"Zachilengedwe zomwe tonse timadalira ziyenera kutetezedwa ku mibadwo yamtsogolo….kutifikitsa kumalo komwe kuli moyo wabwino, komanso komwe Amwenye ndi omwe si Amwenye ayenera kumvetsetsana ndikugwirira ntchito limodzi." - Billy Frank, Jr. (Nisqually)
M’zaka za m’ma 2010, “mgwirizano watsopano” wa Amwenye ndi azungu oyandikana nawo akumidzi akuima mwamphamvu motsutsana ndi ntchito za mafuta oyaka mafuta ndi migodi. Ku Great Plains, migwirizano yapachiyambi ya Amwenye ndi alimi achizungu ndi alimi (kuphatikiza ndi dzina loyenerera la "Cowboy and Indian Alliance") akutsekereza mapaipi amafuta a Keystone XL ndi migodi ya malasha. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pacific, maiko amwenye akugwiritsa ntchito mapangano awo motsutsana ndi mapulani a malo opangira malasha ndi mafuta, mwina chifukwa chakuti kutumiza ndi kuwotcha mafuta opangira zinthu zakale kumawopseza kusodza kwawo. Mu Nyanja Yaikulu, Bad River Ojibwe akutsogolera nkhondo yoletsa migodi ya zitsulo, pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wam'mbuyomu wotsutsana ndi migodi wa Ojibwe ndi asodzi oyera. Ku Maritimes, Mi'kmaq ndi Maliseet akukumana ndi kuphulika kwa gasi wa shale, ophatikizidwa ndi oyandikana nawo omwe si Amwenye.
Gulu la Idle No More mofananamo limagwirizanitsa ulamuliro wa Mitundu Yoyamba ndi chitetezo cha Dziko Lapansi kwa anthu onse—Mbadwa ndi Osakhala Mbadwa mofanana. Woyambitsa nawo bungwe la Idle No More Sylvia McAdam anati, “Ulamuliro wa eni eni ndi kuteteza nthaka, madzi, nyama, ndi chilengedwe chonse chomwe timakhala.” Gyasi Ross akuwona kuti Idle No More "ndi za kuteteza Dziko Lapansi kwa anthu onse ku mzimu wodyera nyama komanso wachikapitalist womwe umafuna kudyera masuku pamutu ndikuchotsa chuma chilichonse chomaliza padziko lapansi…. Sichinthu cha mbadwa kapena choyera, ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko. Ndi chinthu cha 'kuteteza Dziko Lapansi'.
Mkangano wozungulira Idle No More ukukambirana momwe gululo lingafikire anthu omwe si Amwenye. Mumgwirizano uliwonse, funso lomwelo nthawi zonse limakhalapo pa mphambano ya mgwirizano ndi kudziyimira pawokha. Kodi anthu otchedwa "ochepa" mumgwirizanowu akhazikitse pambali nkhani zawo zapadera kuti apange milatho ku "ambiri" pazovuta zomwe zimafanana, monga kuteteza dziko lapansi? Mwachitsanzo, kodi atsogoleri a mbadwa sayenera kunena mwamphamvu za ufulu wa pangano ndi ulamuliro wa mafuko kuti apeŵe kupatutsa amene angakhale ogwirizana nawo pakati pa azungu anansi awo? Nzeru zodziwika bwino zimati tonsefe tiyenera "kuyanjana" kuti tichite zabwino, ndikuti anthu osiyanasiyana amangolankhula za "zofanana" zomwe zimawagwirizanitsa, osati "zosiyana" zomwe zimawalekanitsa.
M’zochita zanga zonse zosonkhezera maganizo ndi maphunziro anga a maphunziro, nthaŵi zambiri ndalimbana ndi funsoli, ndipo ndimalankhula ndi Amwenye ndi anthu ambiri omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi akatswiri amaphunziro amene nawonso amachita nalo. Kutengera ndi nkhani zawo ndi zomwe adakumana nazo, ndatsimikiza kuti nzeru wamba ndizongopeka. Kugogomezera mgwirizano pa kusiyanasiyana kungakhale kovulaza kumanga mayanjano ozama, okhalitsa pakati pa Amwenye ndi omwe si Amwenye. Mbiri yakale imasonyeza zosiyana kukhala zoona: pamene anthu amtundu wamba amalimbikira kulimbikitsa dziko lawo, migwirizano yawo imalimba ndi anansi omwe si Amwenye.
