Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule za socialism yeniyeni, ndemanga yomwe imachoka m'mabuku kupita kudziko lenileni.
Kuyimitsa kwathu koyamba kuli ku Russia kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, anali a Bolshevik Party ndi ena adachotsa Tsar ndi banja lachifumu ndipo posakhalitsa adagonjetsa boma la bourgeois la Kerensky, adathamangitsa olemekezeka omwe anali ndi malowo ndipo adapita khazikitsani dziko lodziwika komanso lachiyanjano.
Kufikira pamenepo panalibe chokumana nacho china cha Boma la Socialist. Inde, akatswiri a zachitukuko cha sosholisti analemba za icho ndipo a Jacobins a Kuukira kwa Chifalansa anagwiritsira ntchito masinthidwe ena a chisonkhezero cha sosholisti chimene chinatenga nthaลตi yochepa kwambiri.
Pamene de October Revolution inachitika, sosholizimu yasayansi idayikidwa pamaziko omwe adakhazikitsidwa bwino Capital, ntchito yaikulu ya Marx ndi Engels yomwe inafufuza za capitalism ya m'zaka za m'ma XIX komanso mu Communist Manifest komwe adawonetsa ndondomeko ya zachuma, zachikhalidwe ndi zandale, zomwe chipani cha Bolshevik ndi Vladimir Lenin anali oyamba kuchita. M'mabuku awa muli zikhazikitso za sosholizimu yasayansi ndipo chinali chipani cha Bolshevik chomwe chinapeza mphamvu kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi m'dzina la Socialism, kotero chiyembekezo chinali choti pulogalamu ya Manifesto ya Chikomyunizimu ipereke boma lokhazikitsidwa mu dongosolo latsopano lomwe lingasinthe ubale wa zopanga pakati pa makalasi ndikuyenda kupita ku Socialism. Chidwi chimene anthu onse opita patsogolo padziko lapansi anali nacho pa zomwe zinayamba kuchitika ku Russia chinali champhamvu kwambiri. Chinanso champhamvu chinali kutsimikiza mtima kwa osunga maulamuliro amphamvu zapadziko lapansi kuti athetse kuyesako kuyambira pachiyambi, chifukwa Great Britain, France, Japan ndi US adapereka zida kwa Azungu aku Russia ndikutumiza asitikali kuti amenyane ndikuthetsa kusinthaku. Kutsimikiza kokha kwa anthu aku Russia ndi utsogoleri wawo ndi gulu lankhondo la asitikali mamiliyoni asanu adakumana ndikugonjetsa mgwirizano wachilungamo.
Marx ndi Engels nthawi zonse ankalosera kuti kusinthaku kudzachitika m'mayiko omwe ali ndi ubale wokhwima chifukwa cha luso lawo la mafakitale, monga Great Britain kapena Germany. Koma izi sizinachitike - anali mu Russia wosatukuka ndi feudal kuti Socialism kulanda ulamuliro.
Choncho bwalo la zisudzo kwa Socialism anali osiyana kwambiri. Panali mafakitale ochepa chabe oti asinthe kuchoka pa umwini waumwini kupita ku umwini wamagulu onse ndipo mfundo yaikulu inali yopangira mafakitale ndi kuthetsa umwini wa nthaka. Lenin anamvetsetsa bwino lomwe vutolo, kotero pamodzi ndi kulengedwa kwa mphamvu za Soviet Union, zomwe zinaphatikizapo kudzipereka kwachindunji kwa anthu mu boma ndi malamulo, boma - louziridwa ndi Lenin - linapanga New Economic Policy (NEP) kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mafakitale ndikuchita kampeni yopezera ndalama zatsopano (Armand Hammer anali m'modzi mwa ma capitalist omwe adapita ku Moscow) ndipo adapereka malingaliro amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya umwini wa malo kuti apititse patsogolo ulimi: i) malo aboma ndi anthu omwe amagwira ntchito malipiro; ii) malo okhala ndi anthu omwe anali ndi anthu omwe amawagwirira ntchito, ndi iii) umwini wamagulu onse ndikupereka gawo lazokolola ku Boma ndi zina zogulitsidwa pamtengo wopindulitsa (Koljos ndi Sovjos).
Ndondomekoyi idatenga zaka zingapo. Lenin atamwalira (1924) NEP inayamba kufooka ndipo inasiyidwa kwathunthu mu 1928 ndi kukwera kwa Stalin ku ulamuliro, yemwe adanena kuti anali wolowa m'malo weniweni wa Lenin adalengeza kuti inali nthawi yoti apite patsogolo ndikukhazikitsa mapulani apakati a quinquennial.
