Ukraine idadutsa mumisonkhano yayikulu komanso kusintha kwandale mu Novembala, 2014 - February, 2015. Izi zikufanana ndi zovuta ku Tunisia ndi Egypt kuyambira 2010, ndipo monga momwe zinalili ku Egypt, zotsatira za zovuta izi (mpaka pano) zakhumudwitsa kwambiri. kumanzere ku United States komanso, padziko lonse lapansi. Mosiyana ndi kulimbana kwa Aigupto ndi Tunisia, komabe, kuyambira pachiyambi kulimbana ku Ukraine kunkawoneka mosiyana kwambiri ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za kumanzere. Ena awona kuti nkhondo za Maidan ndi gulu lachivomerezi lomwe limachirikiza ufumu wa US (kapena US / EU) ndipo liyenera kutsutsidwa. Ena aiona bwino kwambiri.
Kukambitsirana kochuluka kumanzere ndi m'makalata opita patsogolo, m'malingaliro mwanga, kumayang'ana kwambiri pazandale zaku Ukraine. Zochepa kwambiri zakhala zikuyang'ana pakulephera kwa magulu omwe adachita bwino kuthamangitsa maboma awo ku Ukraine komanso ku Egypt ndi Tunisia kuti abweretse maboma omwe adasiya kuthandizira kukhazikika, kumangitsa lamba, komanso kuthandizira ufulu wa neo-liberalism. Chofunika kwambiri, kukambitsirana kwakung'ono kwambiri kwayang'ana kulephera kwa mafunde akumanzere mu chilichonse chamagulu awa kuti apange kuyesetsa kwakukulu kuti pakhale chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, anarchist, chilengedwe kapena horizontalist kukonzanso kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
M'nkhaniyi, ndikuyesera kufotokozera zomwe zinachitika ku Ukraine, ndikuganizira kwambiri zochitika za gulu la Kyiv Maidan komanso ndikufotokozera zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira pamenepo. Zomwe ndikunena ndimachokera pa mawu a anzanga omwe adachita nawo. Pamapeto pa pepalali, ndiyankhanso mafunso angapo ofunikira owunikira: 1. Chifukwa chiyani boma lomwe lidachokera ku chisinthiko chodziwika bwino cha ndale lakhala mbali yolondola; 2. chifukwa chiyani palibe gulu lalikulu lomwe layamba kutsutsa kuchokera kumanzere kukhazikika komwe kwachepetsa kwambiri moyo m'miyezi kuyambira pomwe kusinthaku; ndi 3. Kodi zotsatira za zochitikazi ndi zotani kwa otsalira omwe alipo kwenikweni m'mayiko "otsatira Chikomyunizimu" komanso padziko lonse lapansi.
Mosiyana ndi anthu ambiri a ku America amene amalemba ndi kulankhula za zochitika zimenezi, ndinali ndi anzanga apamtima angapo ku Ukraine zochitika zimenezi zisanayambe. Ndinakumana nawo chifukwa ndakhala ndikuchita kafukufuku (komanso kuthandizira) zokhudzana ndi HIV/AIDS kuyambira 1983, ndipo kafukufuku wochuluka wakhudza anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso madera awo. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, USSR itasweka, kachilombo ka HIV kanayamba kufalikira pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a ku Ukraine ndi ochita zachiwerewere. Anthu amene pambuyo pake anakhala anzanga anagwira nawo ntchito yoletsa kufalikira kwake ndi kuthandiza amene anadwala, makamaka kupyolera mu ntchito za International AIDS Alliance Ukraine, mabungwe osiyanasiyana azachipatala ndi All-Ukrainian Network of People Living with HIV. Ndidayamba nawo ntchito yawo mu 2010 pomwe adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro anga poyesa kuletsa kufalikira kwa HIV. M'zaka zingapo zotsatira, makamaka m'maulendo omwe ndimapita ku Ukraine kawiri kapena katatu pachaka komanso tikakumana pamisonkhano yapadziko lonse yokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso / kapena kachilombo ka HIV, tinagwira nawo ntchitozi ndi ntchito zina. Nthawi zina tinakhala mabwenzi apamtima. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina ankandifunsa malangizo okhudza mavuto amene ali ndi zibwenzi kapena nkhani zina zapamtima.
Paumodzi wa maulendo anga oyamba ku Ukraine, pafupifupi zaka ziลตiri nkhondo ya Maidan isanayambe, ndinachita chidwi ndi mmene anzanga anali kuganiza mozama za ulamuliro wa Russia kuposa mmene ndinkayembekezera. Zinali zozikidwa pa kumvetsetsa kwawo, kuzikidwa pa zimene anaphunzila kusukulu ndi mโzikumbukiro za mโbanja, zokumana nazo za anthu a ku Ukraine chisanafike 1917, mโnyengo ya Revolution, kuchokera ku njala ndi kuponderezedwa kwa boma mโma 1930, ndi mโzaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. Zinandikhutitsidwa kwambiri ndi mtsikana wina yemwe ndagwira naye ntchito yemwe anakulira ku Odessa m'banja losakhala lapamwamba. Pamene ndimaganizira zomwe anali kunena za izi ndi nkhani zina zandale ndi zachuma, ndazindikira kuti chidwi cha anzanga ku Ukraine ndi chozama cha anzanga ku Russia ndi Poland omwe amagwira nawo ntchito. ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ochita zachiwerewere ndi ena amene akukumana ndi miliri ya HIV mโmaiko awoโakusonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi kumvetsetsa kwawo kuti chimene ena amachitcha โsosholizimu ya bomaโ chinali chinthu choipa. Popeza kuti anaphunzitsidwa, ndi kuphunzitsidwa, kuti ichi ndicho chiyambi cha Marxism ndi maganizo odana ndi ukapitalist, ichi chimapereka zotchinga ku kulingalira kwa mabwenzi anga kupyolera mu zotulukapo zotheka ndi njira za kuukira kwawo kwa Maidanโzopinga zomwe ziri zovuta kwambiri kuposa zimene timakumana nazo. ku USA
Panthawi yamavuto a Maidan, ndidakambirana ndi ena mwa iwo kudzera pa Skype ndi imelo, ndipo ndinali ndi mwayi kumapeto kwa Januware, 2014, pomwe zovuta za Maidan zidatsala pang'ono kufika pachimake, kukhala ndi maola angapo maso ndi maso kukambirana ndi m'modzi. za iwo mโdziko lina mโmalo amene tingalankhule momasuka ndi mantha ochepera kuti ena angadziwe zimene tikunena. Panthawi imeneyo, chidwi changa chachikulu chinali kufanana pakati pa zomwe amalongosola ndi zomwe ndimakumbukira za gulu la US chapakati pa 1960s ponena za kuyesetsa kukonza demokalase kuchokera pansi ndikumenyana ndi imfa. "Power structure." Mu May, pa nthawi ya mkangano ku Odessa, anzanga awiri, kuphatikizapo amene ndinalankhula naye mu January, anali ku New York ndipo anali mu ofesi yanga pamene anamva za njira mkangano pakati ovomereza ndi odana Maidan. Asilikali anali ndi ziwawa zazikulu kumbali zonse ziwiri, ndi momwe izi zidadzetsera tsoka la omenyera ufulu wa Maidan ambiri omwe adaphedwa pamoto m'nyumba yomwe adathawiramo (pamene akupitilizabe kuwombetsana ndi mfuti ndi asitikali ovomereza Maidan.) Pofika nthawi imeneyo, zinali zoonekeratu kuti kuwongolera kwa demokalase kwachidziwitso chawo kunali kusunthidwa ndi zochitika kupita kudziko ladziko. Kuyambira pamenepo, ndalankhula ndi anzanga aku Ukraine maso ndi maso ku Australia pa Msonkhano Wadziko Lonse wa Edzi komanso paulendo wa milungu iwiri kupita ku Odessa ndi Kyiv mu February ndi May, 2015. Paulendo wa February, ndinakambirana kwa nthawi yaitali za zomwe zidapita. pa, ndipo ndalandira ndemanga kapena zofotokozera kuchokera kwa angapo a iwo.
Zomwe zikutanthawuza ndikuti ndili ndi chidaliro chokwanira kuti zomwe andiuza m'miyeziyi zakhala zofotokozera moona mtima. Mosiyana ndi zambiri zimene timaลตerenga, iwo sanaperekedwe pakamwa kapena mโmawu olembedwa โndi zolinga za ndaleโ koma monga mawu kwa bwenzi. Pali chosiyana ndi ichi, mwina, chifukwa pamene adalankhula nane mu February, 2015, adadziwa kuti ndikukonzekera kuti ndilembetse ku US. (Ndipo akudziwa kuti ndine wotsutsa nkhondo ya Marxist ku US, komanso kuti omvera anga oyambirira adzasiyidwa. Zomwe, ndikhoza kuwonjezera, anzanga sali.) bwenzi. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti sindikuganiza kuti mawu awo ndi โosalowerera ndaleโ kapena โzolinga,โ chifukwa nโzosatheka mโmikangano yamtundu umenewu. Koma ndikukhulupirira kuti anali malipoti oona a zomwe anachita ndi kuona.
Pakadali pano, ndifotokoza zambiri zomwe anzanga adandipatsa pazomwe zidachitika ku Kyiv Maidan m'miyezi yolimbana ndi Novembala, 2013, mpaka February 2014.
Zokumbukira za Kyiv Maidan
Zikumbukiro zoyamba izi zikuchokera kwa munthu yemwe wamaliza maphunziro awo posachedwa azaumoyo ku Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, yunivesite yokhayo yomwe imaphunzitsa zaumoyo mdziko muno. Ndinamupempha kuti alembe zomwe anakumana nazo ndipo izi ndi zomwe analemba. Pokambirana, amatchula zochitika izi ngati kusintha kwawo.
Zinthu zonsezi zitayamba, palibe amene akanaganiza kuti zinthu zifika poipa. Anali kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira ndipo aliyense anali kuyembekezera kusaina chigamulo cholowa mu EU. Kwa Chiyukireniya aliyense amatanthawuza zosiyana: kwa ena unali mwayi woyenda, ena ankawona ngati mwayi wokhala ngati ku Ulaya. Aliyense ankadziwa kuti njirayi idzakhala yovuta, koma nthawi yomweyo, yofunikira kwambiri. Pamene Yanukovych [ndiye Purezidenti] adanena kuti kusaina kwa mgwirizano kumasamutsidwa [kuti akhazikitse mgwirizano ndi Russia m'malo mwake], chinali chizindikiro choyamba kuti tinanyengedwa. Tinamva malonjezo, ndipo sitinawalandire. Ndipo kotero izo zidzapitirira mtsogolo ngati palibe chomwe chasinthidwa. Ophunzira nthawi zonse akhala ngati osintha zinthu, choncho panalibe kukayikira kuti ufulu wathu uyenera kumenyedwa, ndipo ngati titapitiriza kukhala chete tsopano, adzatinyenga nthawi zonse. Mtsogoleri wa nyumba yamalamulo ya ophunzira pamodzi ndi mnzake waku National University adakonza msonkhano wa ophunzira ndipo ndinadziwa kuti ndiyenera kukhala nawo. Tinakumana pafupi ndi sukulu ya Kyiv-Mohyla pamodzi ndi aphunzitsi athu ndi omaliza maphunziro athu. Panali anthu osachepera 500. Pa nthawiyi sindinkamvetsa nโkomwe kuti tinali poyambira ndewu. Zinali zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri kuti andale ena ankafuna kunena kuti anthufe timafuna kunena kuti ndife omasuka.
