Washington Imalimbikitsa 'Independent' Media ku Venezuela
By Michael Barker
Kwa nthawi yayitali zakhala zikuwonekera kuti Purezidenti Hugo Chavez - Purezidenti wosankhidwa mwademokalase wa Venezuela - ndi boma lake akhala pa 'mndandanda wakusintha kosintha' ku US. Makhalidwe olimbikitsa kulanda oterewa adawonekera kwambiri mu 2006, pomwe US idachita Ndondomeko ya National Security inanena kuti: “Ku Venezuela, anthu amene amawononga ndalama zamafuta ambiri [ie Chavez] akuwononga demokalase ndipo akufuna kusokoneza derali.” Chifukwa chake popeza boma la US likudana ndi ndale za ufulu wa Chavez, sizodabwitsa kuti mabodza awo osatha amakulitsidwa ndi zolankhula zawo zamakampani, media yaku US. Momwemonso, wowonera media waku Britain, Medialens, alemba bwino momwe ma TV omwe amati akupita patsogolo (monga BBC) athandizira kampeni yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi Chavez. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti m'maso mwa akuluakulu olamulira padziko lapansi Chavez akulimbikitsa 'mtundu wolakwika' wa demokalase, ndiko kuti, demokalase yotchuka m'malo mwa demokalase yotsika kwambiri (kapena polyarchy).
Pofuna kuthetsa vuto la demokalase lomwe dziko la Venezuela limayambitsa zofuna za transnational capitalism, bungwe lalikulu la United States loyendetsa demokalase, National Endowment for Democracy (NED), lakhala likutanganidwa ndikuthandizira magulu otsutsa m'magulu a anthu aku Venezuela. Zodziwika bwino za "demokalase" zotere zawona NED ndi magulu ake kuthandizira kulanda boma komwe sikunayende bwino komwe kudachotsa Chavez kwakanthawi mu 2002. [1] Posachedwapa, chigawo chapakati cha maboma a US Nkhondo pa Demokalase wakhala akudzudzula ndondomeko za Chavez zofalitsa nkhani zapakhomo, zomwe zakhala zikufotokozedwa m'mabungwe apadziko lonse kuti ndizo. kudana ndi ufulu wolankhula.
Kuganizira za zomvetsa chisoni za "zambiri" zaku US, ndizodabwitsa kuti kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino zofalitsa zomwezi zinanyoza boma la Venezuela chifukwa cholephera kukonzanso chilolezo cha Radio Caracas Television (RCTV). Zodabwitsa za izi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa Zogwirizana ndi CIA RCTV ndi "imodzi mwamawayilesi akale kwambiri komanso akulu kwambiri otsogozedwa ndi otsutsa", adatenga nawo gawo mu US/NED-backed coup ya 2002, ndipo yakhala yotanganidwa. atsogolere zoyesayesa zapakati zochotsa Chavez kuchokera paudindo kuyambira pamenepo.[2]
Ngakhale zakhala zikunenedwa bwino m'ma media opita patsogolo kuti NED-yolumikizidwa ndi media watchdog Reporters Without Borders wakhala patsogolo pa zoyesayesa zaposachedwa zopatsa malamulo atolankhani ku Venezuela, [3] zofalitsa zomwe zikupita patsogolo nthawi zambiri zanyalanyaza udindo wa magulu ofanana a "demokalase" poyambitsa ziwonetserozi. Kupatulapo zodziwika bwino pa izi ndi nkhani ziwiri zaposachedwa zolembedwa ndi Greg Grandin ndi Gregory Wilpert motsatana: omalizawo amene amanena kuti “ndizokhumudwitsa kwambiri kuona magulu a mayiko omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga Human Rights Watch, ndi Washington Office ku Latin America, ndi Chigawo cha CarterNdipo Komiti Yoteteza Atolankhani kutsutsa chigamulo cha boma [la Venezuela]” cholanda laisensi ya RCTV.[4] (Kuti mumve zambiri za maulalo apakatikati omwe alipo pakati pa NED ndi magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwewa - ndi magulu ena onse omwe atchulidwa m'nkhaniyi onani nkhani yanga yaposachedwa, Kubera Ufulu Wachibadwidwe[5]
Cholinga cha nkhaniyi, sichikhala pamagulu otere a 'ufulu wa anthu' kapena zochitika zokayikitsa za Reporters Without Borders, koma m'malo mwake nkhaniyi ifotokoza za "demokalase" ya gulu. zochepa zotchulidwa South America media watchdog yomwe imatchedwa Instituto De Prensa Y Sociedad.
