Ndinakulira ku London m’zaka za m’ma 1980 ndi m’ma 1990 ndinali ndi mwayi wopeza mankhwala osokoneza bongo mosavuta. Ndinayamba kumwa mowa, fodya, chamba ndi bowa wa psilocybin ndipo m'zaka za makumi awiri ndinawonjezera amphetamine, LSD, cocaine, opium ndi MDMA pamndandanda umenewo. Posankha kuti ndimwe mankhwalawo, ndinataya zaka khumi za moyo wanga, banja langa ndi anzanga m'chifunga cha mankhwala pamene ndinkathamangitsa kwambiri. Kupatulapo bowawo, sindinkadziwa aliyense amene amalima kapena kupanga bowa, choncho ndinaupeza kudzera kwa ogulitsa. Mwamwayi ndinadutsa m’nyengo imeneyo ndili wamoyo. Ndipo pamene ndinkavutika kuti ndiyambe moyo wotsatira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndinayamba kuona kuti pali vuto linalake. Pa zikondwerero ndinkasuta chamba poyera pamaso pa apolisi ovala yunifolomu, ndinali nditagwirapo ntchito kumakampani omwe MDMA ndi cocaine ankadziwika kuti amagulitsa malonda ndipo ndinayang'ana mawailesi a dziko lonse akukondwerera opezeka ndi milandu yogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga ngwazi zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe. kufotokoza molakwika za kumwa kwawo kwamankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pakati pa udindo wovomerezeka, ndi nkhani yosadziwika bwino panali kutsutsana koonekeratu. Ndipo pamene ndinayamba kuyang’ana m’menemo, mkhalidwe weniweni wa mkhalidwewo unandiwopsya ine. Chiyambireni zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri zapitazo, magulu a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) akhala akugwira nawo malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo padziko lonse lapansi.
Podzitchinjiriza, amuna a ku CIA adatenga lingaliro lakale ndikulipanga lawo. Mu 1773 British East India Company (BEIC) inatenga ulamuliro wa malonda a opium pakati pa Bengal ndi China, ndipo pofika 1797 inali kulamulira zokolola za alimi oposa 1 miliyoni pamtunda wa makilomita mazana asanu a chigwa cha Ganges, ndikudzaza China ndi opiamu. M'zaka makumi asanu ndi zitatu, zomwe zinali zogulitsa matani 75 pachaka zidakula kukhala zida zowononga matani 3,200 pachaka komanso zopindulitsa. China sichinangogwedezeka, adayesa kuletsa opium mu 1839 ndi 1856. Koma, pazochitika zonsezi Britain adayankha ndikulengeza ndi kupambana nkhondo kuti ateteze malonda. Britain idatsimikizira kuti ufumuwo ukhoza kupitilira, mwa zina, kugulitsa kwapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kuledzera kwa opium. Ndiye ngati 19th Zaka mazana atayandikira kumapeto, maulamuliro achifumu a ku France, Britain ndi Dutch adayamba kupereka ndalama zopangira ma opium mapanga kudzera m'maboma omwe amayendetsedwa ndi boma m'maiko aku Asia. Ndalama zake ndi zopindulitsa zinalipo kuti aliyense aziwona. Pamene boma la China linapereka lipoti mu 1906 kuchenjeza kuti pa kotala la amuna achikulire anali kusuta opiamu, maulamuliro achifumu anali otanganidwa kwambiri kuwerengera mapindu awo kuti asawasamalire. Peresenti ya ndalama zonse zamisonkho zomwe zimapangidwa ndi msonkho wongogulitsa opium zinali 16% ku French Indochina, 16% ku Netherlands Indies, 20% ku Siam ndi 53% ku British Malaya.i.
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo pamene maderawo anali atasefukira ndi opiamu, zilakolako zapafupi ndi kwawo zinayamba kukhalapo. Pakati pa 1840s ndi 1890s kumwa opium ku US kuwirikiza kanayi. Osasowa mwayi, Opanga mafakitale adalowamo. Bayer adayamba kupanga diacetylmorphine ndikuyigulitsa ngati heroin, pomwe kudera lonse la States Cocaine inali kugulitsidwa pa kauntala mu cordials, ndudu, makapisozi a hypodermic, mafuta odzola ndi opopera.. Pofika m'chaka cha 1900 makampani opanga mankhwala ovomerezeka ku US akuyerekezedwa kukhala ofunika pafupifupi $250 miliyoni pachaka, zomwe mwina zili kwinakwake m'chigawo cha $7 biliyoni mundalama zamakono. Ndipo zowonadi, ndi kukwera kwachizoloŵezi, ndalama za anthu zidayamba kuwonekera. Pofuna kuteteza ndalama zomwe amapeza, makampani opanga mankhwalawo adalemba zigawenga pazotsatsa ndi Nyuzipepala kuti awonetsetse kuti aliyense wataya ngati malamulo angawatsutse. Chiwembucho chinagwira ntchito ndipo mkati mwa zaka zingapo makampani opanga ma patent adakhala otsatsa kwambiri nyuzipepala ku US. Koma ngati Mliri wa anthu okonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo unakula, Boma la US (USG) lidayamba kukakamizidwa kuti lichitepo kanthu. Ndipo mu 1920 adakhazikitsa lamulo loletsaii.
