Nkhani yochokera ku Venezuela ndi yomvetsa chisoni: “Kutsika kwa mitengo yamafuta, kukwera kwa chiwongola dzanja… Dzikoli likusauka. Lili ndi kukwera mtengo kwapamwamba kwambiri ku Latin America, kuwonjezereka kwa ulova ndipo oposa 40 peresenti ya anthu ali mu umphaŵi wadzaoneni.” Chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwachuma kumabwera chiwawa chandale: M’kati mwa chaka chimodzi, “anthu achitetezo anapha anthu 126, 46 m’zigawenga zakunja, ndipo 28 pamene anali m’ndende za apolisi kapena zankhondo. Authoritarianism ndi kuponderezana zikukula. Mwa anthu 13,941 omwe amatsekeredwa m'ndende popanda chifukwa, 94 peresenti idachitika panthawi yolimbana ndi umbanda makamaka m'madera osauka. ... Imfa zankhanza zafala kwambiri ku Venezuela. Lolemba m’mawa, manyuzipepala amalengeza za anthu amene anaphedwa ndi kubayidwa ndi kuwomberana m’nyumba zosakhala bwino za mumzindawo. Nthawi zambiri chiŵerengerocho chimafika pa 40 kapena 50, makamaka achinyamata, amuna ndi osauka.”
Pamakhala “zipolowe zomwe zimachitika kaŵirikaŵiri,” kuyimitsidwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi kuukira kwa apolisi tsiku ndi tsiku “m’matauni osauka kwambiri kuti athetse anthu omwe amati ndi oukira boma. Kuwonjezeka kwa umbanda ndi ziwawa za m’misewu ku Caracas” zikuchulukirachulukira. Ndende ndi vuto lalikulu la ku Dantesque: “Akaidi oposa 30 anaphedwa pa chipolowe ndi moto pa ndende ina m’chigawo chapakati cha Caracas dzulo. M’mbuyomo, zipolowe zina za m’ndende zosonyeza zionetserozo zinachititsa kuti “akaidi oposa 100 [awotchedwe] kapena kuwaduladula mpaka kufa.”
“Zonsezi,” analemba motero mtolankhani wina—kusoŵa kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mankhwala; zipatala zosagwira ntchito; kuchuluka kwa kupha munthu; zionetsero ndi zipolowe; kuphedwa kwa ndende, kutaya ufulu wofunikira; akaidi a ndale ndi kuponderezedwa ndi boma; kutsika kwa mitengo yamafuta—“kumapangitsa Venezuela kukhala imodzi mwa nkhani zofunika kwambiri zachuma ku America pakali pano.”
Chifukwa, mtolankhaniyo amafuna kudziwa, kodi atolankhani aku US sakulabadira?
Palibe kuchepa kwa akatswiri azibusa omwe akuda nkhawa ndi vuto la Caracas pomwe akunyalanyaza kulanda komwe kukuchitika ku Brazil.
Dikirani. Chani? Osati kulabadira? Kodi akunena chiyani? Palibe chosowa chofotokozera zavuto la Venezuela, ndi akatswiri azibusa omwe amalalikira zochizira kuti atuluke, akuda nkhawa ndi Caracas pomwe akunyalanyaza zigawenga zomwe zikuchitika ku Brazil (zomwe zidangowona ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi austerity zomwe zidawona. akuyerekeza kutengapo gawo kwa antchito 40 miliyoni). Ogulitsa nkhani ochepa ku United States angadziwe kuti chiwopsezo cha kupha anthu ku Colombia chikukulirakulira, popeza magulu ankhondo akumanja, amanjenjemera ndi mgwirizano wamtendere womwe wachitika pakati pa zigawenga za FARC ndi boma, zomwe zimayang'ana omenyera ufulu. Malinga ndi Reuters, chaka chatha ku Colombia “omenyera ufulu 117 anaphedwa poyerekeza ndi 105 mu 2015, ndi kuphana kochuluka komwe kunachititsidwa ndi magulu ankhondo akumanja omwe adakwiya kwambiri kuti zigawenga za Marxist FARC zaloledwa kulowa m'gulu la anthu ndikupanga chipani chandale pansi pa mgwirizano wakale wamtendere. ” Venezuela imayenda mosalekeza pa nkhani za chingwe, yotsogozedwa ndi Trump, Putin, Michael Flynn, ndi wina dzina lake Carter Page. Kulemba mkati The New York Times, Mtumiki wakale wa dziko la Mexico Jorge Castañeda akufuna kupulumutsa Venezuela kudzera mu ukazembe kudzipatula koma akumva, tsoka, kuti United States motsogozedwa ndi Donald Lipenga alibe makhalidwe abwino kutero.
Chifukwa chomwe nkhani zomvetsa chisoni zochokera ku Venezuela zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa sizinafotokozedwe monyanyira ku United States ndi chifukwa zinali kuchokera mu 1996, zaka ziwiri Hugo Chávez asanasankhidwe kukhala purezidenti, pamene dzikolo linkalamuliridwa ndi mnzake waku Washington.
Bolivarianism imayenera kukhala chitsanzo cha chitukuko, chowunikira kwa opita patsogolo. Tsopano zawonongeka.
Chabwino, ndiye gawo losavuta la positi iyi: kuzindikira kukondera kwa media zaku US ndikulozera zavuto zomwe zikuwonetsa dziko lonse la dipatimenti ya Boma. Koma anthu aku Venezuela masiku ano akukhala m'nthawi yayitali yamavuto azandale komanso azandale, ndipo, ngakhale pakufunika kufotokozera tsokali nthawi zonse, Bolivarianism idayenera kukhala chitsanzo chachitukuko, chowunikira kwa opita patsogolo.
Kwa kanthawi kunali, kupeza phindu lochititsa chidwi la chisamaliro chaumoyo, zaka zoyembekezera moyo, maphunziro, ndi chitetezo cha anthu; kukulitsa kutenga nawo mbali pa ndale, kubweretsa otsalira ndi otsalira pa mkangano ndi kupatsa magulu osiyanasiyana mwayi wopeza mphamvu zandale; ndikulemba mfundo zakunja zodziyimira pawokha ku Washington. Tsopano chitsanzocho chawonongeka. Ndizosavuta kutsutsa Chavismo chifukwa chokwera mitengo yamafuta. Kutsutsa kumeneku, ngakhale kolondola, kumangotenga theka la nkhaniyo: Chávez, ndi gulu lake la akazembe amafuta, adathandizira kwambiri kupanga mitengo yamafuta okwera, kutsitsimutsa OPEC, kutsimikizira kudzipereka kwa Venezuela pakupanga magawo ndi mitengo ya OPEC, ndikugwira ntchito ndi mphamvu zomwe si za OPEC- kutulutsa maiko, monga Brazil ndi Mexico, kuti asinthe maloto a neoliberal (omwe Chávez atasankhidwa koyamba, mu 1998, anali atatsala pang'ono kukwaniritsidwa) kusintha mafuta kukhala chinthu choyera chomwe mtengo wake umakhazikitsidwa ndi kufunikira kwa msika, kuti asinthe mafuta. ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati chida chokwaniritsira zolinga za ndale.
Ndondomeko ya mafuta a Chávez inali yolowa m'malo mwa masomphenya akuluakulu a New International Economic Order ya m'ma 1970, omwe adawona mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya petroleum ngati njira yokhometsa msonkho ku Dziko Loyamba, ndikugawanso ndalamazo kudzera mu mapulogalamu ogwirizana, mgwirizano, ndi kuthandizira mphamvu zopanda mphamvu. -maiko otumiza kunja, ndi ndondomeko yotsutsa zakunja. Chifukwa chake zambiri zamphamvu za Barack Obama, makamaka pomwe a Hillary Clinton anali ku State Department, zinali zotsutsana ndi kukonzanso mafuta uku: kulimbikitsa fracking, osati ku United States kokha komanso padziko lonse lapansi; kukopa Mexico kutali ndi Venezuela pomwe kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa PEMEX, makampani amafuta aku Mexico; kutembenuka Central America kukhala munda umodzi waukulu wa biofuel(ndicho chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe Kuukira kwa 2009 ku Honduras kunali pafupi). Zinagwira ntchito. Chávez atamwalira, kumayambiriro kwa 2013, mitengo yamafuta idatsika ndipo dziko la Venezuela lidalowa m'mavuto. Kaya zabwino kapena zoyipa, sitidzawonanso gulu la ndale lomwe limagwira mafuta ngati njira yothetsera mavuto a anthu.
Nicolás Maduro alibe mafuta ochulukirapo a Hugo Chávez kapena luso lake landale.
Chávez atangomwalira, voti yoyandikira mosayembekezereka inaika wolowa m'malo wake, Nicolás Maduro, pampando. Otsutsawo, omwe adachita mantha chifukwa cha zisankho zamphamvu mosayembekezereka komanso kukhulupirira kuti kubwezeretsedwa kwa gulu lawo komanso mwayi wamtundu wawo kunali kotheka, adabwereranso ku pulogalamu yawo yolimbana ndi maximalist, kuyambitsa zionetsero zakupha mumsewu kutanthauza kukulitsa zotsutsana ndikubweretsa chidzudzulo chapadziko lonse lapansi. Maduro, kumbali yake, alibe mafuta ochulukirapo a Chávez kapena luso lake landale. Monga ndinalembera Pano mu 2003: "Chikoka cha Chávez, kukhudza kwake pang'onopang'ono ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri ankalankhula zachipongwe, luso lake lobwezeretsa otsutsa akuluakulu mu khola, kupanga mgwirizano wosayembekezereka, zinathandiza kuthetsa mikangano pazochitika zazikulu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe Venezuela, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri ankalankhula monyanyira, sanalowerere mumtundu wachiwawa womwe nthawi zambiri umagwirizanitsidwa ndi zipolowe zina. " Chisomo chimenecho chatha.
Maduro adayankha anthu ochita monyanyira otsutsa poganiza kuti aliyense wotsutsa ndi wonyanyira, akutsogolera kusakanizikana kosagwira ntchito komanso kosagwirizana kwa kaloti wogawa ndi ndodo zopondereza, zomwe sizinali cholinga chophatikiza mphamvu zake ngati kukumba m'malo ozunguliridwa ndi kunja- za-touch revolutionary bureaucracy. Dzikoli latsekeredwa mumsokonezo, womwe ukhoza kusweka, ambiri amawopa, ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Monga momwe katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu waku Venezuela Atenea Jiménez Lemon akunenera pansipa, dzikolo likuwopseza kukhala Syria lotsatira.
Zoyenera kuchita? Zotsatirazi ndi malingaliro a komiti yodziyimira pawokha yopulumutsa dziko la Venezuela, yopereka zidziwitso zonse ndi malingaliro apadera omwe amasiyana ndi omwe amapezeka muzofalitsa zathu zaumishoni.
Choyamba ndi Atenea Jiménez Lemon, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu komanso membala wa Red Nacional de Comuneras ndi Comuneros. Pulogalamu yake ya 10-point ndikuyimira bwino zofuna za omenyera maudindo, omwe amatsutsanso otsutsa obwezeretsa ndi akuluakulu aboma:
Venezuela imadzipeza yokha pamphambano. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, munthu akhoza kuona bwino kuthekera kwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni, yolimbikitsidwa ndi imperialism ndi ogwirizana nawo am'deralo: bourgeoisie a Venezuela ndi Colombia. Nkhondo yobisika yolimbana ndi atsogoleri otchuka ndi aumphawi ikanafalikira. Koma pali njira ina: mtendere ndi chilungamo. Kuti izi zitheke, njira zingapo ziyenera kuchitidwa:
- Itanani zisankho zachigawo mwachangu [zindikirani: izi zikunena za chisankho cha abwanamkubwa, chomwe chinakonzedwa mu December watha koma chinachedwa; omenyera ufulu ambiri akutsogolo akuyembekeza kugwiritsa ntchito zisankho izi kuti alekanitse onse omwe ali ndi zigawenga zotsutsa komanso zotsutsa madurista osankhika].
- Ndi zisankhozi, magulu achiwawa a otsutsa akhoza kukhala okhaokha. Ndiye pakhoza kukhala kukambirana ndi otsutsa ochepa kwambiri.
- Limbikitsani kafotokozedwe ka mphamvu za boma, zomwe zikusokonezedwa pakali pano [zindikirani: "mphamvu zodziwika" apa ndikulozera ku malingaliro a Bolivarian ophatikizira magulu amagulu m'mabungwe olamulira, njira yomwe omenyera ufulu wakutsogolo akuti ikulepheretsedwa ndi boma la Maduro.].
- Kuthetsa vuto la ndale pothetsa mavuto azachuma.