Instituto De Prensa Y Sociedad (IPYS) - yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Press and Society Institute - idakhazikitsidwa ku 1993 ndi Laura Puertas Meyer, ndipo Institute idalandira thandizo lawo loyamba la NED ku 1998 kuwathandiza "kupanga network network kuteteza atolankhani" ku Peru. Kutenga nawo gawo kwa Meyer poyambitsa IPYS ndikodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa pakadali pano ndi mkulu wa bungwe la Peruvia. Transparency International, lomwe mwina silinangochitika mwangozi kukhala gulu lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi lolimbikitsa demokalase. Maulalo a IPYS ku Transparency International sathera apa, monga mu 2002 wogwirizira pulogalamu wa Transparency International ku Americas, Marta Erquicia, adalumikizana ndi IPYS kuti ayambitse mphoto yapachaka ya utolankhani wofufuza. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana izi George Soros' Open Society Institute imathandizira mphothoyo, ndipo awiri mwa mamembala asanu a bungweli oweruza mphoto ali ndi maubale a 'demokalase': oweruza awiriwa ndi Gustavo Gorriti (yemwe ndi membala wa IYPS, walandira 'demokalase' yolumikizidwa ndi Komiti Yoteteza Atolankhani International Press Freedom Award mu 1998, [6] adalembedwa ngati woyimira payekha. Bungwe la UN Democracy Caucus, ndipo ndi membala wa Center for Public Integrity's International Consortium for Investigative Journalism), [13] ndi Tina Rosenberg (yemwe amatumikira pa The New York Times Editorial board, ndi pa Advisory Board of the National Security Archive). Poganizira maubale onsewa a "demokalase" ndizodabwitsa kuti mu 2006 opambana awiri pa mphothoyi yothandizidwa ndi Soros, Tamoa Calzadilla ndi Laura Weffer, adapambana chifukwa chopereka lipoti pa "zolakwika pakufufuza kwa [Danilo] Anderson mlandu wakupha" - Anderson pokhala woimira boma ku Venezuela "woyang'anira kuzindikira omwe adalephera [2002] kuukira Purezidenti wa Venezuela Hugo Chavez.
Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa IPYS ku Peru ndi Ricardo Uceda, mtolankhani amene kale “anatsogolera nyuzipepala ya mlungu ndi mlungu. Si, ndipo anathamanga Mbiri ya El Comercio gulu lofufuza ". Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mu 1993 - ndikugwira ntchito Si - Uceda adapatsidwa Komiti Yoteteza Atolankhani Mphotho ya International Press Freedom Award. Apanso mwina sizinangochitika mwangozi, awiri mwa ena anayi omwe adapambana mu 1993 International Press Freedom Award ali ndi maubale a "demokalase", awa ndi Doan Viet Hoat (yemwe anali wolandila Robert F. Kennedy Memorial's 1995 Mphoto ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, ndipo ndi a wotsogolera a World Press Freedom Committee - gulu lomwe limafotokoza zake cholinga choyambirira monga "zotsutsana ndi malingaliro oletsa zidziwitso zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kulumikizana"), [7] ndi Veran Matic (yemwe mu 1993 anali kugwirira ntchito. Wailesi B92 ku Yugoslavia - siteshoni yomwe idalandira thandizo kuchokera ku NED mu 1991, ndipo idapitilirabe kulandira chithandizo muzaka zonse za 1990 kuchokera ku mabungwe olimbikitsa demokalase kuchotsa Slobodan Milosevic).
IPYS Peru ikhoza kudzitamandira ndi maulalo ena a "demokalase" popeza adagwira ntchito limodzi ndi ndalama za NED. Association for Civil Rights, bungwe la NGO la ku Argentina lomwe webusaiti yake inanena kuti linakhazikitsidwa mu 1995 "ndi cholinga chothandizira kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi mabungwe omwe angapereke ufulu wofunikira kwa nzika za dziko lathu, potsatira kulemekeza Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko." Bungwe la Association for Civil Rights limalandiranso ndalama kuchokera kwa ena magulu akuluakulu a demokalase monga British Council, Ford Foundation, ndi Open Society Institute: momwemonso ndizosangalatsa kuona kuti IPYS Peru ndi bungwe lothandizira ndi Open Society Justice Initiative ya Open Society Institute.
IPYS Peru idalandiranso thandizo la NED kuti apitilize ntchito yawo yoteteza ufulu wa atolankhani ku Peru mu 2000 ndi 2001. Chofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi, chinali kupangidwa, mu 2002, kwa nthambi yaku Venezuela ya IPYS. Monga mutu wawo wa ku Peru, IPYS Venezuela yalandira thandizo lopitirira kuchokera ku NED, ndipo m'chaka chawo choyamba adalandira thandizo lawo loyamba lokonzekera msonkhano "kwa eni ake a TV, olemba, atolankhani, ndi atsogoleri a magulu ofalitsa nkhani zapadziko lonse kuti aganizire za ufulu wolankhula ndi utolankhani ku Venezuela." Chaka chotsatira adalandira thandizo lina la NED, lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito (1)"kumanga machenjezo ku Venezuela kuti afotokoze zachiwembu ndi ziopsezo kwa atolankhani", (2) "kuthandizira olemba makalata m'zigawo poyang'anira zochitika za atolankhani ndikufufuza milandu ya kuwopseza kapena kuwopseza, ndi… perekani magawo ophunzitsira akatswiri atolankhani”, ndi (3) “kutenga nawo mbali pamisonkhano yolimbikitsa atolankhani ndikugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi madera omwe ali ndi ufulu wolankhula." NED ikupitilizabe kupereka ndalama zapachaka ku IPYS Venezuela, ndi mu 2006 adawapatsa thandizo lawo lalikulu kwambiri mpaka pano.
Komabe, mwina kwambiri, lero - ndiye kuti, pa Seputembara 18, 2007 - IPYS Venezuela idalandira zosilira za NED. Mphotho ya Demokalase. Monga momwe tsamba la NED limanenera, Mphotho yawo ya Demokalase imaperekedwa chaka ndi chaka "kuzindikira kulimba mtima ndi luso la anthu ndi mabungwe omwe apititsa patsogolo ntchito za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi demokalase padziko lonse lapansi." Chaka chino, m'malo moweruza ntchito ya magulu osiyanasiyana omenyera ufulu wa demokalase, Mphotho ya Demokalase inali ndi cholinga chowunikira ntchito za omenyera ufulu wa atolankhani padziko lonse lapansi.
Mphotho zinayi za NED Democracy zinaperekedwa chaka chino, kotero kuwonjezera pa IPYS kulandira mphothoyo, anthu ena atatu adalandira mphothoyo: atolankhani atatuwa anali Anna Politkovskaya (mtolankhani waku Russia yemwe adaphedwa mu Okutobala 2006, ndipo m'mbuyomu anali wolandila 2005). 'demokalase' Civil Courage Prize), Hisham Kassem (yemwe ndi "[o] m'modzi mwa ofalitsa otchuka kwambiri ku Egypt komanso omenyera ufulu wa demokalase", ndipo adakhalapo ngati wapampando wa bungwe la Egypt for Human Rights - gulu lomwe lidalandira ndalama zisanu ndi imodzi za NED pakati pa 1994 ndi 2003), ndi Kavi Chongkittavorn (yemwe ndi wothandizira gulu mkonzi wa Nation Media Gulu, membala wa komiti yotsogolera ya NED-created World Movement for Democracy, ndi mpando wa Southeast Asia Press Alliance - gulu lomwe kuyambira 1999 lalandira chithandizo cha pachaka cha NED pa ntchito yake ku Malaysia).