Limodzi mwamavuto akulu pakuletsa ndi loti pakuphwanya mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, USG idasuntha gawo lalikulu lazachuma ku US m'manja mwa achifwamba. M'zaka khumi zoyambirira zoletsa Kuthamanga kwa mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku US kudakulitsa magulu omwe kale anali osagwirizana ndi achiwembu am'deralo kukhala chiwembu chapadziko lonse lapansiiii. Mu 1930 Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) idakhazikitsidwa kuti igwire ntchito ndi akuluakulu aboma ndi am'deralo kuti atsatire njira zazikulu zozembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kusokoneza mabizinesi awo ndikuletsa katangale. Wolemba nyuzipepala William Randolph Hearst adakopa USG kuti ipange Harry Jacob Anslinger kukhala Commissioner wa Narcotics. Koma pofika nthawi imeneyo, pansi pa utsogoleri wa Lucky Luciano, Bugsy Siegel, Frank Costello, Meyer Lansky, Louis Buchalter ndi ena onse a Murder Inc., Organised Crime (OC) ku US, mogwirizana ndi zigawenga zogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku United States. China ndi France anali atayamba kale kumanga ufumuiv. Pa '32 Lansky amayenera kuwononga ndalama zambiri kudzera muakaunti yakubanki yaku Swiss kuti abisev.. Pofika m'ma 35, Lucky anali atagwiritsa ntchito heroin kuti amuthandize kukhala ndi ulamuliro pa uhule ku New York ndi ndalama zokwana $10million pachaka.vi. Pofika m'chaka cha '37 Lansky anali kuwononga ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni ambiri kumtunda kudzera m'magulu a njuga, masewero othamanga ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Cuba.vii.
Limodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zomwe FBN idakumana nazo, ngakhale panthawiyo, inali kukula kwa malonda a mankhwala. Zinali zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zidayambitsa ndale ndi zachuma ku US. Nthawi zambiri, othandizira a FBN omwe amafufuza za chiwembu ku US, adapezeka kuti ali omangidwa pankhani zachitetezo cha dziko. Ku China, gulu lankhondo la Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) la Chiang Kai-Shek, lomwe likugwira ntchito ndi Green Gang la Shanghai linali kulamulira zigawo zazikulu za malonda a opiamu. Akuluakulu a KMT, akugwira ntchito ndi ntchito zawo zamalonda ndi Chinese-American Tongs, anali mu mgwirizano ndi American Mafia kuti apereke opiamu ndi heroin ku msika wa US, zomwe Anslinger ankadziwa kuyambira 1932. Zakhala zikutsutsidwa kuti adachita khungu diso ku izi kuti akweze udindo wake mu utsogoleri wanzeru zaku US ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chifukwa chomwe Bungwe lake lidakhalapo, lomwe ndi anthu omwe amasokoneza bongo m'misewu ya US, likupitilira. Ndipo kachiwiri, ichi sichinali chinthu chatsopano. Zinenezo za akuluakulu aboma oteteza ozembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'dzina la chitetezo cha dziko zakhala zikuyandama kuyambira mu 1927.viii.
Panthawiyi zigawengazo zinkangokulirakulirabe. Bmu 1934 gulu la Green Gang likuyembekezeka kutumiza matani 18,000 a Szechuan ndi matani 10,000 a Yunnanese opium kunja kwa dziko chaka chilichonse.ix. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, mu 1935 gulu lankhondo la United States logwirizana ndi China linanena kuti kunayerekezeredwa kuti mkati mwa China mokha, m’chigawo cha anthu 72 miliyoni omwerekera ndi heroin ndi morphine, ndi XNUMX miliyoni omwerekera ndi opium. Zinthu zinayamba kusokonekera. Pofika 1939 Anslinger anali atayamba kale kutsutsidwa chifukwa choyendetsa FBN monga gulu lake lankhondo, pakati pa milandu ya ziphuphu, zokomera, zothandizira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika.x. Ndiyeno nkhondo inayambika.
Panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Office of Strategic Services (OSS) idakhazikitsidwa ngati gulu lankhondo lazanzeru. Idapangidwa ndi Anslinger, William Donovan, Allen Dulles ndi David Bruce. Othandizira angapo a FBN adatumizidwa ku OSS, monga George Hunter White. Ndipo monga momwe FBN idatengera njira zololeza OC kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zakunja, motero OSS ibwerezanso njira yomweyo.xi. Ku Sicily nkhondo isanayambe, a fascists adatsanzira machitidwe a Mafia a Sicilian omwe adawatsogolera, ponena za kupondereza anthu wamba, mabungwe amalonda ndi ndale zamanzere, kuti apeze chithandizo cha eni nthaka akuluakulu.XII. Ndiye liti magulu ankhondo ogwirizana omwe adakonzekera kuukira Sicily mu 1943, OSS yomwe ikugwira ntchito ndi Office of Naval Intelligence inapanga mgwirizano ndi American Mafia kuti awathandize kuchita zomwezo kachiwiri. Mtsogoleri wa asilikali a British Occupation ndi American Commander of the Allied Military Government adanena za momwe adasankhira mabwana a Mafia kuti alowe m'malo mwa achifashisti m'matauni ndi midzi ya Sicily.xiii. Ubale unayamba kuyandikirana.