Ndikuganiza kuti Maidan anali ndi mfundo zake zazikulu zitatu [zavuto]. Yoyamba inali usiku umene apolisi anamenyetsa phula ana asukulu. Ena a iwo ndi anzanga. Ndinali komweko mpaka 8 koloko masana ndipo ndizovuta kumvetsetsa kuti ndinali nditangochoka pamalopo maola angapo zisanachitike. Anthu ambiri anakhumudwa ndi zimenezi ndipo anapita kwa Maidan kukafotokoza maganizo awo. Anthu a ku Ukraine adagawidwa m'magulu awiri: omwe sanagwirizane ndi mphamvu monga momwe zinalili ndi omwe adathandizira. Koma sindikumvetsa mbali ya amene sanali ndale. Ndikuganiza kuti chinali choipa chachikulu kwambiri.
Pambuyo pa Chaka Chatsopano cha 2014, anthu anasiya kukhulupirira kuti chinachake chingasinthe nโkupita kwawo. Ndinali mmodzi wa iwo ndipo ndinaganiza kuti tiribe mwayi wosintha mkhalidwewo. Koma zimene zinachitika pakati pa January zinasintha maganizo athu. Malamulo amene anatengedwa anakakamiza anthu ambiri kubwerera. [Malamulo amenewa anapangitsa otsutsawo kukhala olakwa.โSF ] Inali mfundo yaikulu yachiwiri [yavuto]. Tinkaopa kukhala tokha; tinkayenda mโmagulu akulu okha, chifukwa tinkadziwa kuti tilibe chitetezo. Mphamvu zathu zinali mawu athu.
Malo otentha kwambiri a Maidan anali mu February pomwe adayamba kupha anthu. Ndikayang'ana m'nkhani, sindimaganiza kuti zochitikazo zidachitika ndi anthu athu komanso dziko lathu. Sindikanatha kuwonera TV popanda misozi. Mutafika ku Maidan, munamvetsetsa kuti panalibe stratification: anthu olemera adayima pafupi ndi osauka ndipo anali ndi cholinga chomwecho - ankafuna kuteteza ufulu wawo ndikuletsa junta ya Yanukovich. Ubwino wa zochitikazi unali kusintha kwa maganizo a anthu. Sindinamvepo momwe nyimbo yoimbidwa ndi mamiliyoni aku Ukraine ingakhalire yokongola. Ngakhale kuti anthu masauzande ambiri anamwalira, panali anthu ambiri amene ankaganiza kuti ndife openga, makamaka pamene mavuto azachuma ankagwa. Ena a iwo anali anzanga. Poyamba ndinayamba kukangana nawo ndipo ndinali ndi mantha kwambiri, koma ndinazindikira kuti palibe chimene chingasinthe maganizo awo ndipo ndinangowapempha kuti achotse nambala yanga ya foni. Iwo anali akhungu. Iwo akhanyerezera kuti pyonsene mphyadidi, mbwenye amisala anewa afudza kudzulu kwawo.
Kodi munatengapo mbali mโnjira ziti, ngati zilipo?
Pamene tinawoloka mzere wa nkhondo [nkhondo yachiwawa ku Maidan] mu February, ndinazindikira kuti ndiyenera kuthandiza anthu omwe ankavutikira ufulu wanga. Ndinkadziwa kuti sindingathe kuthandiza anthu olimba mtima amene anali kutsogolo, koma ndinazindikira kuti ndiyenera kuwachitira zinazake. Tinkagwira ntchito kukhitchini ya kumunda: tinkaphika tiyi, kuphika chakudya cha amuna athu. Ndinadabwa ndi ukhondo ndi kudziletsa. Sindinamve kutopa kumapeto kwa tsiku losangalatsa lokha; kunali kugwa kwanga ndekha munyanja yaufulu. Ndiponso, tinathandiza kutenga masabusikripishoni, kugula zakudya ndi zovala, mankhwala ndi zipangizo. Nditabwerera kunyumba, ndinali kuyembekezera tsiku lotsatira pamene ndidzachita kanthu kakangโono koma kofunikira kwambiri mโdziko langa.
Kodi pali ntchito zomwe mumafuna kuchita kumeneko koma simunathe chifukwa ndinu mkazi? Kapena pazifukwa zina?
Inde, sindikanatha kumenya nawo nkhondo. Komanso sindikanatha kuthandiza anthu m'chipatala pazifukwa zina: choyamba, ndilibe maphunziro mu gawo ili; Komanso, sindinapirire ndikuwona kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adafera ufulu wathu. Zinali zondivulaza kwambiri, makamaka mutakumana ndi anthu amene ankaganiza kuti tikungotaya nthawi yathu ndipo tinalibe chochita.
Kodi zidakuthandizani kukulitsa maluso atsopano kapena malingaliro atsopano?
Ndikuganiza kuti zomwe zinachitika pa Maidan zinandisintha kwambiri. Ndinakulira m'banja lolankhula Chirasha, sindinali wokonda kwambiri dziko lako ndipo sindinkakonda kwambiri chizindikiro cha Chiyukireniya. Koma tsopano ndikudziwa kuti ndine wa ku Ukraine ndipo ndimanyadira. Ndikudziwa kuti ngati sitisintha tokha komanso tsogolo lathu, palibe amene angatichitire. Sindimaopa kunena zoona. Ndikuganiza kuti ngati tikufuna kusintha anthu, ndikofunikira kuti tiyambe ndi inu nokha, osasintha udindo wa zolakwa zathu kwa wina. Ndizopusa kuganiza kuti munthu watsopano adzabwera [mu ofesi] ndikusintha chilichonse, ndipo ngati sichisintha ndiye kuti adzakhala wolakwa. Ndikumvetsa kuti sindili ndekha ndipo ngakhale anthu osadziwika angandithandize popanda chipukuta misozi. Tingathe kusintha zinthu ngati titamenyana tsiku lililonse. Ndikumva kuti tili pakati, koma tilibe ufulu woyimitsa, chifukwa anthu ambiri aphedwa kuti atipatse mwayi wosangalala.
Pakadali pano, ndingowonetsa zinthu zingapo zofunika koma zosokoneza pazomwe adalemba. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kulimbanako sikunadzutse nkhani zamagulu m'maganizo mwake, koma m'malo mwake akunena momveka bwino kuti "panalibe kusiyana" pakati pa olemera ndi osauka pakulimbana. Zikuwonekeranso kuti adavomereza kugawanika kwa kugonana kwa ntchito mkati mwa kulimbana-amuna adamenyana, akazi adagwira ntchito yothandizira. Ndikoyenera kutchula, kutengera zomwe atolankhani ndi omwe akupita patsogolo ku United States adalemba za kukwera kwa mikangano pakati pa "a Russia" ndi "Aukrainian" pamikangano iyi, akuchokera kubanja lolankhula Chirasha, koma zomwe adachita nawo. zinamupangitsa kudziwona ngati Myukireniya wokonda dziko lake. Pomaliza, akunena mawu omwe amatsutsa zonena za "opita patsogolo" ambiri ku US ndi kwina kulikonse kuti zomwe zidatenga nawo mbali zinali "kuukira". Iye ananena momveka bwino kuti: โSindinamvepo mmene nyimbo yoimbidwa ndi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku Ukraine ingasangalalire.โ Aliyense yemwe wakhala mbali ya zochitika zazikuluzikulu amadziwa kuti n'zosatheka kudziwa kuti ndi anthu angati omwe alipo, komanso amadziwa kuti mawu ngati ake amasonyeza zenizeni za kayendetsedwe ka anthu ambiri. (M'munsimu, ndisanthula kusinthaku molingana ndi zolakwika zake zambiri, ndi mafunso odetsa nkhawa omwe kulephera kwake kukhala gulu loyesa kusintha maubwenzi ofunikira kumadzutsa. Mu ichi, ndikhoza kuwonjezera, chikufanana ndi kulephera kofananako kwa kuwukira ku Tahrir. Square ku Egypt ndi kusintha kwa Tunisia pamaso pake.)
Kufotokozera kwanga kotsatira kumaperekedwa ndi mwamuna yemwe ndamudziwa kuyambira 2010 ndipo wakhala bwenzi lapamtima. Ndidacheza naye nthawi yayitali mu February, 2015, ndikulemba zolembazo, ndikuzitumiza kwa iye kuti asinthe. Anawonjezera zambiri mwatsatanetsatane m'makalata olembedwa. Nditamufunsa, ndinamufunsa mafunso wamba (m'mabungwe), ndipo mayankho ake adapangidwa mwanjira imeneyo.
- (Kodi chakudya ndi zinthu zina zochitira ziwonetsero za Maidan zinali zotani?)
Zopereka zambiri zinabweretsedwa mโmabasi ndi malole kuchokera Kumadzulo kwa Ukraine. Anthu ankapereka chakudya, ndalama, zovala zakale mโmabokosi a zopereka. Ena anachokera ku zipani za ndale za anthu a zipani zawo kapena mahema a gulu lawo. Anthu ambiri ku Maidan anali odzipereka komanso osalipidwa, koma zikhoza kukhala kuti maphwando angapatseko mamembala ena ndalama zochepa ndikupereka mayendedwe opita ku Kyiv. Batkivschina, Svoboda (zipani zotsutsa) zinali ndi mahema awoawo ndipo mwina ankalipira ndalama zina kwa anthu omwe analipo (koma mwinamwake anthu 50 analipidwa mwa zikwi zambiri zomwe anali kumeneko) ndikuthandizira ndalama zina zogulira zinthu, monga mafuta a petulo. jenereta, jenereta, matabwa ena. Panalibe chosowa chochepa mu chakudya ndi madzi monga anabweretsedwa ndi nzika za Kyiv mowirikiza mochuluka zedi komanso zofunda zatsopano ndi zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zinthu zotsogola kwambiri - zimbudzi, ma jenereta amagetsi, petulo, matenti akuluakulu ankhondo, ndi zina zotero. kuyenera kuti zidaperekedwa ndi zipani zotsutsa kapena mabungwe akuluakulu andale kapena mabungwe andale.
Komanso panali magulu ena atsopano omwe adadzipanga okha omwe adapanga zinthu zambiri kuzungulira Maidan. Panali makina otentha okonzedwa bwino (omwe anthu amadzipereka kuti aziyitanira anthu osiyanasiyana ndikukonzekera katundu ndi kutumiza kuchokera pamndandanda womwe anasonkhanitsa pa zosowa kuchokera kwa Maidan. Mwachitsanzo tsiku lililonse ankasintha mndandanda wa zofunikira za webusaitiyi (zovala, masokosi, mahema. , migolo, nkhuni zoyatsira moto, madzi, zotenthetsera, zipewa zomangira, mafosholo a chipale chofewa, matumba, uvuni wamakala, nkhuni zazikulu zotchingira, waya, mankhwala ozizira) kenako anthu amayika chilichonse chomwe angagule kapena kupereka, kubweretsa kapena kungopempha Zinthu zing'onozing'ono zinabweretsedwa ndi anthu pawokha, zochulukira komanso zokulirapo ndi magalimoto ngati zomwe ndidagwiritsa ntchito. Kenako mafuta ndi mafuta (โtiyi wa cocktailsโ) ndi mabotolo opanda mowa (โgalasiโ), matayala (โmabagelโ) mwina sanalembetsedwe mwalamulo, koma aliyense amene akanatha kuwabweretsa adadziwa kuti ndizofunikira ndipo adawabweretsa mwakachetechete kudutsa m'malo onse apolisi ozungulira Maidan.