Apa ndizofunika kuzindikira kuti magulu atatu omwe tatchulawa omwe ali ndi ufulu wofalitsa nkhani - IPYS, bungwe la Egypt for Human Rights, ndi Southeast Asian Press Alliance - onse ndi mamembala a gulu lazofalitsa lomwe limadziwika kuti International Freedom of Expression eXchange (IFEX). Kugwirizana kwawo ndi IFEX ndikochititsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa 16 mwa IFEX's Mamembala a 72 adalandira ndalama kuchokera ku NED, Westminster Foundation kapena Ufulu ndi Demokalase (mabungwe a NED ku UK ndi Canada motsatana). Nyumba yaufulu ndi Reporters Without Borders, kutchula awiri okha, mwina ndi mabungwe odziwika bwino atolankhani omwe atha kuwerengedwa m'magulu 16 omangika mwa demokalase. (Kufotokozera kwathunthu kwa maulalo a IFEX a 'demokalase' kufotokozedwa m'nkhani yanga ikubwerayi. Polyarchy ndi Public Sphere.)
Pomaliza, ndikofunikiranso kunena kuti wopambana Mphotho ya Demokalase, Kavi Chongkittavorn, akugwira ntchito pagulu. executive board ndi International Press Institute (IPI). Mgwirizanowu ukuwonetsa ziyeneretso za Chongkittavorn za 'demokalase', popeza IPI si membala wa IFEX chabe, koma zokonda za gululi zakhala zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi za osankhidwa akunja aku America, monga kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi koyambirira kwa 1980, IPI idatsutsa mwamphamvu. Malingaliro a UNESCO a New World Information and Communication Order [8] Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa mu 2000 IPYS idalandira Mphotho ya IPI's Free Media Pioneer Award. Mphotho iyi yomwe imathandizidwanso ndi Bungwe la Freedom Forum, lomwe limapereka chidziwitso chinanso cha chikhalidwe cha ndale za mphothoyo, monga wapampando wotuluka wa Freedom House, Bette Bao Lord, ndi trustee wa Freedom Forum. Mofananamo, Allen H. Neuharth, yemwe anayambitsa Freedom Forum, alinso membala wa advisory board a World Press Freedom Committee.
IPYS Venezuela kudzera mukuchita ziwanda kwa malamulo a Chavez pawailesi yakanema ikukwaniritsa gawo lofunikira pankhondo yotsogozedwa ndi US yolimbana ndi demokalase yaku Venezuela.[9] Izi ziyenera kukhala zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri kwa omwe akupita patsogolo monga Zolemba za NED IPYS "yakhala liwu lovomerezeka pa nkhani za ufulu wolankhula ku Venezuela, ndipo ndi mfundo ya atolankhani, ophunzira ndi omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe." Choncho ngakhale n’zokayikitsa kuti mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani aziona ntchito za magulu a ‘media freedom’ monga IPYS mokayikira, nkofunika kuti anthu onse okhudzidwa ndi ufulu ndi demokalase agwire ntchito poulula zachinyengo za ntchito yawo yodana ndi demokalase.