Kuyambira pamenepo, USSR idakula m'mafakitale kudzera pakuphatikiza kovomerezeka kwa ntchito pansi pa utsogoleri wokhawo wa Boma. Inakhala mphamvu yapamwamba, yotetezera kusintha kwa dziko, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi sayansi, ndi mphamvu zowonjezera zoperekera thanzi, maphunziro, nyumba ndi ubwino wina wa chikhalidwe kwa anthu ake. Komano, akuluakulu akuluakulu amene anayenda limodzi ndi mtheradi boma ulamuliro wa ntchito zonse zachuma (ngakhale ngodya kiosk kuti anagulitsa maluwa ndi nyuzipepala anali boma), kupanda demokalase, phompho kuti ananyamuka pakati utsogoleri (nomenklatura) ndi anthu, kulephera kugwirizanitsa anthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kuphatikizapo kuukira kosalekeza kwa adani akumadzulo kupyolera mu njira zambiri ndi chisankho cholakwika chomwe chinasokoneza chuma chawo (nkhondo ya ku Afghanistan), inathetsa zomwe zinali kuyesera kodabwitsa komwe kunagwira. chidwi cha mamiliyoni a amuna ndi akazi ochokera padziko lonse lapansi.
M'malo achiwiri tikambirana pang'ono za China, anali Republic anakhazikitsidwa mu 1912 ndi gulu lodziwika bwino motsogozedwa ndi Sun Yat Sen a Kuomintang kuthetsa millenary unyolo wa Mandarin Dynasties kuti ankalamulira Ufumu. Mumtima mwa chipanichi munali zikhalidwe zitatu zazikulu: zapakati komanso zowoneka bwino za Sun Yat Sen, wolondola komanso wolamulira wa Chiang Kai Shek, ndi achikominisi a Mao Tse Dong. Kutha kwa Mzera wa Qing sikunali nthawi yomweyo. Panali kukonzanso kuwiri pakati pa Januware, 1916, ndi Yuan Shikai komanso mu June, 1917, ndi Zhang Xen. Onsewa ankalamulidwa ndi asilikali achi China.
Sun Yat Sen adabwerera ku China mu 1916 ndipo adakhala ku Canton, mzinda womwe umagwira ntchito ngati likulu la Republic. Vuto lalikulu linali ulamuliro umene Mabwana Ankhondo anali nawo pa gawo lalikulu la gawolo, nkhani imene inayenera kuyangโanizana ndi kuthetsedwa. Dzuwa linayesa kupeza thandizo kuchokera ku mphamvu za occidental koma zinakanidwa, choncho adatembenukira ku USSR ndipo adalandira yankho labwino. Izi zikutanthawuza kulimbitsa mapiko a chikomyunizimu a Kuomintang ndipo mwinamwake, kulinganiza zinthu, Sun Yat Sen wotchedwa Chiang Kai Shek Mtsogoleri wa Whampoa Military Academy yemwe chikhalidwe chake chotsutsa chikominisi chinkadziwika ndi iye.
Sun Yat Sen adadwala khansa ya chiwindi ndipo posakhalitsa anamwalira, pa Marichi 12, 1925, ndikuyambitsa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni pakati pa gulu la Chiang la Kuomintang ndi Chikomyunizimu motsogozedwa ndi Mao Tse Dong. Izi zinasokoneza mapulani oyambirira omenyana ndi War Lords, chifukwa, ngakhale kuti Chiang Kai Shek adasonkhanitsa gulu lankhondo kuti apite pambuyo pa Nkhondo za Nkhondo, kumenyana pakati pa gulu la Nationalist ndi Communist linayambika.
Nkhondo yapachiweniweni inayamba mu 1927 ndipo inapitirira mpaka 1950, patapita miyezi ingapo Mao Tse Dong atalengeza The Popular Republic of China pa October 1, 1949. kuwonetsa kuthandizira pakuwukira kwa zida za US kumayang'ana nyumba za anthu, asitikali ndi utsogoleri wamalo am'mphepete mwa nyanja. A US adalamula VII Fleet kuti ateteze Taiwan kuti apewe kuukira kwa China pachilumbachi, kuwopseza komwe Republic of China idachita mpaka US idawopseza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya atomiki motsutsana ndi dziko. Izi zinachitika kuchokera mu 1950 mpaka 1960, ngakhale kuti zochitika zapadera zinachitika pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyo.
Zomwe dziko la China lidakumana nalo pamene Revolution idakhazikitsidwa linali gawo losakazidwa chifukwa cholimbana ndi omenyera nkhondo - choyamba nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati pamagulu a Kuomintang, pambuyo pake pakati pa Kuomintang ndi Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu, kenako nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan ndipo, pomaliza. kamodzi Chang Kai Shek anagonjetsedwa, kwa zaka khumi, kulimbana ndi asilikali a Taiwan ndi US.