Japan ndi Germany zitagonja maboma ogwirizana nawo adakumana ndi vuto lamagetsi m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake pomwe anthu ena adabwerera ku ntchito zawo zamatsiku, ena adayamba kuyendetsa dziko lapansi pambuyo pankhondo. George (Hunter) White, atabwerera kwawo, adakumana ndi anthu akuluakulu a Mafia monga Santo Trafficante m'chilimwe cha '45 ku Chicago, Nevada, New Orleans, New York ndi Tampa. Atangokumana ndi White, Trafficante mogwirizana ndi Lansky, adapitilira ndikupambana nkhondo yolimbana ndi mpikisano wake kuti ateteze kuwongolera kwathunthu kwa maukonde aku Cuba-Florida.xiv. Izi zinali kuchitika nthawi yomweyo Rockefeller Foundation ndi Council on Foreign Relations, zidayamba kugwira ntchito limodzi "ndi boma la US kuonetsetsa kuti dziko la America lili ndi mphamvu ... [ndi] kupanga ndondomeko yolamulira US nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha"xv.
In 1946, Mtsogoleri wa US wa Central Intelligence (DCI) adalemba Allen Dulles, yemwe kale anali loya ku Wall Street, kuti apange wolowa m'malo wa OSS. Dulles nthawi yomweyo adapanga gulu la alangizi la anthu asanu ndi mmodzi, asanu mwa iwo omwe anali akale aku Wall Street mabanki ndi maloya. Mu May 1947, USG inakhazikitsa ndondomeko yobwezeretsa ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni ambiri yotchedwa Marshall Plan kuti ipange ambulera yotsogoleredwa ndi US ku Ulaya pambuyo pa nkhondo.XVI. Mu Seputembala chaka chomwecho CIA idabadwaxvi muchitetezo cha dziko chomwe chidayika bungweli pamwamba pa malamulo kuti likwaniritse zolinga zilizonse kupita patsogoloxviii. Machitidwewa analipo, ndipo sipanatenge nthawi kuti 'zosangalatsa ndi masewera' ziyambe.
Mu 1947 Dockers ku Marseilles adanyanyala, ndipo adatsatiridwa mwachangu ndi ziwonetsero zachifundo zomwe zidafalikira ku France konse. CIA yomwe idangopangidwa kumene idayamba kupanga mgwirizano ndi ma proxies aku Marseilles. Chipani cha Socialist chinasankhidwa kuti chigwire ntchito zandale ndi zabodza, pomwe ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo aku Corsican adagwira ntchito yausilikali. Tiye CIA adatumiza gulu la Psychological Warfare lomwe limapereka zida ndi ndalama kwa magulu achifwamba aku Corsican, omwe adamenya ndi kupha ogwira ntchito, kuukira mizere ndikuzunza atsogoleri a Union. USG idawopseza kuti iletsa matumba 65,000 a ufa wopita mumzinda wanjala, pomwe akuthandiza chipani cha Socialist ndi timapepala, mawayilesi ndi zikwangwani. Mzindawu udalimba, ma dockers adabwerera kuntchito ndipo mabungwe ena kuzungulira dzikolo adatsatiranso zomwezo. Monga momwe Achifalansa azaka za m'ma 47 ndi Gestapo ya Nazi mu WWII onse adasankha bwino magulu a mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Corsican motsutsana ndi achikomyunizimu, kotero pamene adakumana ndi gulu lolimbana ndi ogwira ntchito, CIA inagwirizana ndi zigawenga za mankhwala a Corsican, poyamba mu '1950 ndiyeno. kachiwiri mu XNUMXchakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.
Kufupi ndi kwathu, Mexico mu 1947 inali kupezeka mumkhalidwe wofananawo. Pamene ogwira ntchito anali akukonzekera ndale, dzikolo likugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi OC, makamaka a Lansky ndi anzake, monga imodzi mwa njira zoyendetsera opium ndi heroin kupita ku Canada ndi US. Inali nthawi imeneyi pamene CIA inayamba kugwira ntchito ndi boma la Mexico kuti ipange Federal Security Directorate (DFS). Mmodzi mwa alangizi ofunikira pakukhazikitsa kwake akuti anali ndi ubale ndi ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo aku Mexico. Zakhala zikutsutsidwa kuti gawo lalikulu la DFS, komanso phindu lake ku CIA, silinali kuletsa kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso chiwawa chokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma m'malo mwake kuwongolera motsutsana ndi a Communist ndi Pro-Communist.xx. Kupitilira apo, zanenedwanso kuti chimodzi mwazolinga zazikulu za CIA chinali kufooketsa boma la Mexico ku likulu, powayika mkangano wachindunji ndi Ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumpoto kwa dzikolo.xxx.
Mu 1948, George Kennan, Wopanga mapulani a State Department, adafotokoza zomwe zingayembekezeredwe kuchokera ku mfundo zakunja za US kupita patsogolo. "Tili ndi pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi, koma 6.3 peresenti yokha ya anthu onse ... Ntchito yathu yeniyeni mu nthawi yomwe ikubwerayi ndikukonzekera maubwenzi omwe angatilole kukhalabe ndi kusiyana kumeneku popanda kuwononga chitetezo cha dziko lathu. . Kuti tichite izi, tifunika kusiya ndi malingaliro onse "xxiii. M'chaka chomwecho, CIA inayesa kusankha zotsatira za chisankho cha ku Italy potumiza zida ndi zabodza kumagulu ena otsutsana ndi zida zankhondo. Zanenedwanso kuti mothandizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo la America Mafia lomwe adakhazikitsa ku Italy mu 1943, adanyamula zida ndikupereka ndalama magulu ankhondo akale a fascist ndi Mafiosi kuti athandizire pa dongosololi.mochita. Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu sichinapambane pa chisankho cha 1948 ku Italy. Ndipo zikuwoneka kuti, 33rd Purezidenti wa United States (POTUS) anali wokondwa kwambiri ndi izi, kotero kuti adakulitsa lamulo lachitetezo cha dziko lololeza CIA kuti ichite mobisa ku Italy kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi.xxiv. Zinalinso mu 1948 kuti zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazochita zobisika za CIA ku Colombia, kuphedwa kwa woyimira ufulu wa pulezidenti Jorge Gaitan, kunachitika.xxv.