Choyamba, pofuna kuthana ndi chikoka cha 'kupititsa patsogolo demokalase' kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe omwe si aboma (NGOs) - monga IPYS kapena Human Rights Watch - ndikofunikira kuti nzika zomwe zikupita patsogolo zidzipereke ku demokalase yogawana nawo ntchito kuti akhazikitse njira zina zopezera ndalama zochirikizira anthu ambiri. zolimbikitsa. Ndiye mwina monga momwe James Petras ndi Henry Veltmeyer (2001) adawonera m'buku lawo la seminal, Kugwirizana Kwadziko Lonse Kwaonekera, mabungwe omwe siaboma omwe akupita patsogolo komanso omenyera ufulu wawo adzatha "kudzudzula ndi kudzudzula mwadongosolo ubale wa anzawo ndi imperialism ndi makasitomala am'deralo, malingaliro awo ogwirizana ndi neoliberalism, ndi mabungwe awo aulamuliro ndi apamwamba."[10] Monga akuwonera, ndi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mabungwe omwe siaboma omwe akupita patsogolo alimbikitse anzawo omwe sakupita patsogolo "kuti achoke m'mabungwe a boma / maboma ndi kubwerera kukakonza ndi kuphunzitsa anthu awo ku Europe ndi North America kuti apange magulu andale omwe angatsutse maboma ndi zipani zazikulu kutumikira mabanki ndi [Transnational Corporations]." Ili ndithu si dongosolo laling'ono, koma ndilomwe lidzathandize bwino nzika zokhudzidwa padziko lonse lapansi kulimbikitsa demokalase yotenga mbali m'malo mwa polyarchy.
Michael Barker ndi dokotala pa yunivesite ya Griffith, Australia. Atha kufikiridwa ku Michael.J.Barker [ku] griffith.edu.au, ndi szina mwa nkhani zake zina zitha kupezeka apa.
Zothandizira
[1] Inde, Zolemba za US Department of State lipoti kuti "zikuwonekeratu kuti NED, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo (DOD), ndi mapulogalamu ena othandizira a US adapereka maphunziro, kumanga mabungwe, ndi chithandizo china kwa anthu ndi mabungwe omwe amamveka kuti akugwira nawo ntchito pochotsa boma la Chavez mwachidule ". NED yaperekanso ndalama ku AFL-CIO's Solidarity Center, gulu lomwe lili ndi mayanjano apamtima ndi mabungwe omwe adachita nawo ziwonetsero zazikulu zotsutsana ndi Chavez mu 2003.
[2] Apa ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti nzika za pro-Chavez zomwe zidatsogolera kutsutsa kwa 2002 zidazindikira gawo lofunikira lawayilesi pothandizira kulanda komanso "kuwongolera maofesi atolankhani, makamaka wailesi yakanema" chifukwa cha ziwonetsero zawo. Onani, Antony Castillo, Kuphwanya Demokalase: Media Coup yaku Venezuela, Media International Australia, 108, 2003, p.149.
Komanso onani, Kim Bartley, Donnacha O'Brian, Kanema Wapaintaneti: Zosintha Siziwonetsedwa Pawailesi yakanema, Upside Down World, May 31, 2007.
[3] Kuti muwunikenso maubwenzi onse a Reporters Without Borders 'demokalase' onani nkhani yanga ikubwerayi 'Reporters For 'Democracy', Znet.
Ponena za udindo wa NED-aid Reporters Without Borders mu (mis) lipoti la Venezuela, Ignacio Ramonet akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa "mabungwe oyenerera padziko lonse lapansi" ponyoza zoyesayesa za boma la demokalase poyesa kuchepetsa mphamvu za pro-coup. mphamvu m'dziko lawo. Zowonadi panthawi ya kulanda boma mu 2002, Ramonet analemba kuti Reporters Without Borders "anatseka [anatseka] maso awo ku imodzi mwaza kampeni yonyansa kwambiri yomwe idayambitsidwapo motsutsana ndi boma la demokalase". Ignacio Ramonet, Upandu Wabwino, Le Monde Diplomatique, June 2002.