Mafakitale omwe adakhazikitsidwa ku Manchuria adaphwasulidwa ndi Soviet Union ndikubweretsa ku USSR, kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wokhala ndi Red Army kuteteza gawo lake ku Japan pankhondo.
Izi ndizochitika: kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, kusatukuka kwakukulu komanso anthu pafupifupi 700 miliyoni kuti adyetse. Komabe kusintha kwa Socialist kunachitika. Apanso maulosi analephera.
Ndi Mao monga mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Revolution, ndondomeko ya Great Leap Forward inakhazikitsidwa kuti ipititse patsogolo ulimi ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale koma sizinali zopambana monga momwe ankayembekezera ndipo Mao Tse Dong anataya utsogoleri mu Party kwa Liu Shao Shi ndi Deng Xiao Ping. . Mu 1966, Mao adalimbana ndi kuthandizidwa ndi atsogoleri a chipani chachikulu komanso achinyamata a gululi (Red Guards) ndipo adatenganso mphamvu, ndikuyamba nthawi ya Cultural Revolution yomwe idapitilira mpaka IX Congress ya Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu mu 1969 koma. inathadi mu 1976, pamene Mao anamwalira ndipo akuluakulu ake a Band of Four anamangidwa.
Deng Xiao Ping adabwerera ku mphamvu ndikuyamba kusintha kwachuma kuti apange mafakitale atsopano ndikukonzanso zopanga zomwe zidalipo kale. Mwa njira yothandiza kwambiri chidwi chinalunjika ku chuma ndipo palibe kusintha kwa ndale komwe kunapangidwa. Deng adatchula mawu odziwika bwino kuti atsimikizire kuyandikira kwake kumayiko akumadzulo: "Ziribe kanthu mtundu wa mphaka ngati angasaka mbewa."
Panthawiyi tiyenera kukumbukira New Economic Policy (NEP) ya Lenin - mwinamwake kufunafuna cholinga chomwecho - komanso Perestroika wa Gorbatchov, yemwe adadutsa kusintha kwachuma pamene akusintha ndondomeko ya ndale ya USSR ndi zomwe zinayambitsa kugwa kwa Soviet Union. boma.
Ndondomeko zatsopano zazachuma ku China zakhazikitsidwa pa i) kutha kwa ntchito yomanga pamodzi ndi kubwereranso kuzinthu zapayekha ndi udindo wopereka gawo lazotulutsa ku mabungwe a Boma ndi zina zonse zomwe zimagawika pamsika; ii) zothandizira ndalama zakunja; iii) kukhazikitsa ma Special Economic Zones (SEZ), iv) kulimbikitsa amalonda adziko lonse.
Tikhozanso kuwonjezera kuti mโzaka zaposachedwapa mafakitale ambiri a mโboma apangidwa mwachinsinsi. Pafupifupi, titha kunena kuti 30% yazachuma zaku China ndizaboma (mphamvu, mafuta, migodi, mabanki, ntchito) ndipo zimathandizira ndi 40% ku GDP. Kutenga nawo mbali kwachinsinsi pazachuma kumakhala m'makampani opanga zinthu.
Kazembe wakale waku China kudziko langa nthawi ina adafotokoza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira za capitalist izi kunali kuti alandire ndalama kuti awonjezere kupanga ndi ukadaulo komanso kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha madera obwerera kumbuyo ku China. Ananenanso kuti Special Economic Zones ndi zigawo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Tsopano, m'malo achitatu tiyenera kubweretsa chitsanzo cha Cuban Socialist. Kwa zaka makumi asanu Chisinthiko cha Cuba chawonetsa kufanana kwakukulu kwa soviet socialism, ngakhale kuti kusintha kwina kwachitika posachedwa pomwepa kutsegulira kwa kusintha kwa msika, monga kuvomerezedwa kwa amalonda mu gawo lazachuma, mphamvu. kuti alimi agulitse gawo la zokolola zawo paokha, ndi kuvomereza lamulo la Ndalama Zakunja lomwe limakhazikitsa zitsimikizo kwa wogulitsa ndalama. Ndizowona kuti Cuba ikuyenda pang'onopang'ono pakupanga kusinthaku chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wachitetezo cha Boma womwe mtunduwu uli nawo pokhudzana ndi US Ndithu, US ikuwopseza chitetezo cha Cuba ndipo chifukwa chake chimapitilira zomwe zingakhale zolinga zenizeni za Cuba. White House, Dipatimenti Yaboma kapena Pentagon kuti asokoneze chitsanzocho. Chowonadi ndi chakuti gulu lalikulu la anthu a ku Cuba omwe ali ku ukapolo amakhala ku Florida omwe mphamvu zawo zachisankho zasonyeza kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti apambane zisankho za dziko lonse ndipo anthu othawa kwawo ku Cuba asanayambe kusintha ali ndi mphamvu zandale ndi zachuma zomwe zikhoza kuwoneka m'zipinda zonse za Congress. Izi zikutanthauza m'dziko lothandiza la ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi: kutsekereza komwe kumayesa kulekanitsa dziko la Cuba kudziko lonse lapansi, zilango kwa ogwira ntchito aku Cuba ndi katundu waku Cuba, kuzunzidwa m'mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, komanso zoopsa zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa.
