John P. Longan anali wothandizira ndi US Border Patrol m'zaka za m'ma 1940 ndi 50s, akugwira ntchito pafupi ndi malire a Mexico, kumene ana awiri osamukira ku Guatemala anadwala kwambiri mwezi watha ali m'manja mwa Border Patrol - Jakelin Caal wazaka 7. Maquín, yemwe adamwalira pa Disembala 8, ndi Felipe Gómez Alonzo wazaka 8, yemwe adamwalira pa Khrisimasi. Longan anali ndi mbiri ya ziwawa, monganso olonda ambiri. Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, Border Patrol yakhala ikugwira ntchito mosavutikira, ndipo mosakayikira nthambi yazandale yazamalamulo ku federal-kuposa FBI ya J. Edgar Hoover.
Pamene Cold War idakula ku Latin America, kutsatira kupambana kwa Cuban Revolution mu 1959, Longan, yemwe adayamba ntchito yake ngati wapolisi ku Oklahoma, adapitiliza kugwira ntchito ndi CIA, kupereka chithandizo chachitetezo - mobisa ndi Boma. Dipatimenti - ku mayiko odana ndi chikominisi. Mwachidule, Longan adaphunzitsa anzeru akumaloko ndi apolisi momwe angapangire magulu opha anthu kuti azilimbana ndi omenyera ndale, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito m'mbuyomu kulanda osamukira kumalire. Anafika ku Guatemala chakumapeto kwa 1965, kumene anakhazikitsa gulu lankhondo limene, kuchiyambi kwa chaka chotsatira, lidzachita chimene anachitcha Operación Limpieza, kapena Operation Clean-Up. M'miyezi itatu yokha, gululi lidachita zigawenga zopitilira 80 komanso kupha anthu mopanda chilungamo, kuphatikiza zomwe, m'masiku anayi, zidagwira, kuzunza, ndi kupha atsogoleri otsogola otsogola kumanzere opitilira 30. Asilikali adataya matupi awo m'nyanja pomwe boma likukana kuti sakudziwa komwe amakhala.
Limpieza ya Longan inali gawo lofunikira pakuvumbulutsidwa kwa Guatemala, kupatsa mphamvu gulu lanzeru lomwe panthawi yankhondo yapachiweniweni likadakhala ndi mlandu wakupha masauzande ambiri, kufa 200,000, ndi mazunzo osawerengeka. (Greg Grandin akufotokoza ntchito ya Longan mu Kuphedwa Kwa Atsamunda Komaliza.)
A US udindo m'nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni imeneyo sinali, kwenikweni, zochita zachinsinsi za msilikali wina wakale wa Border Patrol. Munthawi yonse ya Cold War, Washington idalowererapo kangapo ku Guatemala, idathandizira gulu lankhondo lomwe likuyenda bwino, lidathamangira magulu opha anthu omwe achitetezo awo, monga Longan, adathandizira kupanga, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti simudzanyalanyaza kupha anthu. Ngakhale chisankho cha Ronald Reagan chisanachitike mu 1980, akuluakulu awiri opuma pantchito adagwira ntchito zodziwika bwino pa kampeni yake. anayenda kupita ku Central America ndikuuza akuluakulu a Guatemalan kuti "Mr. Reagan amazindikira kuti ntchito yabwino yonyansa iyenera kuchitidwa” (pa mawu awa, onani Allan Nairn's 1980 “Kampeni Yotsutsana ya Reagan Imalumikizana ndi Boma la Guatemala ndi Atsogoleri a Gulu Laokha,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, October 30, 1980). Mu ofesi, Reagan amaperekedwa zida zankhondo ndi maphunziro kwa gulu lankhondo la Guatemala kuti ligwire ntchito yonyansayo (ngakhale kuletsa thandizo lankhondo lomwe linaperekedwa panthawi ya utsogoleri wa Carter, popeza mapangano omwe analipo anali osaloledwa). Reagan anali wokhazikika pamakhalidwe ake kuwathandiza kwa Guatemala magwire, akuitanira de facto mkulu wa boma Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt, amene analanda ulamuliro m’chigaŵenga m’ngululu ya 1982, “munthu wokhulupirika kwambiri” ndi “wodzipereka kotheratu ku democracy.”
Nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe United States idayambitsa ku Guatemala idagunda madera aku kwawo a Felipe Gómez ndi Jakelin Caal - ana awiri omwe adangomwalira kumene ali m'manja mwa US - movutikira. M'mbuyomu Nation nkhani, tinalongosola mafunde akuba malo, mantha, ndi anthu othawa kwawo omwe, kwa zaka zambiri za 20th ndi zaka zonse za 21st, adatsuka pa Caal's Alta Verapaz, kumpoto kwa dziko.
Felipe Gómez Alonzo anabadwira kumapiri akumadzulo, m’dipatimenti ya Huehuetenango, m’mudzi wina wakutali wotchedwa Yalambojoch, womwe uli pamtunda wa maola 10 kuchokera mumzinda wa Guatemala osati kutali ndi malire a Mexico. Mudziwu uli m’chigwa chozama chozunguliridwa ndi mapiri a nsonga za paini. Pakatikati pa chigwachi pali chiphokoso, chooneka ngati khanda m’mimba mwa mayi ake. Ku Chuj, chilankhulo cha Maya cha m'dera lino, chidziwitso ichi ndi uni witz, phiri la mwana.
Kumene Jakelin anali Q'eqchi', Felipe anali Chuj, m'gulu la anthu akale alimi alendi ndi mbiri yakale yomenyera dziko lawo. Monga kudera la Q'eqchi', US-orchestrated 1954 kuwombera ku Guatemala, komwe kunathetsa kusintha kwaulimi, kunayambitsa mikangano yandale ku Huehuetenango kwa zaka makumi ambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti eni malo ogwirizana ndi asilikali ndi anthu osauka a Amaya omwe akufunafuna malo ndi tsogolo labwino. Madera ambiri m'derali anali zakhudzidwa ndi ziphunzitso za Chikatolika za chikhalidwe-chilungamo cha zaumulungu zomwe zidasesa ku Central America m'ma 1960 ndi ma 70s. Pamene Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Lachigawenga la Osauka (Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres) linalowa ku Huehuetenango chapakati pa ma 1970, anthu ambiri a m’mudzimo anawapatsa moni monga ogwirizana nawo polimbana ndi “gulu lankhondo la olemera,” ndipo pofika 1980, chigawocho chinali m’chigawochi. poyera kupanduka motsutsana ndi boma lankhondo lachinyengo komanso lachiwawa la Guatemala.
Pa June 17, 1982, asilikali a Guatemala motsogoleredwa ndi Ríos Montt analowa m'malo oweta ng'ombe a San Francisco pafupi ndi Yalambojoch. Mwini malowo, yemwe anali mkulu wa asilikali, anathawa chifukwa cha zigawenga zimene zinkachitika m’deralo. Asilikali anapita nyumba ndi nyumba kusonkhanitsa antchito ndi mabanja awo, omwe amawaimba mlandu kuti akuthandiza zigawenga. Iwo ankalekanitsa ana ndi makolo awo n’kuwapha mwa kuwadula m’mimba kapena kuwaphwanya mitu yawo pamitengo. Azimayi ankagwiriridwa ndi kuotchedwa amoyo. Asilikaliwo anapha amunawo ndi zipolopolo kapena kuwadula mitu. Pambuyo pa tsiku lopha anthu, anthu 350 anafa. Wopulumuka yekhayo analoŵa ku Mexico, kumene katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Guatemala ndiponso wansembe wachiJesuit Ricardo Falla. anafunsa iye. Mzinda wa San Francisco kupha zidawunikiridwa mu 1999 Komiti Yowona Zowona ya Guatemala lipoti.
Chiwembucho chitatha, anthu okhala ku Yalambojoch anathawa pamodzi ndi ena masauzande ambiri, n’kusiya malire a malire a dziko la Guatemala ndi Mexico akusowa anthu, pamene asilikali a boma ankawononga midzi yawo. Ena anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa ndi asilikali pamene anali kuthawa. Ena anatsekeredwa m’misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo kapena anamwazikana m’zigawo zonse za kum’mwera kwa Mexico. Enanso anapitirizabe kupita ku United States, kuyamba ulendo waukulu wa anthu a ku Guatemala kupita ku “el Norte.” Zonsezi, anthu 1.5 miliyoni analipo wosiyidwa ndi nkhondo yoopsa ya asilikali a Guatemala mu 1981 ndi 1982. Bungwe la Guatemala Commission for Historical Clarification linanena kuti kusamuka kwachiwawa m’chigawo cha Maya-Chuj ndi “mchitidwe wakupha anthu.” Bambo ake a Felipe Gómez Alonzo, a Agustín Gómez Pérez, anali mwana wazaka 11 panthawi yakusamuka kumeneko. Anthu a m’mudzi wa Yalambojoch anakhala kutali kwa zaka 14, ndipo anabwerera pambuyo posaina mapangano a mtendere mu 1996.
Kale, Huehuetenango anali amodzi mwa zigawo zapamwamba zotumiza anthu othawa kwawo. Chifukwa chiyani obwererawa sanapulumuke ku Guatemala pambuyo pa nkhondo?
Kufotokozera kumodzi ndi cholowa chakupha anthu: Cholinga chachikulu cha gulu lankhondo sichinali kungomenya zigawenga komanso kuwononga chiyembekezo chamtsogolo ku Guatemala. Anthu ochokera ku Yalambojoch anamwazikana ku Mexico pambuyo pa 1982. Theka lokha la anthu a m’mudziwo linabwerera ku Guatemala, ndipo amene anachita zimenezo anali achilendo kwa wina ndi mnzake. Achichepere amene anathaŵa ali ana sankadziŵa zambiri ponena za malowo kapena mmene amalimapo. Pamene ogwira ntchito ku Mexico ndi US adafika ku Huehuetenango kuti adzalembe ntchito achinyamata a Maya kuti azigwira ntchito ku US ulimi ndi nkhuku - monga momwe ogwira ntchito ku Mexico adagwirizana, ogwira ntchito ku Guatemala ankawoneka ngati ophweka - achinyamatawa adalumpha mwayi wopita. Monga Ricardo Falla ndi Elena Yojcom fotokozani in El sueño del Norte en Yalambojoch (The Dream of the North in Yalambojoch), ndalama zomwe zatumizidwa zinamanganso madera osakazidwa ndi nkhondowa. Kupatulapo ochepa, kusamuka kwa mayiko kunali kokhako malipiro iwo anali nazo, monga momwe katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Guatemala Ruth Piedrasanta akusonyezera.
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