Maganizo anali atavala mwachangu ku Washington. Mu 1948 Kennan ndi Dulles adayamba kuchita kampeni yoti alembe chinsinsi cha Marshall Plan, chomwe chingalole CIA kuchita nkhondo zandale monga gawo la dongosolo lawo lobwezeretsa ku Europe.xxvi Mu 1949 Wachiwiri kwa Secretary Secretary of State, a Dean Rusk adatsutsa kuti US iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chilichonse chomwe chingafune, "mikono pano, opium apo, ziphuphu ndi zofalitsa m'malo mwachitatu"xxvi. Chifukwa chake, monga tiye People's Republic of China (PRC) adakhalapo, CIA adayankha popeza ndikukhazikitsanso magulu ankhondo a Nationalist Chinese KMT omwe adathetsedwa ku Burma (Myanmar). Ndipo pamene zaka za m’ma 1940 zinali kutha, CIA inali kuchirikiza kuloŵerera kwa gulu lankhondo la America la Mafia m’ndale za ku Italy; Kulamulira kwa Corsican Syndicate ku Marseilles monga chipata cha heroin ku Ulaya; ndi KMT m'malire a Chinaxxviii. Ndiye, mu 1950, codicil yachinsinsi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa nthawi yayitali idalembedwa mu dongosolo la Marshallxxix.
Pamene zaka khumi zatsopano zidayamba, Mexico idakhala malo ofunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro apadziko lonse a Agency. Pakati pa 1950 ndi 1951 E. Howard Hunt anali mkulu wa maofesi a Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) Mexico. Hunt adagwirapo ntchito pankhondo ndi Paul Helliwell mu gulu la OSS lochokera ku Kunming lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi ubale wa opium wa KMT. OPC idakhazikitsidwa ndi National Security Council (NSC) mu 1948 makamaka kuti ichite "kuukira mayiko odana", ndipo pofika 1951 idalowetsedwa ku CIA.xxx. Chaka chomwecho, anthu ambiri ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Marseilles ochokera ku Corsican anali kugwiritsa ntchito Mexico City ngati podutsa heroin yawo asanaitumize ku Montreal ndi New York. Mmodzi wa olankhulana nawo kwambiri mumzindawo anali Jorge Chauvet, amene anthu ambiri ankaganiza kuti anali ndi Captain Chavarri wa DFS pa malipiro ake. M’chaka chomwecho bungwe la CIA la ku Mexico linapereka lipoti lachinsinsi lonena kuti limakonda DFS kuposa mabungwe ena a Intelligence ku Mexico, podziwa kuti ena mwa ogwira nawo ntchito akugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.xxx. Panthawiyo, Mexico inalinso malo ofunikira kwambiri a KMT opium oyenda kuchokera ku Asia kupita ku Tongs ku America. Izi zinali kuchitika pomwe, mothandizidwa ndi Operation PAPER, CIA inali kupereka zida ku KMT ku Burma.ochita, mothandizidwa ndi ndege kuchokera ku Civil Air Transport (CAT), ndege ya Paul Helliwell idagula m'malo mwa CIA.xxiii.
Ngakhale izi zikuyamba kumveka zovuta kwambiri, ndiyenera kukumbukira kuti pakati pa 1950-53, onse asanu ndi awiri omwe amadziwika kuti ndi oyang'anira a CIA, anali azamalamulo kapena mabanki akale a Wall Street. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, n'zosadabwitsa kuti atapatsidwa ntchito yokonza njira ndi machitidwe a Agency kuti agwire ntchito zamtsogolo, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kupanga mabungwe a dummy, makampani akutsogolo ndi kuchepetsa ndalama. Ambiri mwa iwo, monga Western Enterprises Inc., Sea Supply Inc., ndi CAT anali kugwira ntchito ku Asia, koma ophatikizidwa m'malo amisonkho pafupi ndi kwawo.xxxv. Kuyambira pafupifupi koyambirira, mabanki a Wall Street ndi maloya omwe amagwira ntchito ndi zigawenga zamagulu, adagwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru ndalama kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama zogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti athandizire ntchito zamagulu zomwe zidakulitsa mphamvu za USG padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, amuna a ku Langley atatsala pang'ono kudziwa, izi zinali zovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe zimamvekera.