Titachita kafukufuku wachidule ndi wofananira wa Socialism monga zochitika zandale, zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zinalipo ku Russia ndipo zilipo ku China ndi ku Cuba; tingayese kutsiriza za mbali zomwe timapeza pazochitika zilizonse, makamaka kutsindika za kusintha komwe kunayambitsidwa kuti tipulumutse chitsanzo.
1) Muzochitika zonse, kusintha kwachuma kumayendetsedwa kuti ayambitsenso mitundu ya capitalism yomwe sisintha chikhalidwe cha sosholisti lonse. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la soviet lomwe njira zonse zopangira katundu ndi ntchito ziyenera kukhala zaboma kuti Boma ndilo bungwe lomwe limapereka phindu kwa anthu onse. Izi zimatsutsidwa ndi anthu aku China ndi aku Cuba pamene akuyambitsa kusintha kuti apulumutse anthu onse a Socialist. Tikuwona kuti Russia ya Socialist idasiya kukhalapo, pomwe China ndi Cuba zidatsalira.
2) Chinsinsi sichigona pakusintha ndale koma pakusintha kwachuma. Chifukwa chake: Dziko la Russia linayesa kusintha zinthu pazandale ( Perestroika ndi Glasnost) koma linangochititsa kuti boma la Russia lithe. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kusintha kwa ndale sikofunikira, koma kumbukirani kuti tikukamba pano za socialism yeniyeni, yomwe ilipo kapena yomwe ilipo. Sitikuphatikizanso m'mutu uno wankhaniyo mitundu yatsopano yamagulu andale otseguka monga a ku Chile omwe adatenga zaka zingapo komanso aku Venezuela omwe akulimbana ndi kuphatikizika ngakhale atakhala zaka 15.
3)Pakadali pano Socialism yakwera m'maiko osatukuka motsutsana ndi maulosi a Marx ndi Engels. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti kukhwima kwa maubwenzi opindulitsa pakati pa zinthu za chuma ndi ntchito sizomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kuchoka ku capitalism kupita ku socialism ndipo m'malo mwake zimakhala muumphawi ndi masautso a anthu okhala m'gawo?
4) Kodi ndizomveka kuganiza kuti maiko ambiri padziko lapansi ali ndi chuma chokonzedwa mkati mwa dongosolo la capitalist; amene States amene amatsatira njira Socialist, kuti apulumuke kapena osachepera kuchirikiza kugwirizana malonda ndi ena ayenera kuvomereza mtundu wa khalidwe lotseguka msika?
Izi ndi mafunso ena ayenera kuthetsedwa kuti apambane kupeza njira yomangira socialism komanso kuthana ndi kulemedwa kwakukulu komwe capitalism imayambitsa chifukwa ndi chida champhamvu cha eni ake ochepa a njira zopangira pagulu la ogwira ntchito. ndi gulu lapakati, onse okhudzidwa ndi chida ichi (kusiyana) chomwe chimasokoneza chikhalidwe cholemekezeka kwambiri cha anthu.
Ukapitalizimu unali sitepe lalikulu lopita patsogolo mโchitukuko cha anthu poyerekezera ndi ukapolo ndi mibadwo yaudani ya anthu, koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti tinafika kumapeto kwa makwerero. Payenera kukhala china choposa capitalism chomwe chili chapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa chingalole kusakanikirana kwabwino kwa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa anthu chifukwa chakuti ntchito sizinthu zopanga zokha komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe munthu aliyense atha kuzipeza komanso kumene palibe amene amavutitsidwa ndi mwiniwake wa zokolola. Monga momwe tikudziwira, sosholizimu ndiyo dongosolo loloลตa mโmalo mwa ukapitalisti ndi kuthetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa oลตerengeka amene amalandira gawo lalikulu la ndalama zachitukuko ndi unyinji waukulu umene umagawanitsa zimene zatsalira.
Poganizira zonse zomwe tanena pamwambapa, m'mutu wotsatira ndi womaliza wa nkhaniyi, tikukonzekera kuvumbulutsa ndi kufufuza malingaliro ena okhudzana ndi zomwe tingayembekezere kuchokera ku socialism monga gawo lotsatira la chitukuko cha anthu pagulu.
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