Mgwirizano Wosatheka
Kuyambira m’ma 1970, migwirizano yokayikitsa yalowa m’midzi ya Amwenye ndi anansi awo oyera akumidzi (omwe ena a iwo anali adani awo oipitsitsa) kuti ateteze madera awo wamba ndi madzi. Kulumikizana kwapadera kumeneku kwakumana ndi migodi, madamu, kudula mitengo, zingwe zamagetsi, zinyalala za nyukiliya, ntchito zankhondo, ndi ziwopsezo zina. Maphunziro anga akulu adakhala ngati womenyera ufulu m'magwirizano osayembekezereka ku South Dakota ndi Wisconsin. Monga wophunzira wa geography grad ndinawaphunzira pambuyo pake m'maboma ena (monga Montana, Nevada, Oregon, ndi Washington) komwe adatenga njira zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mikangano yamapangano kupita ku mgwirizano wa chilengedwe, ndipo adachita bwino mosiyanasiyana.
* Ku South Dakota chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1970, anthu a m’madera a Lakota ndi oŵeta ziweto azungu kaŵirikaŵiri ankasemphana maganizo pankhani ya ufulu wa madzi ndi zonena za fuko ku malo opatulika a Black Hills. Komabe ngakhale panali mikangano yoopsa ya Amwenye ndi azungu, magulu awiriwa adakumana motsutsana ndi migodi ya malasha ndi uranium, zomwe zingawononge madzi apansi panthaka. Omenyera ufulu Wachibadwidwe komanso owoneka ngati osamala adapanga bungwe la Black Hills Alliance (komwe ndidayamba kuchita zolimbikitsa zaka 35 zapitazo) kuti aletse mapulani amigodi, ndipo pambuyo pake adapanga Cowboy and Indian Alliance (kapena CIA), yomwe idagwira ntchito yoletsa kuphulitsa bomba. osiyanasiyana, masitima apamtunda a malasha, ndi mapaipi amafuta.
* Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ya m’ma 1960 ndi m’ma 70, mkangano wa ufulu wa usodzi unagaŵanitsa Washington State. Makhoti a boma anazindikira ufulu wa mgwirizano mu 1974, ndipo pofika m’ma 1980 mafukowo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano monga chida chalamulo chotetezera ndi kubwezeretsa malo okhala nsomba. Chotsatira chake chinali "kuwongolera limodzi" kwa Boma-Tribal, pozindikira kuti mafuko ali ndi mpando pagome pankhani zazachilengedwe kunja kwa zosungika. Mwachitsanzo, Nisqually Tribe, masiku ano imadziwika m'madzi ake ngati gawo lotsogolera popanga mapulani owongolera malo okhala nsomba za eni eni ake, komanso mabungwe aboma ndi feduro. Madzi akuchiritsa chifukwa Fuko likuyamba kuwononga malo ake odziwika bwino.
* Mkangano winanso wa pangano unayambika kumpoto kwa Wisconsin kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, pamene makamu a azungu a maseŵero anasonkhana kuti atsutse ufulu wa pangano la Ojibwe wogwiritsa ntchito mikondo nsomba. Ngakhale pamene chizunzo cha tsankho ndi chiwawa chinkawonjezereka, mafuko adawonetsa ulamuliro wawo ngati zopinga zalamulo ku mapulani a migodi, ndipo adapanga mgwirizano monga Midwest Treaty Network. M’malo moti apitirize kukangana ndi nsombazo, magulu ena a asodzi achizungu anayamba kugwirizana ndi mafuko kuti atetezere nsombazo, ndipo anapambana polimbana ndi makampani akuluakulu a migodi padziko lapansi. Titawona nkhondo ya usodzi, kuona kugonjetsedwa kwa mgodi wa Crandon mu 2003 kunatipatsa chiyembekezo chenicheni.
Pazochitika zonsezi, Amwenye ndi anansi awo oyera akumidzi adapeza chifukwa chodziwika bwino chotetezera malo awo, ndipo mosayembekezereka adasonkhana kuti ateteze chilengedwe chawo ndi chuma chawo ku chiwopsezo chakunja, ndi mdani wamba. Iwo ankadziwa kuti akapitiriza kulimbana ndi chuma, sipangakhalenso wina woti angolimbana nawo. Azungu ena akumidzi anayamba kuona mapangano ndi ulamuliro wa Amwenye kukhala zotetezera bwino zomwe zimafanana kusiyana ndi maboma awo. Tsankho laufuko lidakalipobe m’madera amenewa, koma magulu osankhana mafuko olinganizidwa ndi ofooka chifukwa ataya otsatira awo ambiri chifukwa cha migwirizano imeneyi.
Mgwirizano ukukula kuchokera ku mikangano
Zingakhale zomveka kuti mgwirizano waukulu kwambiri udzakhalapo m'madera omwe ali ndi mikangano yochepa kwambiri. Komabe chodabwitsa chobwerezabwereza ndichoti Mgwirizano unayambika mosavuta m’madera amene mafuko anaumirira mwamphamvu ufulu wawo, ndipo kusagwirizana kwa azungu kunali kokulirapo kwambiri. Zonena za mgwirizano m'kanthawi kochepa zinayambitsa mikangano, koma m'kupita kwanthawi adaphunzitsa azungu za chikhalidwe cha mafuko ndi mphamvu zamalamulo, ndikulimbikitsa kudzipereka kwa madera onsewa kuti apindule nazo. "Lingaliro la malo" lodziwika bwino linapitilira kuopseza komweko, ndikutanthauziranso lingaliro lawo la "kunyumba" kuphatikiza anansi awo. Monga mkulu wa Mole Lake Ojibwe, Frances Van Zile, anati, “Kuno ndi kwathu; pamene kuli nyumba yanu mumayesa kuisamalira bwino monga momwe mungathere, kuphatikizapo anthu onse okhalamo.”
Mgwirizanowu umatsutsa lingaliro lakuti "particularism" (monga Native identity) nthawi zonse imatsutsana ndi "universalism" (monga kuteteza chilengedwe). Kunena za mphamvu zandale za mbadwa zimatero osati kufooketsa lingaliro la kugwirizana ndi anthu omwe si Amwenye kuti ateteze malo, ndipo akhoza kulilimbitsa. Nkhani za migwirizano imeneyi zikhoza kusonyeza njira zolumikizitsira mfundo za kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza kufanana komwe kulipo pakati pawo. (Mwinamwake ndikukopeka ndi chiyembekezochi chifukwa cha chikhalidwe changa cha ku Hungary, ndi bambo wachiyuda yemwe banja lawo linathetsedwa ndi kuphedwa kwa mafuko, ndi amayi a Chikatolika omwe banja lawo linkayamikira chikhalidwe chake, ndikuyesera kuyenda pakati pa mantha ndi chikondwerero cha fuko. kunyada.)
Mgwirizano wozikidwa pa kufanana kwa "universalist" nthawi zambiri umalephera popanda kulemekeza kusiyana kwa "chapadera". Lingaliro la "chifukwa chiyani tonsefe sitingagwirizane" (monga "United We Stand") nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupondereza mawu oponderezedwa, kuwafunsa kuti aike pambali zofuna zawo. Kugogomezera kwambiri mgwirizano kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti mgwirizano ukhale wovuta kwambiri, popeza akuluakulu a boma angayese kuwagawaniza mwa kukwaniritsa zofuna za azungu (omwe ali ndi mwayi wochepa). Mgwirizano wochepa (monga motsutsana ndi maulendo otsika ankhondo ankhondo) adasokonekera chifukwa "ogwirizana" oyera adalengeza chigonjetso ndipo adapita kwawo, ndipo sanapitirize kumenya nkhondo kuti apambane zofuna za anansi awo. “Umodzi” siwokwanira pamene uli umodzi wa mabwenzi osalingana; Utsogoleri wa mbadwa uyenera kukhala nawo nthawi zonse popanga zisankho.
Koma mayanjano opambana amatha kupitilira "magwirizano akanthawi" kuti apange kulumikizana kosatha. Ku Washington State, mgwirizano wa mafuko / osakhala amitundu kuti abwezeretse malo okhala nsomba za salimoni amapereka template ya mgwirizano poyankha kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, a Tulalip Tribes akugwirizana ndi alimi a mkaka kuti ateteze zinyalala za ng'ombe kuchokera ku mitsinje ya saumoni ya Snohomish, posintha kukhala mphamvu ya biogas. Alimi omwe adamenyana ndi mafuko tsopano amapindula ndi machitidwe okhazikika a mafuko. Anthology yomwe tasintha posachedwa ku The Evergreen State College, Kutsimikizira Kukhazikika Kwa Native, ikufotokoza zina mwa nkhanizi za mgwirizano wa m'deralo ndi chigawo kuti ukhale wolimba.
Osachitanso ndi "Kugwira Ntchito"
Ndi kukwera kwa mayendedwe a Idle No More ndi Occupy, tili ndi mwayi wosaneneka wakukulitsa mgwirizanowu kupitilira magawo am'deralo ndi madera, kumayiko ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Kaya Occupy kapena Idle No More amakopabe unyinji wa anthu zili pafupi ndi mfundoyo, chifukwa onsewo ali ndi malingaliro amphamvu omwe sanakambidwenso kwambiri zaka zitatu zapitazo. Gulu la Occupy (ngakhale dzina lake losayenera mwatsoka) limakayikira kuchuluka kwa chuma pansi pa capitalism, dongosolo lazachuma lomwe lalandanso ndi kudyera masuku pamutu maiko Amwenye. Ngakhale kuti misasa ya zionetsero ingapo (monga ku Albuquerque), inasintha dzina lawo kukhala “(un) Occupy” kuti afotokoze mfundoyi, misasa ina sinkangowonjezera kukambirana kupitirira kusiyana kwa magulu.
Idle No More imachita ndi mbali ya ndalama: momwe mungapangire kumvetsetsa kwautsamunda koyenera kwa ambiri omwe akuvutika kuti azikhala tsiku ndi tsiku pansi pa capitalism. Leanne Simpson amawona Idle No More ngati "mwayi wokhudza chilengedwe, magulu achilungamo, komanso anthu ambiri aku Canada kuti aime nafe…. Tili ndi malingaliro ambiri okhudza momwe tingakhalire mofatsa mkati mwa gawo lathu momwe tili ndi maulamuliro osiyana ndi mayiko olekanitsa koma kudera logawana. Ndikuganiza kuti pali udindo kwa anthu wamba komanso anthu ambiri kuti apeze njira zokhalira moyo wokhazikika komanso kudzipatula ku malingaliro ongotengera zinthu.
Ngakhale gulu la Occupy lidakayikira kugawidwa kosagwirizana kwa chuma ku Western capitalism, Idle No More imayang'anizana ndi kulanda nthaka ndikuchotsa zinthu zomwe zili maziko a chumacho. Poganizira kugawa zinthu moyenera, ganizirani za kumene zinthuzo zimachokera poyamba-monga zofunkha za ufumuwo. Mauthenga a Idle No More omwe akuwoneka ngati "chapadera" amapititsa patsogolo zolinga zapadziko lonse lapansi za gulu la anti-capitalist padziko lonse lapansi. Zothetsera zathu siziyenera kukhala ndi anthu ogwirizana omwe akupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito Dziko Lapansi, kapena anthu okhazikika omwe akupitirizabe kudyera anthu masuku pamutu-dziko lapansi likusowa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu komanso kukhazikika kwachilengedwe. Ndipo mayendedwe onsewa ali ndi mizu yofanana ya mbiri yakale, chifukwa kachitidwe ka kalasi ndi zokolola zazikulu zachilengedwe zonse zidachokera ku Europe pafupifupi nthawi imodzi.
Colonising Europe
Kuwona kuthetsedwa kwa maiko a Native ndiko kuwona kusintha pang'ono munjira yautsamunda yaku Europe yomwe idayamba zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo, mkati mwa Europe momwe. M'maphunziro ake apamwamba Imfa ya Chilengedwe: Akazi, Ecology, ndi Kusintha kwa Sayansi, Carolyn Merchant akulemba momwe akuluakulu a ku Western Europe adapondereza zotsalira za chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya, monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri cholamulira madera ndi chuma cha anthu a m'midzi mu 17.th zaka zana. Merchant anaona kugwirizana pakati pa kuphedwa kochuluka kwa asing’anga achikazi (omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha zitsamba zakale), kukhetsa madambo, migodi ya zitsulo, kuletsa kusaka, kusodza, ndi kusonkhanitsa ufulu wa anthu a m’midzi pa madera omwe anali nawo limodzi, ndi kugawikana kwa madera omwe ankakhala nawo limodzi. ma Commons kukhala magawo achinsinsi.
"Mpanda wa Commons" uwu unayambitsa zigawenga za anthu wamba komanso zigawenga zamtundu wa Robin Hood. Anthu aku Ireland adakana kukhazikitsidwa kwa atsamunda achingerezi, komwe kunali malo oyesera njira zowongolera zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pake ku Native America, motsutsana ndi mafuko, mayiko ophatikizika, machitidwe azidziwitso, komanso zikhulupiriro zauzimu. Panthawiyi, kukumana ndi anthu a ku Ulaya ndi magulu a anthu omwe ali ofanana kwambiri, kunachititsa akatswiri ena (monga Jean-Jacques Rousseau ndi Lewis Henry Morgan) kuti utsogoleri wa gulu silinali lachilengedwe, ndipo nawonso adakhudza ambiri afilosofi ndi zigawenga. 19th Zaka zana.
Lonjezo la anthu osankhika loti athetse malo omwe abedwa linakhala njira yodzitetezera kuti athetse zipolowe za anthu ogwira ntchito ku Ulaya ndi ku East Coast. Koma ngakhale pachimake cha Nkhondo za ku India, owerengeka ochepa omwe adakhazikika adamvera chisoni ndi kukana kwawo, kapena kutsutsa kuchotsedwa kokakamiza kwa anansi awo. Anthu ena a ku Ulaya ndi ku Afirika amene anakopeka ndi Amwenye awo anali omasuka mpaka anafikira kukhala achibale a Eni. Sitinawerengepo nkhani izi za mgwirizano wa Amwenye / Omwe si Amwenye m'mabuku a mbiri yakale, chifukwa amatsutsa nthano yautsamunda ngati "Manifest Destiny" yosapeŵeka. Koma nthawi zonse panali njira zabwinoko zosatsatiridwa.
Maudindo Osakhala Akwawo
Kupitirizabe kukhalapo kwa mtundu wa Native lero, monga Audra Simpson akunenera, kumatsutsa zonena za atsamunda omwe akukhala m'dzikolo. Mgwirizano wosayembekezeka ungathandize kuthetsa kuvomerezeka kwa nyumba zachitsamunda, ngakhale pakati pa okhazikika okha. Kuyimilira mgwirizano ndi mayiko achikhalidwe sikungothandiza "kuchirikiza ufulu wa Amwenye," koma kugunda pamaziko a chikhalidwe cha anthu akumadzulo, ndikuyamba kumasula Amwenye ndi omwe si Amwenye. Monga Harsha Walia akulembera, "Ndalimbikitsidwa kuganizira za kulumikizana kwa anthu komanso ubale pomanga mgwirizano ndi madera achikhalidwe ... kusowa udindo wina ndi mzake ndi dziko lapansi. "
Posonyeza kuti ali ndi ufulu wochita mgwirizano ndi ulamuliro wawo, mayiko amtundu wawo akupindula osati okha, komanso omwe amagwirizana nawo. Popeza anthu a ku Ulaya ku North America amakhala olekanitsidwa kwambiri ndi nthawi ndi malo kuchokera kwa makolo awo, akuyenera kuyanjana mwaulemu ndi mayiko amtundu wawo kuti athandize kupeza njira yawoyawo yomwe imatanthauza kukhala munthu wokhala pa Dziko Lapansi-popanda kugwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zawo. Si udindo wa anthu omwe si Amwenye kulekanitsa zikhalidwe za Amwenye, koma kuphunzira za ubale wa Amwenye/omwe si Amwenye, ndi malingaliro ndi ndondomeko za azungu. Udindo wa omwe si Amwenye ndiwo kuthandiza kuchotsa zotchinga ndi zolepheretsa ulamuliro wa Mbadwa m'maboma awo ndi madera awo.
Anthu oyandikana nawo omwe si Amwenye angayambe kuyang'ana ku mayiko amtundu wamtunduwu kuti awapatse zitsanzo kuti apangitse madera awo kuti azikhala mwachilungamo, okhazikika pazachilengedwe, komanso kukhala ndi chiyembekezo. Monga wokonza bungwe la Red Cliff Ojibwe, Walt Bresette, adauzapo anthu omwe si Amwenye a Wisconsin omwe akumenyana ndi mgodi, "Nonse mungathe kukonda dziko lino monga momwe timakondera."
Zoltan Grossman, Pulofesa wa Geography ndi Native Studies ku Evergreen State College ku Olympia, Washington.http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz). Ndiwothandizira anthu kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo anali woyambitsa nawo Midwest Treaty Network ku Wisconsin. Dissertation yake idafufuza Mgwirizano Wosayembekezereka: Mikangano ya Pangano ndi Mgwirizano wa Zachilengedwe Pakati pa Anthu Akumidzi ndi Azungu (University of Wisconsin Department of Geography, 2002). Iye ndi co-editor (ndi Alan Parker) wa Kupereka Chithandizo Cha Native: Mayiko Osiyanasiyana a Pacific Akukumana ndi Mavuto Akunyengo (Oregon State University Press, 2012).
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