CAT, inali pazolinga zonse, gulu lankhondo la ndege la CIA kuti ligwire ntchito mobisa ku Southeast Asia kwa kotala lotsatira la zaka zana, kuphatikiza kutenga nawo gawo pazowukira zingapo za KMT ku China. Komabe, CAT itangoyamba kuwuluka ku Saigon mu 1951, nyuzipepala ya New York Times inalemba nkhaniyi pamodzi ndikuyiyendetsa patsamba loyamba. Ndipo kuti zinthu ziipireipire, gulu lankhondo la KMT losakhalitsa lidabwezeredwa ndi zigawenga zakumaloko ndipo palibe okhazikika aku China omwe adachotsedwa kutsogolo kwa Korea. Chifukwa chake, zitanenedwa kuti opareshoniyo idaphatikizapo gulu la ndege ndi asitikali opitilira 15,000, Mtsogoleri wa CIA (DCIA) adakana poyera kuti alibe chochita nazo. Komabe, kutali ndi kunyezimira kwa ma TV, yankho lenileni la bungweli linali kuphatikiza Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) ndi Office of Special Operations zomwe, malinga ndi ndemanga ya Congression, zidapangitsa "kutukuka kwakukulu kwa zochita zachinsinsi pazachinsinsi. chopereka”xxv. M'mayankhulidwe omwe si aboma, pomwe kulumikizana kwakukulu koyamba kwa CIA ku Southeast Asia kunali kolephereka, idakonzanso kuti ichitenso chimodzimodzi.
Zinthu zinafika povuta kwambiri. CIA idasamutsa KMT kupita Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Burma, komwe kunali madera achonde kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo a CIA anali kupereka General Phao ku Bangkok kudzera ku Sea Supply Inc. mabwato, ndege, magalimoto ndi zida zomwe amafunikira kuti asandutse apolisi ake omwe anali ndi ndalama zochepa kukhala gulu lankhondo logwira ntchito mokwanira, lomwe pofika 1951 linali mkati molanda ulamuliro wa malonda a Thai opium. Chifukwa chake CIA itathandizira KMT kuti ipereke ndalama zankhondo yawo yachinsinsi ndi China, zidayamba kugulitsa mbewu zawo zochuluka kwambiri kwa mnansi wawo, General Phao yemwe mothandizidwa ndi CIA anali atagulitsa kale opium kudutsa Bangkok. Akuti pofika 1953 CIA inali kuthandiza General Phao's opium empire mpaka $35 miliyoni ndi othandizira 275. Ndi chithandizo chonsechi, zidangotengera zaka ziwiri kuti 'apolisi' a General Phao ayambe kulamulira gawo la Thai la Southeast Asian opium trade.xxxvi.
Padziko lonse lapansi, ntchito ya Agency idayenda bwino kwambiri. Komabe, inali nthawi yomweyo pamene ntchito zawo zapakhomo zinayamba kusintha kwambiri. Kuyambira Dr Albert Hofmann ku Sandoz adapeza ndi kupanga LSD ndi psilocybin pakati pa '30s ndi'40s, ofufuza padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi mwayi.xxxvi. Ogwira ntchito zasayansi ku Agency sanali osiyana. Mu July '51 memo ya CIA inalongosola pulogalamu yofufuza za kulamulira maganizo, yotchedwa Project BLUEBIRD, "kuphatikiza ntchito zapakhomo ndi zakunja, ndikuganiziranso mapulogalamu ndi zolinga za madipatimenti ena, makamaka zankhondo. ” Mu Ogasiti '51 BLUEBIRD idasinthika kukhala Operation ARTICHOKE, yomwe mwa zina, inali kufufuza zosintha umunthu mu "othandizira, othawa kwawo, othawa kwawo, POWs [ndi] ena"xxxviii. Panthawiyi, Anslinger ndi FBN anali akupereka kale CIA mankhwala aliwonse omwe angapeze kuti awathandize pazoyesera zawo.xxxx. Apanso, bungwe lalikulu la Boma lomwe linali ndi ntchito zaupolisi, lidadzilola kuti ligwirizane ndi kutanthauzira kutanthauzira kwa CIA za 'chitetezo cha dziko'.
Komanso kuchita kafukufuku komweko, bungweli likufunanso kuyang'anira ntchito za wina aliyense. They adapangana ndi Sandoz, wopanga LSD, ndi FDA kuti aziwuzidwa aliyense akalandira katundu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo ku Ulaya, Alfred M. Hubbard, ofisala wa OSS m’nkhondoyo anali kuyendetsa nkhondo yamtanda ya munthu mmodzi kulalikira za ubwino wa mankhwala atsopanowo. Pofika ku Canada mu 52 anali ndi gulu la ophunzira. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali dokotala wa Psychiatry wa ku Britain, Dr Humphrey Osmond, yemwe anali kugwira ntchito pa matenda a maganizo ku Saskatchewan. Sipanatenge nthawi kuti CIA idachita nawo ntchito ya Osmond. Inali nthawi imeneyo pamene Osmond anatembenuza Aldous Huxley kuti ayambe kumwa mankhwala atsopano. M'dziko Latsopano Lolimba Mtima, Huxley adachenjeza za boma lankhanza lomwe limayang'anira kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Patatha zaka makumi awiri atalemba izi, adapatsidwa mankhwala oledzeretsa ndi ofufuza omwe amagwira ntchito yowongolera malingaliro pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku bungwe la boma lomwe lili ndi udindo wofuna kulamulira padziko lonse lapansi.xl.
Ntchito ya Agency pa hallucinogens sinafike pamagiya apamwamba mpaka DCIA yatsopano idasankhidwa mu Epulo '53. Anali Allen Dulles. Chimodzi mwazochita zake zoyambirira chinali kuthandiza ntchito yatsopano yotchedwa MKULTRAxli. Adaperekedwa ndi Richard Helms, wamkulu wa ntchito zachinsinsixli, MKULTRA inapatsidwa ntchito yofufuza "kugwiritsa ntchito mobisa kwa biological and chemical materials". Mogwirizana ndi ntchito zambiri za CIA m'zaka za m'ma 50s, MKULTRA idapangidwa kuti isakhale ndi kuyang'anira ndi kusaina kwanthawi zonse. A Technical Services Staff (TSS) adatha kuyambitsa ntchito zofufuza popanda mgwirizano uliwonse kapena mapangano olembedwa, ndipo dipatimenti yazachuma imayenera kulipira ndalamazo popanda zina zambiri kupatula kusaina kwa Mtsogoleri wa MKULTRA kapena wa TSS. Sipanatenge nthawi kuti Agency iyambe kupanga mapangano ofufuza kumakampani opanga mankhwala kuti athandizire kupanga zinthu zamakhalidwe ndi ziphe.xliii.
Zadziwika posachedwa kuti njira yatsopanoyi yakhala ikukula zaka zingapo. Patatha masiku asanu ndi anayi kuphulitsidwa kwa bomba ku Hiroshima mu 1945, msilikali wa OSS wotchedwa Gregory Bateson analemba memo kwa William Donovan kufotokoza momwe amakhulupilira kuti m'tsogolomu, mabodza ndi kusokoneza zidzakhala zofunika kwambiri kuposa mivi. MKULTRA inali gawo lalikulu la malingaliro awa. Mu 1952 George White, yemwe anali mkulu wa FBN ndi OSS, anali atalembedwa kale ntchito ndi CIA kuti ayambe kuyesa LSD kwa anthu aku America osadziwa ku New York. Msonkhano woyamba wa MKULTRA wa White mu June 1953 unapezeka ndi James Angleton ndi Dr James Hamilton. Gregory Bateson analiponso kuti afotokoze momwe LSD ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo angagwiritsire ntchito motsutsana ndi anthu aku America. Wofufuza wina yemwe adalemba zambiri pankhaniyi adalongosola msonkhanowu ngati chitsanzo cha CIA yomwe ikupanga njira zamapasa zolamulira dziko lonse panthawiyo; kupanga LSD ngati chida chankhondo zamaganizidwe, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngati gawo lachisanu kuti aletse mayiko akunja ndi anthu ochepa ku America kuti asadzikonzekerere okha "zachuma, ndale kapena zankhondo"xliv.
Mosadabwitsa, pobisa zigawo zazikulu za ntchito ya Agency pansi pazinsinsi zingapo komanso kuyang'aniridwa pang'ono, sipanatenge nthawi kuti ntchitoyo iyambe kutha. Ofufuzawo anali akugwira ntchito "zowombera mwanzeru, zofufutira kukumbukira, antivitamins, madontho ogogoda, aphrodisiacs, ndi [njira] zoyambitsa khansa, sitiroko kapena matenda a mtima osasiya mwatsatanetsatane". Mu 1953 katswiri wodziwa tennis adamwalira patangotha maola ochepa atapatsidwa jekeseni wa MDA mu kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi asilikali omwe anaperekedwa. Mchaka chomwechi Mtsogoleri wa MKULTRA adatulutsa ma CIA ndi akatswiri ankhondo ndi LSD osawauza. M'milungu yotsatira, m'modzi mwa omwe adazunzidwa adakhumudwa, adakhumudwa, adapusitsidwa ndipo pamapeto pake adayenera kumangidwa. Akupita ku chipatala, ndi Agent yemwe anapatsidwa ntchito kuti amuyang'anire, adayima pa Hotel. Pakati pa usiku iye anatuluka mutu woyamba kuchokera pa zenera la nthano khumi mumsewu wapansi. Ku California, katswiri wazamisala adafunsidwa ndi CIA kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa LSD komwe kungafuneke kuti amwe madzi amzinda wa kukula kwa LA. Mwachiwonekere, pamene Dokotala adanena kuti chlorine m'madzi amachepetsa LSD, bungwe linayamba kufufuza mtundu watsopano wa LSD womwe ungalowe m'madzi a chlorine.xlv.
Ndi antchito ochulukirachulukira omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu omwe akutenga ma hallucinogens, zomwe zidawoneka kuti zikuyenda bwino. Mu 1955, chikalata chamkati chinalongosola momwe kufunikira kwakukulu kunayikidwa pakupanga mankhwala omwe "kutulutsa 'chisangalalo choyera' popanda kukhumudwitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, malipoti amamveka kuti asitikali aku Edgewood Arsenal amaba LSD kuti agwiritse ntchito. Mawu akuti 'ulendo', adapangidwadi ndi asayansi ankhondo omwe amamwa asitikali osadziwa pamaphwando achisokonezo.xlvi. Nthawi yomweyo, asayansi a CIA anali "kuyesa" mwalamulo kwa odwala amisala, mahule, alendo, ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, akaidi, komanso odwala matenda osachiritsika.xlvi. Zowopsa, Dokotala wina, akuyesa akaidi ambiri akuda, adapatsa akaidi LSD kwa masiku makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu motsatizana.xlviii
Nthawi yonseyi FBN ya Anslinger idapitilizabe kuyika upolisi wamankhwala osokoneza bongo ku mfundo zakunja zaku US. Kumayambiriro kwa 1953, wothandizira wa FBN yemwe amalumikizana ndi CIA anali atanena kale kuti Corsican morphine ndi heroin zofika ku US zikuchokera ku Indochina. Komabe, izi sizinalepheretse Anslinger kuuza komiti yaying'ono ya Foreign Relations, kenako komiti ya Senate Internal Security kuti PRC ndiye gwero la malonda a opiamu padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya heroin yomwe ikubwera ku San Francisco. Iyi inali nthawi yomwe ankadziwa bwino kuti kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuchokera ku Southeast Asia kunali kuyendetsedwa ndi makina ovuta omwe amadutsa ku Golden Triangle yokhudzana ndi CIA, KMT, zigawenga za Corsican, ndale zapamwamba za ku Vietnam ndi asilikali, magulu osokoneza bongo, ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana zazikulu ku Bangkok, Hong Kong ndi Saigon, ndi American Mafia. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti CIA front Sea Supply Inc., panthawiyo inali 'kulangiza' ogulitsa ku Thailand komanso kupereka zida ku KMT kumalire a Thai-Burma. Yankho la Anslinger mu 1955 linali kutsogolera bungwe lake kuti lipeze chiwembu chogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo cha chikomyunizimu, komwe kunalibe.xlix.