A Centurion (Maidan kudziteteza) anali ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ochepa ochokera ku maphwando. Ena anali ogwira ntchito mโmaofesi andale, ena anali ophunzira, mitundu yambiri ya anthu. "Mozama" kwambiri [zomwe ndikuganiza kuti akutanthauza zankhondo, osati zandale] adalowa nawo magulu omenyera ufulu wa Sector kumlingo wina. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti palibe m'modzi mwa omwe adaphedwa muzochitazo anali ochokera ku Right Sector. Mbiri ya anthu ofera chikhulupiriro imadziwika bwino. Amene anaphedwa anali ophunzira ndi antchito (ambiri ochokera Kumadzulo kwa Ukraine). Yemwe adakhala ndi kufa anali m'njira zambiri funso la gawo la Maidan lomwe iwo anali pamene owomberawo adayamba kuwombera.
A Centurion analibe yunifolomu. Anthu anabweretsa zisoti zawozawo. [Mnzanga] anali ndi chisoti chogwirira ntchito yomanga, chimene pambuyo pake anachikulitsa mwa kugula chisoti cha ski. Anthu ena anali ndi hockey ya ayezi kapena zipewa za njinga zamoto. Anthu ambiri anali ndi zipewa zotsika mtengo za ogwira ntchito yomanga โzimene zinali zotchipa ndipo anthu anali kupereka zambiri mwa izo.
Anthu ankabwera ku Maidan nthawi zambiri akaweruka kuntchito, kenako amapita kwawo chapakati pausiku. Ndipo mโmawa, njanji zapansi panthaka zikayamba kugwira ntchito, zina zinkathirira mโbwalo, makamaka pamene apolisi ankaukiranso zotchinga usiku (nthawi zambiri zinkachitika 3-4 am). Nthawi zambiri, ma taxi amatha kukwera kwaulere kwa Maidan kwa oyenda pansi omwe amawawona akuyenda m'masiku oukira ngati amenewo.
Usiku, panali ziwonetsero zochepa, kotero apolisi amayesa kutenga Maidan panthawiyo. M'maลตa m'masiku ofunikira, makamu ambiri amawonekera, ndipo mumatha kuwona apolisi odzaza mabasi akuchoka m'deralo (kungobweranso pamene mphamvu zasintha kachiwiri usiku wina.)
Mipiringidzo inali mipiringidzo itatu yakuzama,Mausiku ambiri apolisi amatha kugwira ndikuwononga zotchinga zakunja mwinanso ena, koma mawa lake unyinji unkawamanga mokulirapo. Mipiringidzo nthawi zambiri inkapangidwa ndi matumba a zinyalala apulasitiki odzaza ndi ayezi ndi matalala, matabwa akuluakulu, mawaya achitsulo, migolo yachitsulo. Koma kuwombera kutangoyamba, matayala ndi ma cocktails zinali zofunika. Utsiwo udatsekereza owombera ndi owombera apolisi. Panali hema wodzadza ndi anthu opangira ma cocktails a Molotov kuchokera ku petrol ndi mafuta. Anthu anabweretsa mafuta a petulo mโmabokosi, mwina mโmitengo ya galimoto za anthu. Pambuyo pake, adawonjeza ma pellets a Styrofoam ndipo izi zidapangitsa kuti kusakanizako kumamatire ngati napalm - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti apolisi tsopano adayamba kuchita mantha ndi cocktails ya Molotov. Asanawaseke iwo.
Anthu odziwa zambiri adakonza chitetezo cha Maidan.
(Panthawiyi, ndinanena kuti ndamva bungwe la Independent Trade Unions likuyesera kukonza hema koma linaponderezedwa ndi mphamvu zoyenera. Iye anayankha kuti sanamvepo za Independent Trade Unions.)
Panali mikangano yapakati pamagulu pakati pa magulu akumanja akumanja ponena za omwe adayenera kuyendetsa nyumba zamatauni kapena boma pambuyo pomanga kulanda ku Maidan.
Mtsogoleri Wodzitetezera anali wochokera ku chipani cha Tymoshenko (ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ) pa nthawi ya Orange Revolution mu 2004. Analinso wogwirizanitsa zodzitetezera panthawiyo.
Zimbudzi za ku Maidan zidakonzedwa ndikulipiridwa ndi maphwando (mwinamwake). Mwina ndi ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ. Panthaลตi ina pambuyo pa masiku oลตerengeka pambuyo pa kuzinga koopsa kwa apolisi, [mnzanga] anaona kuti zimbudzi zinali zodzaza ndi kuchucha. Anapeza kampani yomwe imayang'anira izi, ndipo adakonza kuti izisinthidwe ndi zabwino.
Iye anakonza nkhuni, matayala, chakudya etc. yekha ndi kugwirizana ndi odzipereka ndi ogwirizanitsa pa hotline. M'masiku oyamba a Maidan adabweretsa zishango zamatabwa ndi mapaleti opitilira 50 a 4 ndi 3 metres kuti amange pansi pa mahema akulu, migolo yachitsulo yopitilira 30 yoyaka moto ndi pafupifupi ma vani atatu odzaza nkhuni, ndi matumba a malasha. 250 kg). Nthawi ina mphero yamatabwa pafupi ndi Kyiv idayimbira Maidan Hotline kunena kuti ali ndi milu ya nkhuni zotsalira kuti apereke, ndipo Hotline idayitana mnzanga kuti achite. Zinali mu milu ikuluikulu. Iye ndi anthu ena anakweza galimotoyo tsiku lililonse kwa milungu ingapo. Masiku ena anabweretsa matabwa awiri kapena atatu (nthawi iliyonse pafupifupi makilogalamu 3,000). Mitengo ina inali kutuluka mโnkhalango ya [Pulezidenti] Yanukovych. (Alonda a mโnkhalango adayitanitsa mobisa Maidan ndikumupatsa.) Zinalidi mitengo yabwino kwambiri ndi zitsa, zazikulu kwambiri komanso zouma.
Kumayambiriro kwa Maidan, panali tsamba lawebusayiti lolembetsa luso lanu lothandizira (ndi chilichonse chomwe muli nacho). Analembetsa ndi truck (van yaikulu) kuti athe kutumiza katundu. Iye anasiya nambala yake ya foni ndipo anavomera kuti azimuimbira nthawi iliyonse masana kapena usiku kuti akapereke chilichonse kwa Maidan.
Panali nthawi pamene anali ndi anthu ambiri odzipereka ndi ogulitsa. Nthawi zina, anthu ankachita mantha kwambiri. Kwa kanthawi kochepa, pamene anthu sankapereka chilichonse kwaulere, mnzangayo anagula nkhunizo ndi ndalama zake m'magalimoto omwe anaima kunja kwa Kyiv, chifukwa ku Maidan kunali kusowa kwakukulu, makamaka pamene kunali kozizira kwambiri. ndipo sizinali zodziwikiratu zomwe zidzachitike pambuyo pake.
Magalimoto anali osaloledwa kulowa mu mzinda komanso mkatikati mwa tauni, koma magalimoto akuluakulu onyamula katundu anali. Choncho anafunika kuyendetsa galimoto kunja kwa mzinda kapena midadada yakutali kuti akatenge zinthu mโmagalimoto ndi kuziika mโgalimoto.
Apolisi analinso ndi malo ochezera mumzinda ndipo nthawi zina amamuthamangitsa. Nthawi zambiri, amangopeza njira ina yopita ku Maidan. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kunali kotero kuti apolisi sakanatha kuthawa kwambiri. Atangofika pafupi ndi Maidan, amatha kuyitana Maidan ndipo anthu khumi ndi awiri odziteteza amabwera kudzatsegula njira yopita ku van.
[Ndachotsa apa ndime kuti nditeteze gwero langa.])
Panthawi ina, pamene boma linabweretsa zigawenga kuti ziwononge anthu a gululo kunyumba kapena m'misewu, Auto-Maidan ndi nzika zambiri zinaganiza zodziteteza, choncho usiku wina panali magalimoto pafupifupi 2,000 akuyenda m'misewu. Atha kupeza magalimoto 50 kwinakwake mu mphindi 5 kapena 10 pogwiritsa ntchito njira wamba pa pulogalamu ya Zello.
[Mnzake] amamuuza kuti azimayi amadya ndi unamwino ndikupanga ma cocktails a Molotov. Panthawi ya nkhondoyi, makina omveka a Stage ankatsogolera anthu pa zomwe ayenera kuchita. Azimayi amauzidwa kuti apite kumadera amkati pafupi ndi siteji ndipo amuna apite kunkhondo.
Mnzanga sadziwa amene anapanga ndi kuthamanga siteji. Ulamuliro wa ndale sunali wolimba choncho. Aliyense pagululo atha kupita kukalankhula yekha kapena ndi chithandizo chapagulu kuchokera kwa anthu a ku Maidan.
Apanso zikuwonekeratu kuti zochitikazi zinali zazikulu ndipo zinali zokonzekera zokha. Ndale, maphwando a neoliberal pro-European Center (monga ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ) adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yoyambirira, ndipo Right Sector ndi ena adakhala ofunika pamene kulimbana kunkapitirira-koma palibe nthawi yomwe maguluwa anali ndi mamembala ambiri omwe adasonkhana. Mโmalo mwake, kudzikonzekeretsa kudzera pa intaneti ndi matelefoni a Maidan Hotline kunathandiza kwambiri, monganso unyinji wa anthu amene anangobwera kudzatenga nawo mbali. Chomwe chikuwonekeranso ndi chakuti panalibe kutsalira kokonzekera pang'ono-zomwe zinayambitsa kulephera kwa Independent Trade Unions, oimira akazi ndi ena kuti akonzekere bwino pamlingo waukulu ku Kyiv. (Gulu la Maidan ku Krivih Rih, kumbali ina, linali m'mabungwe a ogwira ntchito ku migodi.)
Kulongosola kwanga kwachitatu ndi kwa dokotala wamkazi yemwe ndakhala ndikumudziwa kwa zaka zingapo. Ndinamufunsa molemba mafunso ena omwe amawoneka ngati zipolopolo pansipa. Mayankho ake amawatsatira.
Mafunso omwe ndikufuna kufunsa ku Ukraine muzandale
- Kodi ndalama zogulira chakudya ndi zinthu zina zochitira zionetsero za Maidan zinali zotani?
Zoonadi, pazigawo zoyambirira za Maidan panali ndalama zomwe zinachokera ku zipani zosiyanasiyana za ndale (ndipo mwinamwake oligarchs), koma panthawi ina anthu anayamba kukhala ndi magulu odzipangira okha omwe ali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana omwe amafunikira ku Maidan. Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lalikulu la mgwirizano. Mafoni otentha adakonzedwa ndipo chidziwitsochi chinagawidwanso kudzera pa intaneti. Zosowa zenizeni zinkasinthidwa tsiku ndi tsiku (monga zofunikira za anthu, chakudya, katundu). Maakaunti aku banki adapangidwa kuti aliyense wochokera ku Ukraine kapena ochokera kumayiko ena apereke ndalama.
Komanso makampani ndi mabungwe ena adapanga magulu amkati omwe anali ndi udindo wopereka chithandizo kwa Maidan (kusonkhanitsa ndalama ndi zina.) Masiku ena ogwira ntchito adachotsedwa kuti anthu alowe nawo.
- Nanga bwanji m'madera ena a dziko?
Monga ndikudziwira, ku Western Ukraine ndi Madera ena (kupatula Kummawa), zinthu zinali zofanana ndi Kiev koma mochepa. Komanso anthu ambiri adabwera ku Kiev Maidan ndikuthandiza Maidan kudzera m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Malipoti Awo pa Zolimbana ndi Maidan Kunja kwa Kyiv
Ndinafunsa aลตiri a anzanga ameneลตa kuyankha mafunso ena okhudza kulimbana mโmadera ena a Ukraine motsutsana ndi kuukira kwa Maidan. Mayankho awo akuwonekera pansipa. Gawo loyamba limachokera kwa mayi yemwe kufotokoza kwake kwa kulimbana kwa Maidan kukuwonekera pamwambapa.
(Mafunso ena amadzutsa omwe ndimavutika kuwayankha)
- Kodi gulu loyambirira lodana ndi Maidan ku Eastern Ukraine linali lotani? Kodi tikudziwa bwanji? Kodi timakhulupirira kuti magwerowa ndi oona mtima komanso akudziwa zomwe akunena? Ngati ndi choncho, nโchifukwa chiyani?
Sindikuganiza kuti gulu loyambirira ku Eastern Europe linali lakwawoko. Mโderali anthu ambiri anathandiza Russia poyerekeza ndi madera ena ku Ukraine. Koma kumvetsa kwanga nโkwakuti gululi lakonzedwa ndi andale ochirikiza Chiyukireniya ochirikiza chipani cha Yanukovych komanso ochokera kwa anthu omwe anathandizidwa ndi boma la Russia. Kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni iwo analinganiza magulu ena kupereka ndalama kwa anthu ochokera Kumโmaลตa kwa Ukraine kuti abwere ku Kiev [kuzotsutsa] Maidan, ndiyeno analinganiza magulu a magulu mโmizinda ya Kumโmaลตa kwa Ukraine kugwiritsira ntchito njira imodzimodzi ya โkugula anthu.โ Zinalinso zosavuta kuchita chifukwa (monga ndinalembera kale) poyamba Russia ndi Yanukovych anali ndi chithandizo chochuluka m'dera lino.
Komanso anthu omwe ankakonda kutenga nawo mbali pamisonkhano yotereyi (anti-Maidans) makamaka adachokera ku zomwe zimatchedwa "underclass population" [sic] yomwe inali yofala kum'mawa kwa Ukraine chifukwa cha makhalidwe azachuma ndi chikhalidwe.
- Kodi anthu amene akumenya nkhondoyi ndi nzika zotani? Chirasha? Kodi tikudziwa bwanji? Kodi timakhulupirira kuti magwerowa ndi oona mtima komanso akudziwa zomwe akunena? Ngati ndi choncho, nโchifukwa chiyani?
Pali anthu aku Ukraine omwe akutenga nawo gawo pankhondoyi, ambiri mwa iwo anali achifwamba komanso osakhalapo munthawi yamtendere. (Tsopano adapeza gawo lawo mdera lomangidwa chatsopano). Palinso asilikali ambiri aku Russia m'derali. Ndikudziwa kuchokera kwa anthu omwe achoka ku Eastern Ukraine, palinso malipoti ambiri a zolemba zaku Russia zomwe zapezeka kumeneko. Anthu a ku Russia ndi anthu akumeneko aku Russia akumenyana kumeneko).
M'mawu awa, nawonso, zikuwonekeratu kuti malingaliro a wolemba (omwe ali ndi mwayi) wa kamangidwe ka kalasi ndi tanthauzo la kusiyana kwamagulu sikunasinthidwe ndi zochitika zake mu kayendetsedwe kake. Mafotokozedwe ake amafanananso ndi anzanga ena awiri kuti gululo linayamba pang'onopang'ono monga njira yothandizidwa ndi maphwando omwe alipo ndi oligarchs, koma kuti m'kati mwa kulimbana ndi gululo linathawa ku ulamuliro wawo ndipo linakhala gulu la anthu ambiri. kusintha.
Ndikufuna kuwonjezera kutanthauzira kofunikira kwa izi. Pamlingo wina, olamulira a oligarchs a ku Ukraine athandizidwa kuti ayambe kulamulira ndi kulandidwa kwa Russia ku Crimea ndikulemba za nkhondo m'madera a Donetsk ndi Luhansk.
Kenako, ndikupereka mayankho a mafunso anga kuchokera kwa bambo yemwe wafotokoza pamwambapa zomwe amachita pobweretsa katundu ku Kyiv Maidan m'galimoto yake. Mawonekedwe ake ndikuti ndidamufunsa mafunso awa panthawi yofunsa mafunso, ndikuwalemba, ndikumutumizira. Kenako anawonjezera tsatanetsatane ndi kukonza ndikuzitumizanso. Apanso, ndakonza izi kuti zimveke.
Mafunso ena amadzutsa amene ndimavutika kuwayankha
- Kodi gulu loyambirira ku Eastern Ukraine linali lotani? Kodi tikudziwa bwanji? Kodi timakhulupirira kuti magwerowa ndi oona mtima komanso akudziwa zomwe akunena? Ngati ndi choncho, nโchifukwa chiyani?
- Kodi anthu amene akumenya nkhondoyi ndi nzika zotani? Chirasha? Kodi tikudziwa bwanji? Kodi timakhulupirira kuti magwerowa ndi oona mtima komanso akudziwa zomwe akunena? Ngati ndi choncho, nโchifukwa chiyani?
Kuyenda ku East kumathandizidwa kwambiri ndi Russia. Poyambirira, a oligarchs am'deralo adayesa njira zina zoyesera kulamulira dera (ngakhale kuti adataya ulamuliro wa boma la dziko) poyesa kukonzekera federalism. Koma okonda dziko la Russia akukomera dziko la Russia kuchokera kunyanja kupita kunyanja adadutsa malirewo kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo. Iwo anali osadalira oligarchs. Putin anawalola kuti azichita. Anali ndi ndalama, Mnzanga sakudziwa kuti achokera kuti.
(SRF: Ndizimene mwanenazi kapena simunatchulepo kuchokera kuti??)
ZONSE izi sizotsimikizika kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo. Ena anali a KGB wakale. Igor Strelkov anali wosintha kwambiri pamasewera awa. Anapangana pakati pa anyamata a Fundamentalist Russian Orthodox Church, ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi a White Army. Anapeza zida ndi akatswiri ena ankhondo ndipo adalanda nyumba zoyang'anira ndi apolisi m'mizinda. Anali a kuwombera motsutsana ndi oligarchs opangidwa ndi anthu aku Russia ochokera ku Russia. Iwo sanamvere lamulo. oligarchsThey ndiye anatenga zoulutsira nkhani m'deralo ndi zabodza ndi kutcha Maidan etc. fascists. Akufuna kupanga Ukraine ndi Europe kukhala gawo la Russia.
Iwo anayambitsa nkhondo imeneyi. Kenako boma la Ukraine linazindikira kuti inali nkhondo ndipo linasonkhanitsa asilikali nโkuyamba kumenyana nawo.
Strelkov anabwerera ku Russia ndege itawomberedwa. Kenako mphamvu zinapita ku maboma ankhondo akumaloko. Ndipo midzi iwiriyo [Donetsk ndi Luhansk] inagawanika.
(SRF; Mukudziwa bwanji zonsezi?)
Ndinawerenga atolankhani omwe akupereka malipoti kuchokera kumeneko. Ndipo zolemba ndi nkhani za Strelkov. Ndipo malipoti ovomerezeka aku Ukraine.
(SRF: Kodi anthu akummawa omwe mumawadziwa amakuuzani chiyani?)
Anthu amene ndikuwadziwa sachita nawo chilichonse mwa izi. Amangofuna kukhala ndi moyo wawo. "Maboma atsopano" amalankhula ndi magulu ochepetsa zovulaza ndikusiya kuti apitilize.
Asilikali, apolisi ndi oweruza amatsogoleredwa ndi anthu ochokera ku Russia. Amanena izi momasuka kwa atolankhani komanso pavidiyo, kuti adabwera kudzathandiza anzawo aku Russia panthawi yamavuto ndipo ali patchuthi kuchokera ku ntchito yawo / usilikali / chilichonse chobwerera ku Russia. Ena "magulu achifwamba" sali ochokera ku Russia, ena amachokera ku Russia, Chechnya ndi Abkhazia (kumene kulibe ntchito yambiri kotero ndikuganiza kuti ambiri amabwera kudzapeza ndalama kapena kupeza ndalama mokakamiza) koma amagwirizanitsa ntchito zankhondo ndi asilikali otsogozedwa ndi Russia. Magulu ankhondo aku Russia ali ndi magulu achifwamba am'deralo omwe amakhala patsogolo pazokambirana. Motero anthu ambiri ovulala ndi magulu achifwamba am'deralo. Mโmagulu amenewa muli โamisala ambiri amโderalo okhala ndi mfuti.โ Limenelo lidzakhala vuto. Koma ambiri a iwo amaphedwa mukuchitapo kanthu ngati funde loyamba kapena pansi pa moto wa zida (akhoza kukhala mbali zonse ziwiri).
Atsogoleri a maboma a Kum'mawa ndi ankhondo alamula kuti anthu ambiri aphedwe. Ayenera kukumana ndi chilango cha moyo wonse pamene adani atha.
(SRF: Ndani akumenyera mbali yaku Ukraine?)
Asilikali, apolisi, ndi magulu ankhondo odzipereka.
(SRF: Ena a US "opita patsogolo" amati ena mwa maguluwa ndi achifashisti.)
Mnzanga sanamve izi. Mmodzi mwa magulu ankhondowa ndi Right Sector, koma ndi gulu limodzi mwa 10 kapena 15. Ndipo mnzanga wamva anthu a Right Sector akulankhula, ndipo akunena kuti poyera amalankhula zadziko koma samalankhula chifashisti.
Nditalemba zolemba za zokambirana zathu, ndinazindikira kuti ndinalephera kumufunsa za chochitika chachikulu ku Odessa. Choncho ndinamufunsa za zimenezi mโzolemba zimene ndinamutumizira. Mayankho ake amatsatira funsolo.
- Kodi kutanthauzira kwanu komweko ku Odessa komwe ngakhale Chomsky adatcha "kuphedwa kwa Odessa" ndi chiyani?
Panali gulu la ovomereza-Russia omwe adapangidwa ku Odessa mu anti-Maidan yaying'ono kwa miyezi ingapo isanafike 2 May. Ndikuganiza kuti anali ndi chiyembekezo kuti pakhala chithandizo chambiri cha anthu aku Russia kapena kungokhala chete kwachi Russia ngati ku Crimea. Kulimbikitsa anthu omwewo ku Russia kunalinso m'mizinda ina - Donetsk, Kharkiv ... kotero ndikuganiza kuti panali zochitika zoyambitsa gulu lodana ndi Maidan ndi pro-Russian m'mizinda yonse yakumwera ndi kum'mawa. Zinalephereka ku Kharkiv ndipo zidalephera ku Odessa - zidangopambana ku Donetsk ndi Luhansk - ndikuganiza kuti pambuyo pa Odessa panali kuyambitsa usilikali kummawa.
Makamaka ku Odessa - panali masewera a mpira ndi magulu awiri okonda mpira Ultras (ovomereza kwambiri Chiyukireniya) omwe ankafuna kuguba ku masewerawo ndi United Ukraine kuguba. Panali omutsatira Maidan. Ndikuganiza kuti zomwe adafuna zinali (monga kale ku Donetsk) kulanga mwankhanza otsatira a Maidan ndi "magulu akuluakulu achi Russia" mothandizidwa ndi apolisi amderalo. Izi zidachitika bwino ku Donetsk - cholinga chake chinali kupangitsa anthu mantha kuti athandizire Maidan m'mizinda ikuluikulu imeneyo. Koma nthawi ino sizinali zopambana chifukwa cha okonda mpira ndi ena Odzitetezera Odesa Maidan omwe anali okonzeka kuyankha kuukira kwachiwawa. Atawukiridwa adalimbananso - apolisi anali kubisa [kuteteza] anthu ochirikiza Russia. Panali kuwomberana ndipo anthu ena adaphedwa m'misewu - zidakula kwambiri ndipo ovomereza-Russia adakankhidwira kumbuyo ndi apolisi akuyesera kubisa zomwe adathawa. Mafaniwo adakwiya kwambiri kuti ena mwa iwo adaphedwa. Msasa wa anti-Maidan unatenthedwa ndipo nyumbayo yomwe pro-Russian inatsekedwa, ngakhale ndikuganiza kuti kupha anthu m'nyumbayi kunali ngozi yoipa komanso gasi kapena mankhwala okhudzidwa - sindikumveka bwino pambali iyi.
Nthawi zambiri ndikuganiza kuti pakadapanda kukhala okonda mpira pangakhale ozunzidwa ambiri pakati pa anthu amtendere a Maidan ku Odessa omwe adakonzedwa kuti alangidwe ndi ovomereza-Russia mothandizidwa ndi apolisi amderalo.
Ndikungofuna kuwonjezera ndemanga ziwiri pazomwe ananena pamwambapa. Yoyamba ikukhudza zochitika za Odessa. Anthu ambiri ku US kumanzere adatanthauzira zomwe zikuchitika ku Odessa ngati kupha anthu ambiri omwe adawatsutsa. Ndikukumbukira kumva za kuthekera kwa kulimbana pa Meyi 2 kuchokera kwa mnzanga yemwe amagwira ntchito yathu yofufuza ku Odessa. Iye anakulira ku Odessa asanapite kusukulu ya zachipatala ku Kyiv, ndipo ndinali nditapita ku nyumba ya amayi ake ku Odessa miyezi ingapo zimenezi zisanachitike. Adali ndi nkhawa ngati ziwonetsero zamtendere za Maidan ziphedwa. Zotsatira zake, kulimbana kunachitika, ndipo ndi magulu ankhondo odana ndi Maidan omwe adataya. M'masiku otsatirawa, ndinawerenga kwambiri pa intaneti kuti ndidziwe zomwe zinachitika. Ndinachita chidwi kwambiri ndi zolemba za anthu a ku Ukraine a anarcho-syndicalist (monga Autonomous Workers' Union) http://avtonomia.net/2014/05/05/awu-kiev-statement-odessa-tragedy/#comments. Onaninso lipoti la mboni yowona ndi maso losindikizidwanso kuchokera ku "Sergei" mu Anthu ndi Chirengedwe) omwe adatsimikiza kuti apolisi amathandizira magulu ankhondo odana ndi Maidan pamlingo wina, komanso kuti nyumbayo itayaka moto ndipo anthu adathawa, omenyera ufulu wa Maidan adawathandiza. (Koma enaโndipo sindikudziลตa kuti ndi angatiโanawomberedwa ndi ochirikiza Maidan.) Chotero ndimaona zochitika zimenezi kukhala zomvetsa chisoniโndi zimene zinachititsa chiwawa kumโmawa kwa Ukraineโosati kuphana. Ndikuganizanso kuti ambiri kumayiko akumanzere omwe amachitcha kuti kupha anthu ambiri avomereza mosakayikira kufalitsa nkhani komanso mwina zotsutsana ndi makina aku Russia, pomwe akuwona izi (monga momwe ndikukayikira kuti Chomsky amachitira) ngati malingaliro olondola kuposa mabodza ndi zosokoneza. zokhazikitsidwa ndi propaganda system yaku US. (Kutanthauzira kwanga kwa Chomsky pa izi ndikuti wakhala akuyang'ana kwambiri machitidwe abodza aku US m'zaka zaposachedwa kotero kuti wasiya kuona kukhalapo kwa mayiko omwe akupikisana nawo omwe ali ndi machitidwe awo ofalitsa. Putin, monga wakale mu apolisi achinsinsi aku Russia ndi oligarch mwa iye yekha, amadziwa bwino momwe angagwiritsire ntchito dongosolo la Russia.)
Koma ndikufuna kutsindika mfundo imodzi yokhudza Odessa yomwe anthu ambiri sakuwoneka kuti akuimvetsa: Akadakhala kuti magulu ankhondo a Odessa anti-Maidan adapambana pamikangano ya Meyi 2, 2014, ndiye kuti Odessa mwina adawonongedwa ndi nkhondo yomwe idayamba ngati zigawo za Kummawa. Mazana a zikwi za othawa kwawo, ndi zikwi za imfa, zikanakhala zotsatira.
Mfundo yachiwiri yomwe ndikufuna kupanga potengera zomwe mnzanga adanena pamwambapa ndikuwunikira kusanthula kwake ntchito ya Strelkov pokonzekera nkhondo ku East. Strelkov ndi mapiko akumanja a dziko la Russia yemwe adachokera ku Russian Orthodox Church komanso m'gulu lankhondo la Russia komanso kupondereza anthu odziyimira pawokha komanso omenyera ufulu wawo ku Chechnya. Choncho, wotsogolera wamkulu wa nkhondoyi anali munthu wokhala ndi mizu yozama mu gulu lankhondo lachifumu la Russia. (Poganizira kutsindika komwe ena kumanzere adayika kukhalapo kwa achifwamba m'boma la Ukraine pambuyo poti zigawenga zidathamangitsa boma mu February, 2014, ndikuwonjezera kuti pali malipoti odalirika okhudza achifwamba kumbali ina yankhondoyi ngati. Ena akuphatikizapo Oleg Tsarev; Pavlo Gubarev, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa gulu lankhondo la Donbass komanso membala wa gulu lankhondo lachifasi cha Russia, Russian National Unity and Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine [lomwe limagwirizana ndi magulu achifasisi ku Russia]; ndi Valeriy Bolotov.)
Malingaliro ena omaliza
Chifukwa chachikulu cha pepalali ndikupereka mwayi kwa mayiko omwe adasiya zenizeni za kusintha kwa Maidan ku Ukraine monga momwe zinachitikira ndi ena mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali. Mโmaganizo mwanga, iwo amamveketsa bwino lomwe kuti chimene chinachitika chinali kusintha kwa ndale kochitidwa ndi gulu lalikulu la ndale- ndi chikhalidwe-amorphous limene linathamangitsa bwino boma pampando.
M'mawu anga omaliza, ndikufuna kuyankha mafunso atatu, onse omwe ndi oyenera kulandira chithandizo chokwanira. Choyamba, nchifukwa ninji boma lomwe linapangidwa kuchokera ku Maidan Revolution linali lamanja? Chachiwiri, nchifukwa ninji Kusintha kwa Maidan sikunayambe kukhala kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena ngakhale mkangano waukulu pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito (komabe opangidwa) ndi mapiko oyenerera "oligarchs" omwe amalamulira dziko la Ukraine? Chachitatu, ndichifukwa chiyani mayiko ambiri omwe ali kumanzere amawona kusinthaku ngati kulanda boma ndipo potero kuphonya tanthauzo lake pamalingaliro osintha zinthu masiku ano?
Kodi nchifukwa ninji boma lomwe linapangidwa kuchokera ku Maidan Revolution linali lamanja?
Sitiyenera kudabwa kuti Revolution ya Maidan inachititsa kuti boma likhale loyenera. Izi zimachitika nthawi zonse pamene kulimbana kwa zigawenga kumachotsa boma. Panthawiyo, zigawo za olamulira pafupifupi nthawi zonse zimalamulira boma losakhalitsa lomwe likuyamba kulamulira. Izi zidachitika ku Egypt koyambirira kwazaka khumi izi, zidachitika ku Argentina mu 2003, ndipo zidachitikanso m'nkhondo zapamwamba mu Ufumu wa Russia mu February 1917 komanso ku Germany mu Novembala 1918. Ubale wa Moslem ku Egypt - komanso ku Ukraine, udaphatikizanso okonda dziko lamanja komanso achifashisti ochepa. Chifukwa cha kufooka kwakukulu kwa gulu lamanzere muzolimbana za Maidan-ngakhale kuti panali anthu ambiri omwe anasiyidwa, ndipo ngakhale kuti ambiri anali a demokalase, otsutsa-Russian imperialist, ndipo akufuna kusintha kwachuma ndi kutha kwa ziphuphu. -ndiko kunena kuti, kutseguka kusuntha kumanzere-mphamvu ya likulu imayang'aniridwa. Komanso, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse, mpaka momwe angathere, oimira ndi/kapena obisala amitundu yosiyanasiyana yamphamvu za imperialist anayesa kukhudza momwe boma lakanthawi kochepa lidakhazikitsidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, ambiri adanena za udindo wa US pothandizira Yatsenyuk kukhala munthu yemwe adakhala nduna yayikulu. Ena kumanzere atcha izi "kuukira," koma ndizolondola kwambiri kuzitcha njira yomwe ma imperialists ndi magulu olamulira amayankha pakusintha kwakukulu kopambana ngati angakwanitse. M'lingaliro limeneli, ndondomeko ya ku Ukraine mu February, 2014, sinalinso chipwirikiti kuposa zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma la Russia likhazikike mu February, 1917, kapena zomwe zinayambitsa boma laling'ono ku Egypt mu February, 2011.
N'chifukwa chiyani kusintha kwa Maidan sikunasunthe kukhala kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu?
Ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kuyang'ana mbiri ya USSR ndi zaka kuyambira kugwa kwake kuti tiyambe kumvetsa izi. Ulamuliro wa Stalin unali woipa kwambiri ku Ukraine, monga momwe zinalili pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Mamiliyoni a anthu aku Ukraine adaphedwa mwa onse awiri. Zaka nthawi yomweyo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha zaka zambiri za nkhanza za Stalinist ku Ukraine monga kwina kulikonse, kutsatiridwa ndi kukula kwachuma, kuyesa kosiyanasiyana ndi kusintha kwachuma ndi ndale, ndiyeno kugwa kwa USSR ndi kuvutika maganizo kwakukulu kwachuma ndi kukhumudwa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. 1990s. Koma mwa njira imodzi, Stalinism inali yopambana: Inatsimikizira anthu ambiri a ku Ukraine (ndi Russia komanso dziko lapansi) kuti Stalinism inali tanthauzo lenileni la Marxism ngakhalenso socialism. Pankhani ya Revolution ya Maidan, izi zidabweretsa chotchinga chachikulu chamagulu. Kutengera ndikulankhulana maso ndi maso komwe ndidakhala ndi mnzanga waku Ukraine kudziko lina mu Januwale, 2014, ndikuganiza kuti panthawiyo ambiri mgululi adathandizira mitundu yayikulu yademokalase yofanana ndi zomwe timatcha "demokalase yogawana nawo" m'mabungwe aku US. cha mโma 1963. Koma iwo anaimirira pamenepo. Mwina chifukwa cha kufooka kwa gulu la Independent Trade Union mdziko muno (lomwe palokha likuwonetsa gawo lotchinga lomweli), omenyera ufuluwo adapitilira kuwona magulu onse ngati otenga nawo gawo pankhondoyi, ndipo palibe lingaliro la bungwe la ogwira ntchito kapena la Socialism yozikidwa pa izo inakhala misala yamakono ku Maidan ku Kyiv. M'malingaliro anga, kulephera kwa omenyera ufulu wakumanzere ndi omenyera mgwirizano kuti athe kukhazikitsa mayendedwe opitilira ku Maidan ku Kyiv ndi mizinda ina yayikulu kukuwonetsa kufooka kwakukulu kwa kumanzere padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka m'maiko omwe kale anali kuchitira umboni. kukhala m'gulu la "Communist bloc".
Kuthetsa vutoli, lomwe mwa gawo lina chifukwa cha kufanana kotchuka kwa "kumanzere" ndi Stalinism ndi mitundu ina ya autocracies ya statist, ndi vuto lalikulu kumanzere ndi kwa anthu onse. Kupeza njira zothetsera izi kungasokonezedwe ndi kutanthauzira ndi zochita za ambiri a US omwe atsala pang'ono kutanthauzira vuto la Chiyukireniya ngati nkhani ya fascism ku Ukraine ndi / kapena ponena za ufulu "wovomerezeka" wa Russia kuti azilamulira ndale m'mayiko omwe ali nawo. malire ake. (Ndizodabwitsa kumva ena omwe ali kumanzere kumanzere kwa US kukana kulola Cuba kuponya mizinga yaku Russia ngati chifukwa chofanana ndi kulowererapo kwa Russia ku Eastern Ukraine. mosasamala kanthu za zokhumba za mnansi wake wamkulu wachifumu, kaya ndi US kapena Russia - ngakhale sitigwirizana ndi zisankho zomwe dziko laling'ono limapanga.) Kutanthauzira zonsezi kumathandiza kutsimikizira antchito ambiri oganiza kumanzere ndi omenyera ufulu ku Ukraine, Russia ndi zina " maiko a pambuyo pa Chikomyunizimuโ omwe akumanzere amapusitsidwa kapena adani awo.
Ngakhale izi zinali zovuta, panthawi ya Maidan Revolution, gululi linali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kosunthira kumanzere. Izi zili choncho chifukwa boma lomwe likubwera linali boma lina lachiphuphu ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, chifukwa limathandizira ndipo lavomereza zofuna za IMF / US / European kuti zisinthidwe ndi kuchepetsa. Izi zadzetsa mikangano ingapo ndi zolimbana zina zamagulu - koma zangokhala chete ndikufowoka chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa Russia ndikulanda Crimea komanso kulimbana kwakum'mawa.
Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa zomwe zingakhudze maiko ena ndi dziko lapansi ngati kusintha kwa Chiyukireniya kunasintha kukhala gulu lamanzere ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito pa Spring, 2014. Panali zenizeni-koma zovuta kuwerengera-mwayi woti izi zikanafalikira ku maiko ena. Panaliโndipo mwinamwake kudakalipoโkuthekera kwakuti kufalikira ku Bosnia, ku Greece, ku Italy, ku Spainโmakamaka ku Russia. Maiko onsewa anali ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu ndi maboma awo ndipo mwina adatsatira chitsogozo cha Chiyukireniya kapena kusintha kwina kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena gulu losintha zinthu. Zoonadi, mayendedwe a m'dziko lililonse ali ndi zofooka zake komanso zosadziwika bwino za ndondomeko ndi zolinga za ndale, zomwe zikanapanga mayankho awo-koma monga momwe zochitika pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Tunisia zikuwonetseratu, mayendedwe osintha nthawi zina amatha kufalikira kuposa momwe tingayembekezere.
Putin si wopusa. Iye ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi makapitalist a ku Russia (ndipo mwina akunja) ozungulira iye anawona izi zomwe zingawopsyeze ku mphamvu zawo ndipo ndithudi, mwinamwake, ku capitalism. Anayenda mwanzeruโkoma ali ndi chiopsezo choyambitsa nkhondo yapadziko lonseโkuti ailetse kupanga chiwopsezo cha ufulu wa dziko la Ukraine ndi mbuye wake wakale wachifumu. Iwo analanda Crimea, ndipo anathandizira zoyesayesa za kupanduka kwa magulu ku East Ukraine ndi Odessa. Mu Odessa, iwo anagonjetsedwa mwamsanga, koma Russian propaganda makina anapotoza zimene zinachitika monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Kum'maลตa kwa Ukraine, iwo anali ndi chipambano chowonjezereka. Izi, monga ine ndikuganiza iwo ankadziwa kuti zikanatero, kulimbikitsa dziko ndi asilikali ankhondo mkati Ukraine, choncho anafooketsa mwayi kulimbana ndi cutbacks kutenga mafomu kuti kuopseza ulamuliro Putin ku Russia, ulamuliro wa oligarch ku Ukraine, ndipo, makamaka, za capitalism ndi imperialism yonse.
Chimodzi mwa kupambana kwawo chinali chozikidwa pa mzere womwe unasokoneza chiwopsezo cha chifasisti mwa magawo onse. Chiwerengero chokwanira cha anthu aku Ukraine, mwina makamaka omwe samamvetsetsa bwino za Russia ngati imperialist, amakhulupirira kuti Maidan kapena boma latsopanoli ndi lachifasisti. Ena anali osokonezeka ndipo anali osasunthika, kapena anatsutsa Maidan pazifukwa zina. (Zotsutsana ndi Maidan zidathandizidwa ndi kupusa-kusinthidwa mwachangu-kwa iwo omwe anali m'boma losakhalitsa la Kyiv omwe adapereka lamulo lopangitsa Chiyukireniya kukhala chilankhulo chokhacho chovomerezeka.) Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti pamasankho a Fall, 2014, ngakhale a Right Bloc kapena Svoboda adapeza mavoti 5% ofunikira kuti alowe munyumba yamalamulo.
Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani otsalira ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amawona kusinthaku ngati kulanda boma ndipo potero kuphonya tanthauzo lake pazakusintha ndi masomphenya masiku ano?
Ndilibe malo pano kuti ndichite ntchito yoyenera yowonetsera mawu osiyanasiyana a magulu omwe amawona kusinthaku ngati chipwirikiti ndikuthandizira momveka bwino kapena momveka bwino zomwe Russia ikuchita polanda Crimea ndikuthandizira kulimbana ku Eastern Ukraine. M'malo mwake, ndipereka mwachidule zomveka zawo pazochitika zotere ndikuzitsutsa mwachidule.
Makamaka, amawonetsa izi molingana ndi America (ndi European Union) imperialism ngati yomwe imayambitsa chiwawa padziko lonse lapansi (chomwe chiri) komanso mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ya imperialist. Amawona zomwe Russia ikuchita potsutsa kuwonjezeka kulikonse kwa mphamvu za US / EU ku Ukraine kapena mayiko ena omwe ali pafupi ndi malire a Russia ngati "zovomerezeka" zodzitchinjiriza zotsutsana ndi imperialism. Ena aiwo amawonabe dziko lapansi kuchokera kumalingaliro omwe ambiri ku US adatsalira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 kukhala dziko lomwe ochita nawo chidwi kwambiri ndi mayiko a imperialist (US ndi ogwirizana nawo) ndi mayiko omwe amatsutsa imperialism-omwe aphatikizapo, kwa ena a Gaddafi Libya, Syria, China, ndi Russia, pakati pa ena.
Pazokambirana zanga ndi iwo, kuwonjezera apo, amalengeza monyadira kuti amatsutsa imperialism ya US ndikuwona maiko ena ngati ogwirizana nawo. Poika mโmawu amene Lenin kapena Marx angakhale atagwiritsira ntchito, iwo motero ali kumbali ya olamulira achikapitalist a maiko ena ameneลตa ndi olamulira achikapitalist a dziko lawo. Mwanjira zina, izi zikugwirizana ndi kuyitanidwa kwa Lenin kuti akhazikitse zipolowe m'dziko lanu popeza olamulira anu ndi mdani wanu wamkulu-koma amanyalanyaza kunena kuti Lenin adawona kuti iyi ndi njira yoyenera kumanzere padziko lonse lapansi motero amadzudzula momasuka ndikuchita motsutsana ndi olamulira. a Germany kapena USA ngakhale akulimbana ndi Czarism ndi imperialism yaku Russia.
Munthawi yakusintha kwanyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi, osatchulapo zovuta zazikulu pakati pa mayiko okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya monga US, Russia ndi China, ndili ndi vuto kuwona momwe kusanthula kotere kwa olamulira ena amphamvu monga ogwirizana kumapereka maziko ambiri a chiyembekezo kapena njira. Petro-state Russia (yomwe yangolanda Crimea ndi zida zake zapafupi za Black Sea carbon) siyenda kuti ithetse kusintha kwanyengo mwachangu kuposa USA.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusanthula uku kunyalanyaza konse ufulu wa demokalase wa anthu aku Ukraine 45 miliyoni ndi mayiko ena omwe ali kumalire ndi Russia. Mkati mwa US, zimawomba pamaso pathu pamene anthu awona "kumanzere" akuchirikiza maulamuliro monga Assad kapena Putin.
Chofunika kwambiri, momwe anthu aku Ukraine ndi mayiko ena amamvetsetsa bwino kuti Russia yakhala ikulamulira dziko la Russia, yomwe ikuphatikizapo ena kumanzere kwa Russia - onani "kumanzere" kumathandizira ma imperialists omwe ali pafupi nawo, adzawona kumanzere. ngati mdani kapena wofooka maganizo. Zidzakhala zovuta mokwanira kuti kumanzere m'mayiko awa (ndi Russia nayenso, pa nkhaniyi) kuti asaphunzire maphunziro a USSR omwe amafanana ndi dongosolo lomwe iwo ankakhala pansi pa nthawiyo ndi Marxism ndi socialism. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chithandizo cha zigawo zazikulu za Kumadzulo chinatsalira ku ulamuliro wa Russia, ndipo ntchitoyi imakhala yovuta kwambiri.
Pomaliza, ndiloleni ndifotokoze momveka bwino. Sindikhulupirira kuti maboma a capitalist ali ndi mphamvu zochitira zabwino. Amapanga maziko a imperialism, nkhondo, kudyerana masuku pamutu antchito, ndi kuponderezana kochuluka kokhudza mtundu, chipembedzo, dziko komanso jenda. Zomwe ndaphunzira kuchokera muzolimbikitsa zanga komanso powerenga mbiri yakale ndikuti kusintha kumachokera pansi. Chiyembekezo chilichonse cha kumasulidwa kapena kupulumuka kwa chitukuko cha anthu mu nthawi ya kusintha kwa nyengo zimadalira ogwira ntchito ndi ogwirizana nawo kusonkhanitsa ndi kutenga mphamvu zowononga dziko lapansi ndi miyoyo yathu ndi chisangalalo kutali ndi likulu ndi mayiko ake. Kudzipereka kwathu mkati mwa US ndi padziko lonse lapansi kuyenera kukhala ndi mayendedwe omenyera ufulu ndi mphamvu za ogwira ntchito, demokalase, kukhazikika, kutha kwa imperialism, komanso kutha kwa kuponderezana konse. Pankhani ya Ukraine, izi zitanthauza kugwirizana ndi omwe akumenyera ufulu wawo ndi zosowa zawo, monga ogwira ntchito ku Krivih Rih omwe anali ochuluka a gulu la Maidan komweko, ndipo pambuyo pake adachita ziwonetsero zazikulu zokhudzana ndi zachuma, kapena monga oyendetsa tram. ku Kyiv omwe adalimbana ndi zochepetsera zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi boma latsopano kumeneko. Zitanthauzanso kutsutsa ulamuliro wa Kyiv, US / Western imperialism - ndi imperialism yaku Russia. Ndipo monga momwe ndikufunira kuti US odana ndi nkhondo ndi anti-imperialists athandizire gulu la ogwira ntchito, demokalase ndi anti-Russian imperialist ku Ukraine, ndikufunanso kuti ma demokalase ambiri a ku Ukraine ndi omenyera ufulu asatsutse osati Russian koma US / EU imperialism. .
Zothandizira
Dzarasov, Ruslan. 2013. Conundrum of Russian Capitalism: The Post-Soviet Economy in the World System. London: Pluto Press
Pinkham, Sophie
- We Dream of Europe, December 3, 2013. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/we-dream-of-europe/
- Nkhani za Maidan, December 17, 2013. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/maidan-stories/
- Muli moyo, m'bale? February 23, 2014. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/are-you-alive-brother/
- Ukraine ku Flames, July 22, 2014. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/ukraine-in-flames/
- Ukraine iti? latsopano Yorker, February 12, 2015. http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ukraine
Zowonjezera:
Nthawi: Mavuto andale ku Ukraine
(Source: Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/timeline-ukraine-political-crisis-201431143722854652.html 20 Sep 2014 05:48 GMT) adatsitsidwa 4/15/2015
Ndidakonza nthawi ya Al Jazeera pochotsa zolemba zambiri zomwe sizinali zapakati pankhaniyi komanso kusintha mawu amodzi kuti akhale achidule komanso omveka bwino. Aliyense amene akufuna kuwona choyambirira atha kuyang'ana ulalo womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa.
Madeti amaulendo anga opita ku Ukraine amawonekera kumanja
Seputembara 2010 Kyiv
May/June 2011 Kyiv
October 2011 Kyiv, Kriviy Rih, Lviv
May 2012 Kyiv, Crimea
October 2012 Kyiv, Odessa
May 2013 Kyiv, Odessa
October 31/November 14, 2013 Kyiv, Odessa
Nov 21, 2013: Purezidenti Yanukovich amasiya mgwirizano wamalonda ndi EU, akufuna kugwirizana kwambiri ndi Moscow.
Nov 30: Thandizo la anthu likukulirakulira kwa otsutsa boma omwe amagwirizana ndi EU pomwe zithunzi zawo zidakhetsedwa ndi nkhanza za apolisi zikufalikira pa intaneti komanso m'manyuzipepala.
Dec 1: Pafupifupi anthu 300,000 achita ziwonetsero pabwalo la Independence Square ku Kiev. City Hall yagwidwa ndi omenyera ufulu.
Dec 17: Purezidenti wa Russia a Putin alengeza mapulani ogula $15bn m'boma la boma la Ukraine komanso kuchepetsa mtengo wamafuta achilengedwe aku Russia ku Ukraine.
Jan 16, 2014: Malamulo odana ndi ziwonetsero amaperekedwa ndipo amatsutsidwa mwachangu ngati "draconian".
Januware 22: Anthu awiri ochita ziwonetsero amwalira atawomberedwa. Wachitatu amwalira atagwa atakumana ndi apolisi.
Januware 28: Mykola Azarov atule pansi udindo wake monga nduna yaikulu ya Ukraine; nyumba yamalamulo ithetsa malamulo oletsa ziwonetsero zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziwonetsero zichuluke poyambirira.
Januware 29: Bili yakhazikitsidwa, yolonjeza kukhululukidwa kwa anthu omwe amangidwa ngati nyumba za boma zitalandidwa.
Januware 31: Wotsutsa otsutsa Dmytro Bulatov adapezeka kunja kwa Kiev atamangidwa ndikuzunzidwa kwa masiku asanu ndi atatu, mwachiwonekere m'manja mwa gulu logwirizana ndi Russia.
February 4 - 8, 2014 Odessa
Feb 16: Otsutsa otsutsa athetsa ntchito ya Kiev City Hall. Posinthana, ochita ziwonetsero 234 omwe adamangidwa amamasulidwa.
Feb 18: Mkangano wamsewu umasiya osachepera 18 akufa ndipo pafupifupi zana avulala. Ziwawa zimayamba pomwe ziwonetsero zikuchita ziwonetsero kupolisi pambuyo poti nyumba yamalamulo idayimilira pakukonza zosintha malamulo kuti achepetse mphamvu zapurezidenti. Anthu ochita ziwonetsero alanda nyumba za boma.
Feb 20: Kiev akuwona tsiku lake lachiwawa kwambiri kwa zaka pafupifupi 70. Pafupifupi anthu 88 aphedwa m'maola 48. Makanema akuwonetsa zigawenga zaboma zikuwombera anthu ochita ziwonetsero padenga la nyumba.
Feb 21: Atsogoleri a zionetsero, otsutsa ndale ndi Yanukovich avomereza kupanga boma latsopano ndikuchita zisankho zoyambirira. Mphamvu za Yanukovich ndizochepa. Nyumba yamalamulo idavota kuti imasule Yulia Tymoshenko, yemwe anali Prime Minister, kundende. Yanukovich athawa ku Kiev pambuyo poti zionetsero zatenga ulamuliro wa likulu.
Feb 22: Andale aku Ukraine amavota kuti achotse Yanukovich. Tymoshenko amamasulidwa kundende ndipo amalankhula ndi omwe adasonkhana ku Kiev. Meyi 25 akonzekera zisankho zapulezidenti zatsopano.
Feb 23: Nyumba yamalamulo ku Ukraine ipereka mphamvu kwa Purezidenti Oleksandr Turchinov, mnzake wa Tymoshenko. Otsutsa a Pro-Russian asonkhana ku Crimea motsutsana ndi kayendetsedwe katsopano ka Kiev.
Feb 24: Boma laling'ono la Ukraine likupereka chilolezo choti amangidwe a Yanukovich.
Feb 25: Pro-Russian Aleksey Chaly asankhidwa kukhala meya wa Sevastopol pomwe misonkhano ikupitilizabe ku Crimea.
Feb 26: Ma Tartar aku Crimea omwe akuthandizira kusagwirizana kwatsopano kwa Kiev ndi otsutsa-Russia mderali.
Feb 27: Ankhondo a Pro-Kremlin alanda nyumba za boma ku Crimea. Boma la Ukraine lalonjeza kuti liletsa kutha kwa dziko pomwe nyumba yamalamulo yaku Crimea ikhazikitsa Meyi 25 ngati tsiku lochitira referendum pazagawo. Yanukovich amapatsidwa chitetezo ku Russia.
Feb 28: Amuna okhala ndi zida zankhondo zosadziwika bwino alanda bwalo la ndege la Simferopol komanso bwalo la ndege lankhondo ku Sevestopol. Bungwe la UN Security Council likuchita msonkhano wadzidzidzi kuti akambirane zomwe zikuchitika ku Crimea.
Moscow akuti mayendedwe ankhondo ku Crimea akugwirizana ndi mapangano akale kuti ateteze zombo zake ku Black Sea. Yanukovich akuwonekera koyamba pagulu, kum'mwera kwa Russia.
March 1: Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Russia idavomereza pempho la Putin kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zankhondo ku Ukraine.
March 2: Gulu la asitikali aku Russia mazana ambiri likulowera ku likulu la chigawo cha Crimea. Arseny Yatsenyuk, nduna yatsopano ya Ukraine, akudzudzula Russia chifukwa cholengeza nkhondo ndi dziko lake.
March 3: Gulu lankhondo laku Russia la Black Sea Fleet likuuza asitikali apanyanja aku Ukraine ku Sevastopol ku Crimea kuti adzipereke kapena kumenyedwa ndi asitikali.
March 4 : Poyankha koyamba pagulu ku Ukraine, a Putin akuti dziko lake ali ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito njira zonse kuteteza nzika zake kum'mawa kwa Ukraine. Asitikali aku Russia awombera chenjezo kwa asitikali opanda zida aku Ukraine akuguba kupita ku bwalo la ndege ku Sevastopol.
March 6: Nyumba yamalamulo ku Crimea idavota mogwirizana kuti alowe nawo ku Russia. Maola angapo pambuyo pake, khonsolo ya mzinda wa Sevastopol ku Crimea yalengeza kujowina Russia nthawi yomweyo.
March 11: EU ikupereka njira zoyendetsera malonda kuti zithandizire chuma cha Ukraine. Nyumba yamalamulo yachigawo cha Crimea imalandira "chidziwitso cha ufulu".
March 12: Obama akumana ndi Yatsenyuk ku White House kusonyeza kuthandizira boma latsopano la Ukraine ndipo akuti US "ikana kwathunthu" referendum ya Crimea.
March 13: Nyumba yamalamulo yaku Ukraine idavota kuti ipange gulu lankhondo lankhondo 60,000 kuti liteteze dzikolo.
March 15: Mamembala a UN Security Council amavota mokulira kuti agwirizane ndi chigamulo chotsutsa referendum yomwe ikubwera yokhudza tsogolo la Crimea ngati yosaloledwa. Russia idavotera izi ndipo China idakana.
March 16: Zotsatira za referendum ku Crimea zonena kuti osachepera 95 peresenti ya ovota amathandizira mgwirizano ndi Russia.
March 17: US ndi Europe zimayimitsa katundu ndikuletsa ma visa kwa anthu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kupatuka kwa Crimea.
March 18: Putin asayina pangano lomwe likulowetsa Crimea ku Russia, nthawi yoyamba yomwe Kremlin ikukulitsa malire a dzikolo kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Kiev yati mkanganowu wafika pachimake cha "gulu lankhondo" msirikali wa ku Ukraine atawomberedwa ndikuphedwa ndi zigawenga zomwe zidaukira malo ankhondo ku Simferopol, kuphedwa koyamba kotereku mderali kuyambira pomwe asitikali ochirikiza Russia adalanda ulamuliro kumapeto kwa February.
March 19: Omenyera ufulu waku Russia, omwe akuwoneka kuti aku Crimea odzitchinjiriza, adapeza maziko a Sevastopol osagwiritsa ntchito zachiwawa.
March 20: Atsogoleri a EU akutsutsa kulandidwa kwa Russia ku Crimea. EU ndi US akuwonjezera mndandanda wa anthu omwe akuyembekezeredwa kulandira chilango.
March 21: Russia idasiya zilango zomwe US โโโโikufuna a Putin ndipo EU ikuwonjezera mayina 12 pamndandanda wazoletsa. Ukraine ikuti sidzavomera kutayika kwa Crimea pomwe Moscow imasaina chikalata chofuna kuphatikizira chilumbachi.
March 29: Mpikisano wapurezidenti waku Ukraine ukuyamba pomwe Prime Minister wakale Yulia Tymoshenko ndi bilionea wa confectionery tycoon Petro Poroshenko kulembetsa ngati oyembekezera.
March 31: Asitikali aku Russia ena achoka kumalire a Ukraine kumwera kwa Rostov ku Russia, kutsatira zokambirana pakati pa nduna yakunja yaku Russia ndi mnzake waku US.
April 2: Purezidenti waku Ukraine adachotsedwa avomereza iye "analakwa" poitana asilikali a Russia ku Crimea ndipo analumbira kuyesa kunyengerera Moscow kuti abwererenso peninsula.
April 6: Omenyera ufulu wa Russia alanda ulamuliro wa nyumba za boma m'mizinda yakum'mawa kwa Donetsk, Luhansk ndi Kharkiv, ndikuyitanitsa referendum yodziyimira pawokha. Akuluakulu aku Ukraine ayambiranso kulamulira nyumba za Kharkiv pa Epulo 8 atayambitsa "ntchito yolimbana ndi zigawenga".
April 11: Prime Minister waku Ukraine umafuna kuti apereke mphamvu zambiri kumadera akum'mawa, monga odzipatula ovomerezeka a Russia akupitirizabe kulanda nyumba ku Donetsk ndi Luhansk.
April 12: Zigawenga zomwe zimagwirizana ndi dziko la Russia zilanda nyumba ya apolisi ndi nyumba zachitetezo m'tauni ya Sloyansk, mtunda wa makilomita 60 kuchokera ku Donetsk komwe zigawenga zomwe zimagwirizana ndi dziko la Russia zilanda likulu la apolisi. Odzipatulawo agwiranso nyumba ya apolisi ku Kramatorsk.
April 13: Asilikali apadera aku Ukraine akulephera kuthamangitsa anthu omenyera mfuti aku Russia ku Sloyansk. Msilikali m'modzi wa ku Ukraine komanso wogwirizira m'modzi wa Russia aphedwa pantchitoyi. Panthawiyi, odzipatula alanda nyumba za khonsolo ya mzinda ku Mariupol ndi Khartsyzsk.
April 16: Asitikali aku Ukraine abwerera kuchokera ku Sloyansk pomwe gulu logwirizana ndi Russia lilanda holo yatawuni ku Donetsk.
April 17: Asilikali aku Ukraine athamangitsa zigawenga zausiku ku Mariupol, kupha zigawenga zitatu. Pafupifupi anthu 200 adachita ziwonetsero mtawuniyi motsutsana ndi Kiev. Putin akuvomereza kuti asilikali a ku Russia adatumizidwa ku Crimea panthawi ya referendum ya March kuti agwirizane ndi Russia, koma akuti akuyembekeza kuti asagwiritse ntchito "ufulu" wake kutumiza asilikali a Russia ku Ukraine.
April 18: Magulu ogwirizana ndi Russia ati sachotsedwa mnyumba zomwe anthu akukhalamo mpaka boma la Kiev, lomwe amaliwona ngati losaloledwa, lichotsedwanso. Russia ikutsutsa zokambirana za zilango zambiri. Boma laling'ono la Ukraine lalonjeza kuti lidzakhala ndi ulamuliro wodziyimira pawokha ndipo likuti chilankhulo cha Chirasha chidzapatsidwa "maudindo apadera" mdzikolo.
April 20: Kuwomberana koopsa m'tawuni yakum'mawa kwa Ukraine kwasokoneza mgwirizano wa Pasaka.
April 21: Anthu ochita ziwonetsero ku Luhansk alonjeza kuti adzachita referendum yawoyawo pa Meyi 11.
May 1: Pafupifupi zigawenga 300 zomwe zimagwirizana ndi Russia zilanda ofesi ya woimira boma ku Donetsk. Kulembetsa kumayambitsidwanso kwa amuna onse aku Ukraine azaka 18-25.
May 2: Tsiku lokhetsa mwazi kwambiri chiyambire pamene boma latsopano lidayamba kulamulira. Osachepera 10 amwalira pachiwopsezo chatsopano chankhondo ku Sloyansk. Kum'mwera kwa mzinda wa Odessa, anthu 42 amwalira pamene mikangano pakati pa omenyera ufulu wa Russia ndi otsatira Ukraine idafika pachimake ndi moto waukulu.
May 9: Putin akuwulukira ku Crimea atayang'anira chiwonetsero champhamvu zankhondo ku Red Square komwe adapereka ulemu kwa "gulu lankhondo logonjetsa dziko lonse la Russia". Mikangano idayambika ku Mariupol pomwe nduna ya zamkati akuti 21 afa.
mwina 12 : Omenyera ufulu wa Russia alengeza kupambana kwakukulu mu referendum iwiri yokhudzana ndi ulamuliro wakum'mawa kwa Ukraine. Maboma a Donetsk ndi Luhansk adavota Lamlungu kuti adzipatula ku Ukraine. Kampani yayikulu ya gasi yaku Russia Gazprom ipatsa Ukraine mpaka Juni 3 kulipira $1.6bn pa gasi wachilengedwe. EU ikuwonjezera zilango ku Moscow.
May 25: Petro Poroshenko ndiye wapambana pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa ku Ukraine, koma malipoti akusonyeza kuti mwayi wovota unali woletsedwa kapena wolephereka kwambiri m'madera ambiri omwe akulamulidwa ndi zigawenga kum'mawa kwa Ukraine.
June 16: Russia imayimitsa kutumizidwa kwa gasi ku Ukraine, ngakhale kuti okambirana aku Ukraine ndi a ku Ulaya apempha kuti agwirizane. Gazprom yalengeza kuti Ukraine ilandila gasi yomwe imalipira pasadakhale.
Juni 27: Poroshenko asayina mgwirizano wa mgwirizano wa EU, miyezi isanu ndi itatu pambuyo pa zionetsero zotsutsana ndi kusiya mgwirizanowu.
July 5: Asilikali aku Ukraine alandanso mzinda wa Sloyansk, womwe kale unali likulu la zigawenga. Anthu oukirawo anathamangitsidwa nthawi imodzi mumzinda wa Kramatorsk.
July 17: Ndege ya MH17 ya Malaysian Airlines idawomberedwa kum'mawa kwa Ukraine, kupha anthu 298 onse omwe analimo. Mlangizi wa unduna wa zamkati ku Ukraine wati ndegeyo idawomberedwa ndi mzinga kuchokera ku choulutsira ndege cha Buk.
July 18: Obama akutsimikizira kuti kuwunika koyambirira kukuwonetsa kuti MH17 idawomberedwa ndi mzinga wa BUK-M1 wowomberedwa kuchokera kudera lomwe likulamulidwa ndi zigawenga zotsutsana ndi Russia.
July 19: Kiev ikudzudzula magulu a zigawenga kuti asokoneza umboni pamalo a ngoziyo, ponena kuti magulu ankhondo anali osuntha ndikuwononga umboni. Malipoti ena akuwonetsa kuti gulu lowunikira la OSCE lomwe latumizidwa patsambalo lidangopatsidwa mwayi wochepa.
July 20: Atsogoleri angapo a EU akuwopseza kuti awonjezera zilango ku Russia ngati Kremlin sikakamiza zigawenga zomwe zikuganiza kuti zaponya ndege ya MH17 kuti ipereke mwayi wofikira pamalo ochita ngozi.
July 23: Akuluakulu azamalamulo aku US ati akukhulupirira kuti ndegeyo idawomberedwa ndi anthu odzipatula ogwirizana ndi Russia "molakwitsa."
July 24: A Us akuimba Russia mlandu wowombera zida kudutsa malire kupita ku Ukraine, koma sikugawana umboni wake. Mneneri wa Pentagon akufotokoza izi ngati "kukwera kwankhondo." tsiku lomwelo, boma la mgwirizano ku Ukraine likugwa, ndipo Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk adasiya ntchito pambuyo pochotsa chipani cha Svoboda ndi UDAR.
August 1: Boma la Ukraine livomereza kukana kusiya ntchito kwa Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk. Malingaliro a bajeti a Yatsenyuk, omwe adatsekedwa kale ndi nyumba yamalamulo, kukakamiza kusiya ntchito yake ndi kugwa kwa mgwirizano, amavomerezedwa mokwanira. Panthawiyi, ofufuza ochokera ku Holland ndi Australia ayamba kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane malo a ngozi ya MH17.
August 13: Osachepera 12 omenyera dziko la Ukraine ochokera ku gulu la Right Sector aphedwa ndipo ena osadziwika atengedwa ukapolo pomwe bus yawo idabisidwa kum'mawa kwa Ukraine.
August 26: Ukraine yati asitikali ake agwira gulu la asitikali aku Russia omwe adawoloka malire kum'mawa kwa Ukraine. Atsogoleri aku Russia ndi Ukraine akumana ku Minsk maso ndi maso koyamba kuyambira Juni.
August 30: Ukraine yalengeza kuti yasiya mzinda wakum'mawa kwa Ilovaisk kudzera m'khonde pambuyo pa masiku ozunguliridwa ndi zigawenga.
Gwero: Al Jazeera ndi mabungwe
January/February 2015 Kyiv, Odessa
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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Monga mlembi wa nkhaniyi pa "N'chiyani chinachitika ku Ukraine?" Ndikufuna kuyitanitsa aliyense ku zovuta zina ndi momwe nkhaniyi idayikidwira pa ZNet. Mapulogalamu awo mosadziwa anachotsa masanjidwe onse a nkhaniyo.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti owerenga sakanatha kudziwa pamene ndinali kunena mawu a anthu a ku Ukraine pazochitikazi.
Kuonjezera apo, sindinazindikire kuti ZNet sichimaphatikizapo zolemba zapansi-zomwe ndi zolakwa zanga. Chotero, ndemanga ina yotsutsa inasiyidwa, kuphatikizapo mawu amtsinde amene amati ponena za mawu ogwidwawo โIzi zikutanthauza kuti, nthaลตi zina, mawu ena amene amagwiritsira ntchito angawonekere kukhala osalinganizika kapena osamveka bwino. Pazimenezi ndipepesa, koma ndikuona kuti ndi bwino kufotokoza zimene akunena ndi kusiya mafunso ena mโmaganizo mwa oลตerenga kusiyana ndi kuwafunsa kuti afotokoze ndipo mwina kulongosola bwino.โ
Chotsatira chimodzi cha mavuto ameneลตa chinali chakuti Peter Meylakhs, bwenzi lapamtima lanthaลตi yaitali, anakwiya kwambiri ndi zimene anaganiza kuti ndikunena mโnkhaniyo. (Akhozabe kukhala ndi kusagwirizana kwina, ndithudi! Ndipo izi nzabwino kwa ine.)
Nditadziwitsa a ZNet nkhaniyi, nthawi yomweyo adasintha mawonekedwe kuti amveke bwino ndikamagwira mawu. Ndinachita chidwi kwambiri ndi mmene anachitira zimenezi mwamsanga ndiponso mmene anali ochezeka.
Ngati wowerenga aliyense akufuna kuti ndikutumizireni nkhani yanga yoyamba kuphatikiza mawu am'munsi, chonde nditumizireni imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
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Sam Friedman