- PSUV [chipani cholamulira cha Socialist] chiyenera kukambirana ndi omwe akufuna kumanga milatho, osati ndi omwe amatsutsana ndi kuthetsa mwamtendere.
- Boma liyenera kusiya kuzunza anthu omenyera ufulu wamanzere omwe amatsutsa.
- Yambitsani kampeni yomwe imalimbikitsa mtendere ndi kuthetsa mikangano mkati mwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino. Amene amapha, kuvulaza, kutentha zipatala ndi kuopseza anthu ayenera kutsutsidwa mwalamulo ndi mwamakhalidwe.
- Boma liyenera kumvetsetsa kuti pali magulu ambiri a anthu omwe amatsutsa, zomwe ziyenera kuphatikizira popanga mfundo zake. Sikoyenera kufotokoza wotsutsa aliyense ngati wachigawenga.
- Tili mumphindi yakusokonekera kwakukulu kwa anthu, ndipo zoyesayesa zonse zapadziko lonse ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti tipewe Syria yachiwiri. Pali zambiri zabodza pa intaneti, zabodza zambiri zatsiku ndi tsiku. Choncho tiyenera kuchita zinthu mwanzeru ndiponso mosamala kwambiri popereka uthenga, kuti tipewe chiwawa komanso kuti tilimbikitse kukambirana.
- Anthu ambiri amafuna mtendere ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu…. Iwo ndi magwero a chiyembekezo.
Kenako timamva kuchokera kwa Steve Ellner, yemwe waphunzitsa sayansi ya zachuma ndi ndale ku Universidad de Oriento ku Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela, kuyambira 1977. Malingaliro a Latin America:
Kusagwirizana kwambiri pazandale ku Venezuela kwadzetsa mavuto ambiri, kuphatikiza ziwawa zomwe zapha anthu opitilira XNUMX masiku aposachedwa. Onse otsutsa ndi boma amagawana udindo wina. Zochita za otsutsa zonse zakonzedwa kuti zikwaniritse kusintha kwa boma ngakhale kuti a Chavistas adapeza mphamvu ndi njira zovomerezeka ndikupitiriza kusangalala ndi chithandizo chodziwika bwino. Kuwonjezera apo, otsutsa nthawi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsutsana ndi anthu ambiri ngakhale kuti kusonkhanitsa kumeneku kumayendera limodzi ndi zowononga zamagulu ang'onoang'ono ankhondo. Boma kumbali yake lalephera kupereka masiku otsimikizika a zisankho zachigawo zomwe zidachedwa ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kuonjezera apo, ganizo loletsa kutenga nawo mbali pa chisankho cha yemwe anali phungu wa pulezidenti ndi bwanamkubwa Henrique Capriles pazifukwa zoneneza za katangale zingawoneke ngati zokhumudwitsa.
Monga malo otentha ku Middle East ndi kwina kulikonse, polarization kwambiri ku Venezuela idayambira mkati, koma idakulitsidwa ndi osewera akunja. Makamaka, bungwe la Organisation of American States (OAS) ndi boma la US poyera limagwirizana ndi otsutsa ndikuthandizira zofuna zake zonse. Zolengeza zawo zimangotsanulira mafuta pamoto ndikupangitsa kumvetsetsana pakati pa mbali ziwirizo kukhala kosatheka. Zoulutsa nkhani zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi nkhani zake za mbali imodzi zimagwiranso ntchito yoyipa. Bungweli lalephera kupereka lipoti lokwanira la zochita za anthu ochirikiza boma ndi katundu wa boma zomwe kwina kulikonse zingagawidwe ngati zauchigawenga. Kuphatikiza apo, ikugwirizana ndi zomwe atsogoleri otsutsa amanena kuti boma, pokana kulola maulendo otsutsa kuti afike ku mzinda wa Caracas, likukana ufulu wochita ziwonetsero. Ndipotu anthu ambiri ochita zionetsero akanati akafike pafupi ndi nyumba ya pulezidenti, ndiye kuti ziwawa zikhoza kuchitika, monga mmene zinachitikira pa tsiku limene Chávez anaukira boma pa April 11, 2002. OAS ndi zoulutsira nkhani zapadziko lonse lapansi, m'malo mogwira ntchito yolimbikitsa monga momwe zilili ndi udindo wawo, zili ndi zotsatira zosiyana, zomwe ndi kukulitsa polarization.
Naomi Schiller, wojambula mafilimu a ethnographic komanso pulofesa wothandizira wa anthropology ku Brooklyn College yemwe adaphunzirapo zankhani zamagulu ku Caracas, akulemba kuti:
Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti anthu osauka ndi ochepa omwe alowa nawo ziwonetsero zaposachedwa zotsutsa osati chifukwa chanjala kapena chifukwa choopa kuponderezedwa ndi boma, monga momwe atolankhani ambiri amalimbikitsira. Njala ndi mantha ndi zenizeni. Komabe, chomwe chikulepheretsa chithandizo chodziwika bwino cha ziwonetsero zaposachedwa ndi nkhani yotsutsa osauka. Otsogolera otsutsa amapempha meritocracy ndi ufulu wa anthu kuti ateteze mwayi wawo wachikhalidwe. Ambiri omwe amakhala m'malo otetezedwa achikhalidwe chavista amakana mwamphamvu Maduro ndi zoyesayesa za boma lake kuti athe kuwongolera mkangano pazomwe zikuyenera kuchitika. Komabe, otsutsa akupitirizabe kuimira kwa iwo kubwerera kokha ku dongosolo lopanda chilungamo la chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Kukambitsirana kulikonse kokhudza njira yopita ku Venezuela kuyenera kugogomezera osati kufunikira kwa demokalase ya machitidwe, komanso ufulu wazachuma komanso kutenga nawo mbali kodziwika bwino mu ndale. Ulamuliro wa Trump ulibe gawo labwino lomwe lingachite polimbikitsa mtendere ndi chilungamo ku Venezuela.
Mark Weisbrot, wotsogolera wa Washington, DC-based Center for Economic and Policy Kafukufuku:
AP inanena kuti a Luis Almagro, wamkulu wa Organisation of America States, "analimbikitsa mamembala a OAS kuti ayimitse Venezuela pokhapokha zisankho zazikulu zichitike posachedwa." Palibe amene adawona kuseketsa kwake komwe akufuna kuti dziko la Venezuela liphwanye malamulo ake podula nthawi ya purezidenti wosankhidwa. Panthawiyi ku Brazil yoyandikana nayo, chivomerezo cha pulezidenti wosasankhidwa chagwera pa 4 peresenti, ndipo chiwopsezo chachikulu chinachitika pa April 28. OAS / Washington salowererapo. Almagro poyambilira adatsutsa kusamvana kwanyumba yamalamulo komwe kunabweretsa boma la Brazil pano, koma adangokhala chete zitadziwika kuti Washington idathandizira. Ndi ntchito yaikulu yapadziko lonse yomwe ikuchitika kuti igwetse boma la Venezuela, n'zosavuta kuphonya mfundo yakuti ndi 100 kapena 1,000 yowopsa kwambiri kukhala woteteza ufulu wa anthu kapena mtolankhani m'mayiko ogwirizana ndi US monga Mexico, Colombia, kapena Honduras kuposa. ndi ku Venezuela. Nyuzipepala ya The New York Times inanena kuti ku Mexico, “kawirikawiri kuposa makampani ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo,” akuluakulu a boma ndi amene amachititsa kupha ndi kuzunza atolankhani ndiponso chifukwa choti dziko la Mexico lili pakati pa Afghanistan ndi Somalia, n’loopsa kwambiri chifukwa chochita utolankhani. Ngati boma la Venezuela likanakhala ndi mlandu wopha mtolankhani m'modzi, lingakhale vuto lalikulu kwa boma la US ndi mabungwe ake, kuphatikizapo atolankhani. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe ndikoyenera ku Venezuela kuposa kwina kulikonse. Ndizoti aliyense ayenera kudziwa chifukwa chake dziko la Venezuela likusankhidwa kuti lisinthe maboma, monga momwe zakhalira zaka 15 zapitazi. Ndipo choyipa kwambiri ndichakuti kuyesayesa kumeneku kupatsa mphamvu boma la Venezuela kumapangitsa zokambirana zomwe, mwachitsanzo, Vatican yayitanitsa zovuta kwambiri. Koma monga ziwonetsero zazikulu mbali zonse ziwiri, komanso ziwonetsero zovotera, Venezuela idakali dziko lokhala ndi polarized. Ngakhale pali mamiliyoni ambiri omwe akufuna kuti boma lituluke tsopano, palinso mamiliyoni (kuphatikiza asitikali) omwe akuopa kulanda boma. Payenera kukhala njira yokambirana.
Sujatha Fernandes ndi pulofesa wa ndale zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku yunivesite ya Sydney komanso wolemba mabuku angapo, kuphatikizapo Ndani Angaimitse Ng'oma? Misonkhano Yachikhalidwe Yamatawuni ku Chávez's Venezuela:
Nkhani zambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi zawonetsa momwe zinthu ziliri ku Venezuela ngati dziko lomwe lili pamavuto andale ndi azachuma pomwe magulu ambiri ali m'misewu akufuna zisankho zatsopano, pomwe dzikolo likuyandikira kuyandikira kwaulamuliro wankhanza. Mawu awa amabisa chowonadi kuti palibe zambiri zomwe zasintha m'dziko landale zandale zaku Venezuela. Anthu omwe ali m'misewu, monga momwe akuyesera kulanda boma mu 2002, ambiri ndi otsutsa apakati ndi apamwamba, omwe zofuna zawo zandale za chisankho chatsopano sizikuwongolera nkhawa za anthu osauka akumidzi ndi akumidzi, omwe akuvutika kwambiri ndi zachuma. zovuta. Otsutsa adalepherabe kukopa magulu otchukawa kuti achite ziwonetsero zawo chifukwa cha zofuna zawo zochepa. Pakati pa chipwirikiti cha Venezuela pafupi ndi zigawenga, zithunzi zochokera ku malo osauka omwe ali kum'mawa kwa Caracas zikuwonetsa anthu akuchita bizinesi yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku, ngakhale ali tcheru kuti zigawenga zapakhomo zikhale ngati kuukira kwa utsi wokhetsa misozi kwa magulu otsutsa omwe ali ndi zida. pachipatala cha ana aakazi ku barrio ya El Valle sabata yatha.
Ndiye kodi atsogoleri osauka ndi a barrio social movement amawona bwanji njira yopitira patsogolo? Pamodzi ndi kusunga ndi kuteteza malo omwe apambana monga zipatala, mapulogalamu ophunzirira kulemba ndi kuwerenga, ndi ma cooperatives, magulu osauka ndi ocheperako akufunafuna kusintha kwachuma chawo, koma sakukakamiza kusintha kwa boma. Pakalipano, magulu ambiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu akuyitanitsa mtendere. Pa Epulo 24, gulu la anthu ammudzi komanso mabungwe azikhalidwe ochokera ku Caracas barrio San Agustín del Sur adapereka pempho ku ofesi ya Attorney General kupempha kuti ateteze kuti nzika zonse ziziyenda bwino m'gawo la dzikolo, poyang'anizana ndi pempho lotsutsa "Plantón Nacional," kapena kutsekedwa kwa misewu yayikulu ya anthu. Mawailesi ammudzi m'dziko lonselo agwira ntchito limodzi pa kampeni yotchedwa "Patriotic Oath," pomwe opanga mawayilesi osiyanasiyana m'dziko lonselo akujambula ndikuwulutsa zonena zakufunika kwa mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano. Kaya dziko la Venezuela likhoza kufika pamtunda wokhazikika lidzadalira pang'onopang'ono mabungwe ammudziwa, omwe akhala msana wa kusintha kwachisinthiko komwe kunachitika m'dzikoli, ndipo akupitiriza kumenyera malo kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito zawo zogawanitsanso komanso kukonzekera kwanuko.
George Ciccariello-Maher ndi pulofesa wothandizira wa sayansi ya ndale ku Drexel University komanso wolemba Tinapanga Chávez. Buku lake laposachedwapa Kumanga Commune ali pagulu la Venezuela (momwe Jiménez Lemon, pamwambapa, akukhudzidwa):
Kusintha kwa Bolivarian ku Venezuela kwatsala pang'ono kufa. Izi zikubwerezedwa panthawi yomwe mavuto azachuma ndi chipwirikiti chandale zapangitsa anthu ambiri kupereka ma post-mortems okonzekereratu. Zosinthazi zimakhalapo ndipo sizimapuma ngakhale ngakhale zovuta ziwirizi koma chifukwa zimatsutsana ndi mabungwe azachuma ndi ndale omwe akulephera mochititsa chidwi masiku ano. Ndipo imakhala ndi kupuma chifukwa, mu maukonde a communes omwazikana kumidzi ndi ma barrios, imapereka njira yokhayo.
Pazachuma, kudalira mafuta otumizidwa kunja ndi katundu wotsika mtengo wochokera kunja kwasokoneza chitukuko cha Venezuela kwa zaka zana, Hugo Chávez asanakhalepo, ndipo pamene boma lidazindikira vutoli, lidangopanga njira zochepa komanso zotsutsana kuti lipeze yankho. Ma communes - poyang'anira zopanga mwachindunji komanso mwademokalase - amafunitsitsa kuti pakhale chuma chokhazikika pomwe madera amatulutsa zomwe akufunikira kwanuko.
Mwa ndale, kusintha kwamoyo, kupuma kumasiyana kwambiri ndi mkangano wa anthu osankhika - atsopano ndi akale - omwe amalamulira mitu yankhani, mwa zina chifukwa nthawi zonse zakhala zikutsutsana ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatsutsana ndi maboma ndi apakati. Polimbana kuti apeze chuma chatsopano, ma comuneras ndi comuneros a ku Venezuela akuvutika kuti akhazikitsenso dziko latsopano (lomwe silili).
Ngati boma la Chavista lozingidwa lipulumuka, mosakayikira izi zidzakhala chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za magulu apansi omwe apulumutsa nthawi zambiri m'mbuyomo, ndipo ngati m'mbuyomo ndi chitsogozo chilichonse, zovutazo zikhoza kungotulutsa mzimu watsopano wosintha. Ndipo ngati itagwa, magawo omwewo apitiliza kumenya nkhondo yayitali yolimbana ndi capitalism ndi colonialism.
Daniel Hellinger ndi pulofesa wa ubale wapadziko lonse ku Webster University. Mabuku ake akuphatikizapo Global Security Watch: Venezuela ndi Demokalase ya Venezuela ya Bolivarian: Kutengapo mbali, Ndale ndi Chikhalidwe pansi pa Chávez (yosinthidwa ndi David Smilde):
Chiyembekezo chabwino kwambiri choletsa kusintha kwa dziko la Venezuela ndikudzipereka kwa anthu onse aku Venezuela ku Constitution ya Bolivarian yomwe yawonongeka, yomwe yavutitsidwa ndi boma komanso otsutsa. Makonzedwe ake otenga nawo mbali pagulu komanso malingaliro a Rousseauian otenga nawo gawo, "zachibadwidwe" kapena "mphamvu zapagulu" komanso "mphamvu zachisankho," ziyenera kupangidwa kuti zigwire ntchito. Gawo loyamba lingatengedwe ndi boma. Chisankho si nkhani yokambilana; Bungwe la National Electoral Council (CNE) liyenera nthawi yomweyo kukonza zisankho za boma ndi zapakati, zomwe zaimitsidwa kuyambira chaka chatha, kwa kanthawi kumapeto kwa chilimwe, ndipo ziyenera kukhazikitsa kalendala ya chisankho cha pulezidenti wa chaka chamawa. Chotsatira ndi chakuti boma ndi otsutsa a MUD avomereze kuitanitsa makomiti okambirana ndi nzika kuti akwaniritse zokambirana za anthu - zomwe Constitution imatcha protagonism democracy - kukonzanso mabwalo amilandu, CNE, ndi mabungwe ena olamulira. Makomitiwa asaphatikizepo osankhidwa andale okha, komanso, monga momwe amaonera pansi pa malamulo oyendetsera dziko, atsogoleri a magulu a anthu, otsutsa ang'onoang'ono koma otchuka a ku Bolivarian (monga Marea Socialista), ndi mabungwe okhazikika (mabungwe, magulu achipembedzo, mabungwe ogwira ntchito, ndi zina zotero). , ndipo akuyenera kupyola kufotokoza momveka bwino zamasewera a demokalase yamasankho. Adzafunikanso kuyambitsa kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ambiri pamene dziko la Venezuela likuyang'anizana ndi ntchito yovuta yoyanjanitsa kukonzanso chuma chake ndi kusunga mapulogalamu ophatikizana (mamishoni, ma communal councils, etc.) omwe adapangidwa mu nthawi ya Chávez. Ntchitozi zikuyenera kuchitika tsopano chifukwa pali zizindikiro zoonekeratu kuti ziwawa za ndale zitha kukhala za anthu wamba ngati zomwe zikuchitika pano sizikumangidwa. Njira yovutayi ili ndi mwayi wabwinoko wopambana ngati United States ikana kuchita zobisika kapena zowonekera (monga zilango).
Gabriel Hetland ndi pulofesa wothandizira wa Latin America, Caribbean, ndi US Latino maphunziro ku yunivesite ku Albany, SUNY. Wakhala akulemba zavuto lomwe lilipo ku Venezuela kwa zaka zambiri, posachedwa ku NACLA, "Chifukwa Chimene Venezuela Ikuthamangira Patsogolo?”:
Palibe njira zofulumira kapena zosavuta zothetsera vuto la Venezuela. Mwanjira zina zimakhala zosavuta kuganiza za zosachita ndipo kuyankha funso zoyenera kuchita. Pamwamba pa mndandanda wa "osachita" ndikuchitapo kanthu kwa United States kapena mayiko ambiri motsogozedwa ndi United States, kupyolera, mwachitsanzo. ndi OAS. Zochita zoterezi, kaya zankhondo kapena mwachilango, ziyenera kukanidwa momveka bwino komanso mokweza pazifukwa ziwiri: (1) Mbiri ya US ya "kupulumutsa" mayiko ena ndi yowopsya, kunena pang'ono; ndi (2) zochita zoterozo zimasonyeza chinyengo, chifukwa cha kuchirikiza kwamphamvu kwa US ku maulamuliro opondereza, osagwirizana ndi demokalase ku Brazil, Honduras, ndi Haiti.
Zochita zotsatirazi zingathandize kuthetsa vuto la Venezuela, ndi ziwiri zoyambirira zikuyang'ana kwambiri pavuto la ndale, lachitatu pavuto la chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo lachinayi pa onse awiri.
- Pakalipano chopinga chachikulu cha mtendere ndi Venezuela si boma, lomwe liyenera kutsutsidwa, koma chiwawa chowonjezereka cha otsutsa. Popeza otsutsa amalandira chiphaso chaulere kuchokera ku boma la US ndi atolankhani aku Western, opita patsogolo ndi otsalira ayenera mobwerezabwereza ndi mokweza mawu ochenjeza za kampeni yachigawenga yotsutsa, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kupanga mikhalidwe yomwe kusintha kwaulamuliro wakunja kudzawoneka kosapeŵeka.
- Chifukwa cha kusakhulupirirana kwakukulu pakati pa boma ndi otsutsa, n'zovuta kuona momwe dziko la Venezuela lingagonjetsere mavuto omwe alipo popanda kukambirana, monga Mark Weisbrot akutsutsa. United States ndi mabungwe omwe United States amalamulira (monga OAS) sangakhale ndi gawo lililonse. Mabungwe omwe atha kukhala ndi gawo lolimbikitsa ndi UNASUR, CELAC, ndi Vatican. Ngakhale kuti zoyesayesa zakale sizinaphule kanthu, zingakhalebe zopindulitsa kuyesa kuyimira pakati pa Leonel Fernández, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, ndi Martín Torrijos, omwe kale anali pulezidenti/nduna zazikulu, motero, a Dominican Republic, Spain, ndi Panama. Ntchito yofunikira, yovuta kwambiri, ikhala yoganizira momwe angakankhire otsutsa ndi boma kuti akhalebe pagome lokambirana.
- Kuthetsa dongosolo la ndalama la Venezuela la byzantine (chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimayambitsa ziphuphu ndi kusowa), pogwiritsa ntchito kuyandama kwaufulu kwa bolívar, kumakhalabe muyeso wa "bang for buck" womwe uyenera kuchitidwa kuti uchepetse, ndipo pamapeto pake uthetse vuto lazachuma la Venezuela.
- "Zokonza" zaukadaulo zoyendetsedwa ndi osankhika sizingathetse mavuto azandale kapena azachuma. Choncho, chinthu chofunika kwambiri chothetsera chilichonse kapena zonsezi ndikutsitsimutsa gulu lodziwika bwino, lomwe ndilo mphamvu yokhayo yomwe ingathe kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma, atsogoleri otsutsa, ndi likulu.
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