Momwemonso ntchito zapakhomo za FBN zinalinso pansi pa mapulani a CIA. Mothandizidwa ndi bajeti ya kafukufuku wa bungwe lopanda malire, a George White a FBN adachita lendi nyumba ku Greenwich Village ndikuikonzanso ndi magalasi anjira ziwiri, zida zowunikira komanso zipinda zobisika. Anakopa anthu kuti abwerere m'nyumbamo, kuwamwetsa LSD ndikuwona zomwe zidachitika. Ntchitoyi idayenda bwino, ndipo mu 1955 adasamukira ku San Francisco komwe adakhazikitsanso nyumba zina ziwiri zomwe azigwirako zaka khumi zikubwerazi motsogozedwa ndi Operation. PAKATI PAKATI CLIMAX. White adalemba ganyu mahule omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti azinyamula amuna m'mabala, kuwabweretsanso m'nyumba ndikuwapatsa zakumwa zoledzeretsa za LSD. Bungweli lidapereka ndalama kwa mkulu wa FNB kuti akhale pachimbudzi mchipinda chobisika kuseri kwa galasi lolowera mbali ziwiri akumamwa Martinis ndikuwonera anthu osadziwa akugonana ndi mahule pomwe akumwa asidi. Patadutsa zaka zambiri adalemba kalata kwa Mkulu wa MKULTRA yofotokoza za nthawi yake ndi bungweli. “Ndinali m’mishonale wamng’ono kwambiri, kwenikweni wopanduka, koma ndinagwira ntchito ndi mtima wonse m’minda ya mpesa chifukwa zinali zosangalatsa, zosangalatsa, zosangalatsa. Ndi patinso pamene mnyamata wamagazi ofiira wa ku America akananama, kupha, kubera, kuba, kugwirira chigololo, ndi kufunkha ndi chilolezo ndi madalitso a Wam’mwambamwamba?”l
Chimodzi mwazinthu zoyamba zomwe bungweli lidachita pomwe lidakhazikitsidwa, chinali kupanga njira zolumikizirana zamalamulo ndi zachuma zomwe zidalilola kubisa zomwe likuchita pantchito zina zakunja. MKULTRA idagwiritsa ntchito netiweki yofananira kupanga gawo latsopano la kafukufuku wamaphunziro. Inapereka ndalama kudzera ku Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, Geschickter Fund for Medical Research, US Navy ndi National Institute of Mental Health.li. Ndalama izi zidapeza njira yopita ku zipatala, mayunivesite ndi malo ofufuza za anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongolii. Odwala ambiri omwe amayesedwa pamalowa samadziwa kuti anali nkhumba pamayesero apamwamba achinsinsi a CIA.izi. Kafukufukuyu anafika pachimake pa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa LSD Therapy wa 1959, wothandizidwa ndi Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation.liv. Unali umodzi mwamisonkhano yofunika kwambiri yamalingaliro asayansi pankhani ya kafukufuku wa LSD. Wapampando, Mlembi Wojambulira ndi ena olankhula onse adagwirapo ntchito mwachindunji, kapena adachita mgwirizano ndi CIA kapena US Army Chemical Corps, ndipo nthawi zina, adagwirapo ntchito pa MKULTRA makamaka.lv.
Komanso kudziwonetsa okha mu malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo padziko lonse lapansi, bungweli linali lotanganidwa kwambiri ndi miyambo yambiri ya imperialism, itagonjetsa maboma a Iran mu 1953 ndi Guatemala mu 1954.lvi. M'malo mwake, anali kuchita bwino kwambiri, mu 1959 bungwe la Rand Corporation lidathandizira msonkhano wa 'The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries', pomwe akatswiri ochezeka a CIA adakambirana za ubwino wa Akuluakulu a Gulu Lankhondo kutenga nawo mbali pakuchita nawo ntchito. maiko awo ndi nthumwi zochokera ku Brazil, Burma ndi Indonesia, pakati pa enalvii. Chaka chomwecho, CAT inasintha dzina lake kukhala Air America yochezeka kwambiri ya Hollywood.lvii
Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, nkhondo itatha ku France ikupitilizabe kulimbana kuti igonjetse Indochina kuchokera kwa a Vietnamese a Ho Chi Minh. Powona mwayi wawo, CIA idakulitsa njira yake yaku Southeast Asia kupita ku Vietnam. Mwamsanga adadzipeza atagwidwa munkhondo yobisalira ndi mabungwe anzeru aku France akunja. Ndipo monga ku Thailand, Burma, Marseilles ndi Sicily zisanachitike, CIA idapezekanso ili pakati pa zigawenga zozembetsa anthu osokoneza bongo.lix. Kumanga hegemony yaku America kunali kovuta kwambiri kufupi ndi kwathu. Mu 1958 Colombia idalowa m'nkhondo yapachiweniweni zimenezo zikanatha kwa theka lina la zana; pakati gulu lolamulira lomwe m'mbiri yakale lakhala likugwiritsa ntchito chuma ndikupondereza anthu, ndi magulu awiri ankhondo osintha kusintha, Fuerzas Armadas Revolutionarios de Colombia (FARC) ndi Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN)lx. Kenaka mu 1959, Fidel Castro anatsogolera bwino chiwembu ku Cuba, kugwetsa Fulgencio Batista, ndi kukakamiza Mafia a ku America kuchoka m'dzikoli. Choyamba Lansky anasamukira ku Miami, yomwe inali kale imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri za mankhwala a KMT ndi French Connection, asanasamukenso kumalo okhometsa msonkho ku Bahamas, dziko la Britain lomwe linali "molamulidwa ndi gulu la amalonda achinyengo azungu”, ndipo posakhalitsa anali “m’modzi mwa “malo achinsinsi [a]pamwamba kwambiri andalama zakuda kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa America.”lxi ndi Zaka za m'ma 1960 zidasintha kukhala nthawi yodziwika bwino muzokonda za CIA pamankhwala osokoneza bongo.
i The Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p4, 5, 6, 77, 81, 88, 89, 90, 93
iiThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p5, 6, 8, 9, 10
iiiThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p10
ivValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p10, 15, 16
vTreasure Islands, Shaxson, Nicholas, 2011 - p104
viThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p29
viiTreasure Islands, Shaxson, Nicholas, 2011 - p104
viiiValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p28, 29, 36, 37, 38
ixThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p266
xValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p37, 64
xiValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p26, 43
XIIHess, H. ku Wilson, E., Boma la Mithunzi, 2009 p155
xiiiThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p25, 33, 34, 35
xivValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p56
xvMafayilo a Wikileaks; dziko molingana ndi ufumu wa US, othandizira a Wikileaks, 2015 - p217
XVIThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p57
xviThe American Deep State, Dale Scott, Peter, 2015 - p9, 14
xviiiThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p492
chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayiThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p25, 34, 46, 52, 57, 60, 269
xxDale Scott, P. ku Wilson, E., Boma la Mithunzi, 2009 p177, 178
xxxValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p73
xxiiiIraq Under Siege, Arnove, Anthony, 2000 - p10
mochitaGanser, D. ku Wilson, E., Government of the Shadows, 2009 p259, ndi Valentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p98
xxivGanser, D. ku Wilson, E., Boma la Mithunzi, 2009 p259
xxvCottle, D. & Villar, O., Cocaine Death Squads and the War on Terror., 2011 p23
xxviThe American Deep State, Dale Scott, Peter, 2015 - p15
xxviDale Scott, P., Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, Mafuta ndi Nkhondo. 2003 p64
xxviiiThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p43, 46, 339, ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, Mafuta ndi Nkhondo, Dale Scott, Peter, 2003 - pxiii
xxixThe American Deep State, Dale Scott, Peter, 2015 - p15
xxxDale Scott, P., American War Machine, 2010 p51
xxxDale Scott, P. ku Wilson, E., Boma la Mithunzi, 2009 p179, 181
ochitaDale Scott, P., American War Machine, 2010 p26, 51
xxiiihttps://www.utdallas.
xxxvMankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, Mafuta ndi Nkhondo, Dale Scott, Peter, 2003 - p187
xxvThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p167, 177
xxxviThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p178, 179, 184, 186
xxxviiiMaloto a Acid, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p10
xxxxValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p127
xlAcid Dreams, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p44, 45, 46, 47, 53
xliMaloto a Acid, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p10
xliValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p131
xliiiKusaka kwa 'Manchurian Candidate', Marks, John, 1991 - p60, 117
xlivValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p128, 131, 132
xlv Acid Dreams, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p18, 21, 30, 38
xlviAcid Dreams, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p19, 40
xlviKusaka kwa 'Manchurian Candidate', Marks, John, 1991 - p10
xlviiiAcid Dreams, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p24, 25
xlixValentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p150, 154, 194
lAcid Dreams, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p32, 34 ndi Valentine, D., The Strength of the Wolf, 2004 p146
liAcid Dreams, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p24, 69
liiKusaka kwa 'Manchurian Candidate', Marks, John, 1991 - p63
iziMaloto a Acid, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p24
livKusaka kwa 'Manchurian Candidate', Marks, John, 1991 - p63
lvMaloto a Acid, Bruce Shlain, Martin A. Lee, 1985 - p69
lviCIA's Greatest Hits, Zepezauer, Mark 1994 - p10, 12
lviiMankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, Mafuta ndi Nkhondo, Dale Scott, Peter, 2003 - p79
lviiDale Scott, P., Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, Mafuta ndi Nkhondo. 2003 p129
lixThe Politics of Heroin, McCoy, Alfred W., 1991 - p112, 146, 155, 156, 195, 201
lxCottle, D. & Villar, O., Cocaine Death Squads and the War on Terror., 2011 p18
lxi ndiTreasure Islands, Shaxson, Nicholas, 2011 - p104, 127
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama