungulira kwachiwiri kukuchitika, zonsezi zidzakhalanso ndi zotsatira pa kukonzanso kwa "Kumanzere kwa Kumanzere," kutanthauza kumanzere. Ndi chiyembekezo chotani cha Kumanzere kupita patsogolo, makamaka pazisankho zapurezidenti za 2017?
Maonekedwe a anthu okhwima komanso odana ndi capitalist omwe atsala ku France ndi ovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakulephera kwa kubetcha kwakukulu komwe kudachitika posachedwa. Yoyamba inali ya New Anticapitalist Party (NPA), pulojekiti yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Revolutionary Communist League (LCR).
Bungweli linali gulu la ndale lomwe linkayendetsa anthu otsalira kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 2000, makamaka chifukwa cha Chithunzi cha Olivier Besancenot makampeni awiri apurezidenti mu 2002 ndi 2007 komanso zomwe zidawoneka bwino panthawiyo.
Kulephera kwachiwiri kunali kwa Front de gauche, komwe sikunathe kukhala china chilichonse kupatula gulu la mabungwe komanso mgwirizano wapamwamba wamasankho. Sizinathe kudzipanga yokha ngati chida chenicheni chothandizira kulimbikitsana ndi kumenyana, kulola kubwezeretsanso ndale, ndikugwira ntchito yomanganso malo a ndale. M'malingaliro anga a Front de gauche anali atafa kale ngakhale zigawenga za Novembala zisanachitike - zisankho za ma municipalities ndi zigawo zinali zitatsimikizira kale kuti PCF ikupitirizabe ntchito yake monga wothandizira wa Socialist Party.
Koma kwa ine chophiphiritsa coup de grace ndi pamene aphungu onse a PCF a nyumba yamalamulo (MPs) mu National Assembly adavota mokomera boma ladzidzidzi, kutenga nawo mbali mu mgwirizano wadziko lonse womwe unkayamba kugwira ntchito.
Posachedwa kunena kuti zinthu zidzasintha bwanji, koma pali chinthu chimodzi chomwe tingakhale otsimikiza nacho: gulu lachitukuko lomwe likuchitika tsopano likuwonetsa kusintha kwenikweni, komwe kudzakhudza kwambiri ndale. Limenelo ndi phunziro limene tingatenge m’mayendedwe ofananirako amene achitika kwina kulikonse.
Izi zinali choncho ngakhale pa nkhani yabwino kwambiri, ku United States, kumene Occupy ankawoneka kuti alibe malire, olamuliridwa ndi malingaliro otsutsana ndi ndale kapena ufulu waufulu m'dziko limene mulibe ndondomeko yodziyimira payokha pazandale za gulu la ogwira ntchito, komanso kumene kulipo. sanakhalepo pamlingo wofunikira.
Ngakhale kumeneko zinali ndi chikoka china monga tikuonera ndi Bernie Sanders kampeni; zinali zokhala pakati, mosalunjika, koma zinali zofunika kwambiri malinga ndi miyezo ya US. Ndipo monga tikudziŵira, kum’mwera kwa Ulaya magulu a anthu anayambitsa mikangano yandale yofunika kwambiri. Koma zimenezi sizimangochitika zokha. Panali ochita masewera omwe adachitapo kanthu ndipo adatha kupanga zotsatira zomwe zinali zisanawonekere kale, zogwirizana ndi zotheka zomwe sizinalipo kale.
Zomwe zikuchitika ku France pakadali pano zikutsegula mwayi watsopano. Kumbali ina, chifukwa chipani cha Socialist chafooka kwambiri: m'malingaliro mwanga gululi lotsutsana ndi bilu ya El Khomri likuwonetsa kusweka kotsimikizika pakati pa chipani cha Socialist ndi zomwe zidatsalira pamaziko ake ndikuthandizira. Mwina tsopano— ndipo pokhapo — tikukulola] kuona cinthu monga Pasokification of Socialist Party , kapena zochitika zilizonse za kuwonongeka zomwe sitingathe kuziwona zikuthawa.
Izi zikutsatira kuti magulu ankhondo akumanzere omwe akufuna kulimbana ndi Socialist Party lero akukumana ndi vuto lalikulu. Mphamvu izi zilipodi kumanzere kumanzere, pokhapokha atatuluka m'malingaliro amagulu ndi mipatuko. Kuphatikiza apo, amapezekanso m'mafunde ena kapena zigawo zina za Front de gauche zomwe zatha, ngakhale zitakhala kuti ziphwanya malingaliro aliwonse okhudzana ndi chipani cha Socialist ndi boma, komanso ngati amvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika. m'misewu, m'magulu olimbikitsa anthu, ndikudziyika okha kuti aganizire mozama za njira ina.
Ndimakhulupiriranso kuti pali zovuta zina zomwe tikukumana nazo pakali pano: sitingathe kukhala ndi ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi usilikali yomwe ili ndi mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zimafunidwa nthawi yomweyo - kwenikweni, pulogalamu yofanana ndi ya trade union. Zomwe timafunikira ndi njira ina yandale, yozindikiritsa mfundo zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika komanso njira ya mdani wa gululo.
Izi zikutanthauza, mwachitsanzo, kuti tiyenera kuyembekezera kumapeto kwa pulezidenti ndi Fifth Republic, komanso kutha kwa European Union, yomwe ndi nkhondo yeniyeni yankhondo pa dziko lonse lapansi. Popanda kusweka ndi EU sitidzafika pa yankho lililonse, monga momwe tsoka la Syriza ku Greece linatsimikizira motsimikizika.
Lingaliro ili limafunanso masomphenya enieni a maubwenzi a anthu, m'malingaliro omasulidwa ku mphamvu ya ndalama. Izi ziyenera nthawi imodzi kukhala zomveka bwino komanso zenizeni, zozikidwa pazolinga zosinthika koma zodziwika bwino. Pakalipano ife tiri kutali ndi siteji yomwe kuteteza ntchito za boma kapena kufotokozera kuwonjezereka kwawo kungakhale kokwanira.
Izi sizingafanane konse ndi tanthauzo la zomwe zikuchitika: mwina motengera mitundu ya mpikisano yomwe yatuluka m'magawo otsogola kwambiri agululi, kapena potengera mawonekedwe omwe likulu lidakulitsa mphamvu zake modabwitsa. ubale wonse wa anthu.
Pankhani ya njira ina, pali zochitika ziwiri zazikulu m'zaka zaposachedwa zomwe zikuwonetsa zoopsa zazikulu pakudalira magulu odziwika kuti apange zotsatira zandale. Inde, Podemos (muzonse zake) ndi zomwe zakhala zikugwira ntchito pazandale posachedwapa; ndipo ndithudi zochitika za Syriza, kugwidwa kwake ndi kulephera kwa polojekiti yake ya ndale, yomwe inali yofulumira monga chiyembekezo choyambirira chinali cholimba.
Cholinga chathu sichiyenera kukhala kupanganso zonyenga zamtundu womwewo kamodzi kokha kuti tigwetse khoma molunjika. M’lingaliro lanu, kodi ndi “anthu oteteza thupi” ati amene ayenera kutsindika pankhaniyi?
Kwa ine ndimapereka maphunziro atatu kuchokera ku kulephera kwa Syriza.
Choyamba chodziwikiratu kwambiri — ndi chakuti ndale zilizonse zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wandale (ndiponso kwambiri, ndale zotsutsana ndi chikapitalisti) pakali pano zomwe zikukana kusweka ndi mgwirizano wamayiko aku Ulaya ndipo sichidzipatsa yokha njira yobweretsera kusweka uku ku mapeto ake akutsutsidwa kulephera.
Kuphulika kumeneku sikufanana nkomwe ndi kubwerera m'malire a mayiko monga momwe anthu ena amaumirira. Pambuyo pake, ngati palibe kuphwanya kutsegulidwa kwinakwake, mu umodzi mwa maulalo mu unyolo, womwe uli pamlingo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, sipangakhale kufalikira kulikonse kwa kupasuka kumeneku pamlingo wapadziko lonse.
Phunziro lachiwiri ndi loti njira zanyumba yamalamulo ndizosakwanira ndipo zingayambitsenso kugonja. Kuchokera ku 2012, ngakhale isanakwane, Syriza adatembenuza njira yake ndi machitidwe ake kukhala aphungu, osati omwe adayenda ndi mapazi onse awiri. Sizinali ndi malingaliro a nthawi imodzi yolimbikitsa magulu omwe angayambitse mikangano pakati pa anthu, ndi kupeza kupambana pamasankho kuti athe kugonjetsa mphamvu za boma.
Zowonadi, kulowa m'boma kuli kopanda nzeru pokhapokha ngati kumatilola kuti tipitirire kulimbanaku, kutengapo mbali zina zofunika kukulitsa zovuta zandale ndikutsegula malo atsopano olimbikitsa anthu ambiri. Kuchokera pamenepa a Jean-Luc Mélenchon ndi “kusintha kwa nzika” — kungogwira ntchito motsatira mavoti okha— ndizopanda malire osati kokha ndi maphunziro ena ofunika kwambiri akale, komanso ndi zochitika zaposachedwapa.
A kwenikweni tingachipeze powerenga reformist zongopeka.
Inde, ndizongopeka kwambiri, koma zomwe mlandu wa Mélenchon umawululanso ndi njira yachiphamaso pazochitika zomwe amati amazitenga ngati mfundo zake. Mwakutero, kupempha kwake kwa kusintha kwa nzika, makamaka ku Latin America, komwe odana ndi neoliberal kapena opita patsogolo atha kupambana zisankho zotsatizana.
Zowonadi pakhala zigonjetso m'bokosi lovotera, koma muzochitika zonsezi ngakhale kuti tipeze zotsatira zochepazi payeneranso kukhala zovuta zodziwika bwino zachigawenga. Ku Venezuela kunali 1989 caracazo ndi mazana ake akufa amene anatheketsa chokumana nacho cha Chavista, ndipo mofananamo ku Bolivia kunayenera kukhala kuukira kwenikweni kotchuka, ndi anthu akufa, Evo Morales asanakhale mu ulamuliro — ndi malire onse amene chochitika chingakhale nacho.
Chomaliza chachitatu chomwe ndidapeza chikukhudza mawonekedwe aphwando akulankhula moyenera. Zomwe ndidawona ku Syriza - ndipo tikuwona zofanana ndi a Podemos ndikuti ngakhale asanalowe m’maboma ndi kulanda mipando ya unduna, pa nthawi imene chiyembekezo chopambana pazisankho kapena kusangalala ndi zisankho zinayamba kuonekera, zipanizi. adapanga njira yowerengera zowerengera.
Apanso, Nicos Poulantzas adawona mwayi uwu momveka bwino m'malemba ake otsiriza, pamene adanena kuti chiŵerengero ichi chinali chiopsezo chachikulu choyang'anizana ndi njira ya nkhondo ya udindo ndi kugonjetsa mphamvu za boma ndendende kudzera mu kuphatikiza uku kwa kayendetsedwe ka anthu ndi zisankho zazikulu.
Ziwerengerozi zimadziwonetsa bwino chifukwa zipanizi zikuchulukirachulukira, utsogoleri umakhala wodziyimira pawokha ndikukhala ndi kawonedwe ka "caudillisto" komanso zigawenga zomwe sizifunikira kwenikweni pakusankha zisankho.
Zipanizi zikuchulukirachulukira kudziyesa ngati zida zowongolera mphamvu, osati zida zopangira ndale zaunyinji polumikizana ndi magulu a anthu komanso kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri. Tawona izi zikugwira ntchito ku Syriza, makamaka kuyambira 2012.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti anali asanakhalepo kale, koma adafika pamlingo watsopano kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, pamene Syriza adadzipeza yekha pazipata za mphamvu za boma. Ndipo mu nkhani ya Podemos ikuchitika mofulumira kwambiri.
Mosakayikira, ndichifukwa chakuti Podemos sichichokera ku ndondomeko yokonzanso kayendetsedwe ka ogwira ntchito ndipo imachokera kuzinthu zofooka za bungwe, zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chizoloŵezi ichi. Kuti tithane ndi izi tiyenera kuyesa mawonekedwe a ndale ndi mabungwe; mafomu omwe sangalole kuthetsedwa kwa matsenga kwa zizolowezi izi - zomwe m'malingaliro mwanga ndizogwirizana ndi momwe ndale zimakhalira m'maiko athu - koma zitha kukhala nazo ndikuziletsa kulamulira.
Pali funso la mayendedwe omwe akhazikika mu gulu la ogwira ntchito, komanso za ndale zomwe mukuyimira momwemo.
Zowonadi, chifukwa cha njira izi zowerengera zowerengera zinalipo kale m'ma 1970 m'zipani za Chikomyunizimu zomwe zidafunsidwa ndi funso lakufikira mphamvu za boma ndi njira zachisankho, zomwe ndi France ndi Italy. Izi zinali maphwando omwe anali ndi mizu yochuluka, ndipo anali opambana mu kayendetsedwe ka antchito.
Koma izi sizinalepheretse PCF kutengera "programu wamba," kusindikiza mgwirizano wake ndi Socialist Party, kapena Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku Italy (PCI) ya nthawi ya "mbiri yakale yonyengerera" ikumira mu nkhungu za izi. Zoonadi, izi zinali zenizeni zomwe Poulantzas anakumana nazo pamene analongosola kusanthula kwake, podziwa kuopsa kumene Maphwando Achikomyunizimu angatsatire kwambiri— ngakhale m’dongosolo lawo lenilenilo— njira yachitukuko yofanana ndi ya zipani za ogwira ntchito ndi zademokalase za m’nthaŵi yapitayo. .
Ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kuganiza za malo omanga bungwe ndi maphwando monga gawo loyesera, komanso, ndithudi, ngati malo omenyana ndi kulimbana komwe kumapangitsa kuti mitundu yatsopano ya ndale iwoneke. Ndikubwereza, m'malingaliro mwanga mawonekedwe otere sakanatha kuthetsa zizolowezi izi, zomwe zimakhazikika mwachilengedwe. Zomangamanga zilizonse zandale zomwe zikugwira ntchito molingana ndi gawo la ndale lomwe latsala ndi gawo la zisankho, ubale wa oyimira, ndi mabungwe anyumba yamalamulo, zitha kukumana ndi zovuta komanso zizolowezi zamtunduwu.
Koma ndimavomereza mukakamba za ma antibodies. Ndikuganiza kuti ndizo zomwe tiyenera kugwirira ntchito potsata njira zamakono, mawonekedwe a bungwe, ndi kuzika mizu pakati pa anthu, ogwira ntchito, ndi magulu a anthu amtundu wa subaltern monga momwe alili lero, osati monga momwe adapangidwira kale.
Kutsatira kumodzi mwazinthu zoyamba za Frédéric Lordon pa Nuit Debout wina adamufunsa ngati anali wokonda kusintha kapena wosintha zinthu, ndipo yankho lake - mwachidule - linali loti funsolo silinali loyenera. Kodi mungayankhe bwanji funso limeneli?
Ndikuganiza kuti funsoli ndi latanthauzo, koma tiyeneranso kufotokoza momveka bwino zomwe tikutanthauza ndi mawu oti "reformist" pakali pano. Pakuti osati kokha kuti kaonedwe ka chisinthiko lerolino kakuwoneka kakugonja m’mbiri pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union ndi kutha kwa zimene zatchedwa “zaka za m’ma XNUMX zachidule”; malingaliro osintha zinthu akuwonekanso ogonja.
Maphwando amasiku ano a demokalase ndi maphwando omasuka a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amayendetsa neoliberalism, ndipo samalingalira nkomwe mgwirizano weniweni wa chikhalidwe. Ngati m’zaka makumi atatu kapena zinayi pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II ademokalase a chikhalidwe cha anthu analimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kapena kupindula kokomera dziko la ogwira ntchito, ngakhale mkati mwa dongosolo la chikapitalist, zimenezo sizirinso zoona. Masiku anonso anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu ali m’mavuto.
Koma ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kupita patsogolo: m'malo mwake, ndingasinthe njira yachikhalidwe yopangira vutoli. Mu dongosolo la capitalist nthawi zonse padzakhala kusintha; padzakhala nthawi zonse tizigawo tomwe timagulu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhulupirira kuti zinthu zitha kusintha malinga ndi dongosolo lomwe lilipo. Koma kuti kusinthako kukhalepo payeneranso kukhala ndi maganizo osintha zinthu.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndikuganiza kuti malingaliro osintha zinthu amachokera ku kukhalapo kwa malingaliro osintha. Mfundo yakuti m’mbiri yonse ya m’mbiri panali kuthekera kotsimikizirika kwa tsogolo la chikapitalisti — malingaliro ogwetsa dongosolo, ozikidwa pa maulamuliro amphamvu omwe anatuluka mu October Revolution ndi zotsutsana ndi atsamunda — ndichifukwa chake panali a reformism akuti: ngakhale sitikupita mpaka pamenepo, titha kukwaniritsa zinthu zingapo popanda kusokoneza dongosolo.
Lerolino, mosiyana ndi zimenezo, tili ndi mkhalidwe umene— monga momwe Fredric Jameson ananenera— “n’kosavuta kulingalira kutha kwa dziko kusiyana ndi kulingalira kutha kwa ukapitalizimu.” Izi zakhala zomveka m'nthawi yathu ino; pamapeto pake, izi ndi zomwe zimalepheretsa - kapena kunena ndendende, kukhala zosaganizirika—malingaliro osintha zinthu ndi malingaliro osinthadi. Zomwe tikufunikira lero ndi zokumana nazo zatsopano zachipambano zamagulu a subaltern, zomwe zitilola kufotokoza momveka bwino, mogwira mtima malingaliro osintha ndi osintha.
Idasindikizidwa koyamba ndi Révolution Permanente. Kutanthauziridwa Jacobin by David Broder.
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