Pokhudzidwa ndi nkhani zomwezi, Thierry Deronne (2002) akunena kuti: "'Cholinga chachikulu' chowonetsedwa ndi makalata olembedwa ndi 'Reporters Without Borders' chimapereka kampeni ya [pro-coup] yochitidwa ndi ofalitsa nkhani zamalonda bwino kwambiri pozungulira dziko lonse, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa mabungwe ena a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe omwe amakhulupirira kuti 'Atolankhani Opanda Malire' mosakayikira." Thierry Deronne, "Osokoneza Opanda Malire", NarcoNews, October 4, 2002.
[4] Wendy Luers pakali pano ndi wapampando wa Project on Justice in Times of Transition, ndi purezidenti wa Foundation for a Civil Society, gulu lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku 1990 kuti lithandizire "ntchito zomwe zimalimbitsa mphamvu za demokalase, mabungwe aboma. , ulamuliro wa malamulo ndi chuma chamsika waulere ku Czech ndi Slovak Republic.” Mbiri ya Luers ikunena kuti adagwirapo ntchito m'ma board ena osapindula omwe akuphatikiza Fund for Free Expression (tsopano Human Right Watch's Free Expression Project) ndi Helsinki Watch (tsopano Human Rights Watch), ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 adakhalanso director of mapulojekiti apadera ku Human Rights Watch. Luers nayenso ndi membala wa bungwe la International Rescue Committee pa nkhani za ana amene ali pankhondo, ndipo mu 1996 anali membala wa nthumwi za pulezidenti (motsogoleredwa ndi Richard C. Holbrooke) kuti akaonere zisankho za ku Bosnia. Chochititsa chidwi wakhalanso mtolankhani wa chikhalidwe cha Venevision TV ku Venezuela, nyumba yofalitsa nkhani yomwe idathandizira kwambiri kuyesa kulanda boma mu 2002 ku Venezuela. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti mwamuna wa Luer, William H. Luers, kuwonjezera pa kukhala ndi maulalo ambiri a ‘demokalase’ anali kazembe wa United States ku Venezuela kuyambira 1978 mpaka 1982, ndiyeno ku Czechoslovakia kuyambira 1983 mpaka 1986.Kwa maumboni onani.)
[5] Momwemonso, John Pilger adatsutsidwa Onse a Amnesty International chifukwa cholakwa pochita ziwanda kwa Chavez pa nkhani ya RCTV.
[6] Kuti mudziwe zambiri za Komiti Yoteteza Atolankhani onani zomwe zikubwera, Michael Barker, Polyarchy ndi Public Sphere.
[7] Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, UNESCO idavomereza kuti panali mavuto aakulu ndi mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani padziko lonse lapansi ndipo adachitapo kanthu kuti awonjezere mphamvu za demokalase za machitidwe a dziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zinatsogolera ku lingaliro lawo la New World Information and Communication Order. Dongosololi lidawonetsa kufunikira kochoka kopitilira muyeso (panthawiyo) zofalitsa nkhani, ndipo adazindikira kuti kulamuliridwa komwe kulipo pazama media ndi mayiko aku Western sikunali kopanda demokalase.
[8] Anthony C. Giffard, UNESCO ndi Media (New York: Longman, 1989), p.28.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za William Preston, Jr. Edward S. Herman, Herbert I. Schiller, Chiyembekezo ndi Kupusa: United States ndi UNESCO, 1945-1985 (University of Minnesota Press, 1989).
[9] Mwachitsanzo, mu Januwale 2007 BBC inanena kuti "anthu ogwirizana a Komiti Yoteteza Atolankhani ndi Instituto Prensa y Sociedad (IPYS) adati lero ali ndi mantha chifukwa cha kusowa poyera pa chisankho cha Purezidenti Hugo Chavez Frias. kuvomereza kwawayilesi yawayilesi yachinsinsi ya RCTV. ” Annon, Venezuela: CPJ, IPYS amadzudzula "kusowa poyera" pamilandu ya RCTV, BBC, Januari 12, 2007.
[10] James Petras, Henry Veltmeyer, Globalization Unmasked: Imperialism mu 21st Century (London, Zed Books, 2001), p.137.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama