Zida zachinsinsi za Pakistani kugulitsa ku US kunathandizira kuthandizira kusamvana kwa International Monetary Fund koyambirira kwa chaka chino, malinga ndi magwero awiri odziwa za dongosololi, ndi chitsimikiziro cha zikalata za boma la Pakistani ndi America. Kugulitsa zidazo kudapangidwa ndi cholinga chopereka asitikali aku Ukraine - kuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwa Pakistani pankhondo yomwe US idakumana nayo kuti itenge mbali.
Vumbulutso ndi zenera la mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa zochitika pakati pa akuluakulu azachuma ndi ndale omwe samawoneka kawirikawiri kwa anthu, monga momwe anthu amalipira mtengo. Kusintha kovutirapo kwa mfundo zomwe bungwe la IMF linafuna kuti lipereke ndalama zomwe zatulutsidwa posachedwa zayambitsa ziwonetsero zomwe zikuchitika mdzikolo. Kunyanyala kwakukulu kwachitika zinachitika ku Pakistan m'masabata aposachedwa poyankha zomwe zachitika.
Zionetserozi ndi mutu waposachedwa kwambiri pavuto la ndale lomwe latha chaka ndi theka lomwe likuchitika mdziko muno. Mu Epulo 2022, asitikali aku Pakistani, molimbikitsidwa ndi US, adathandizira kukonza voti yopanda chidaliro kuti achotse Prime Minister Imran Khan. Asanachotsedwe, akazembe a Dipatimenti Yaboma adawonetsa mwachinsinsi kukwiya kwawo kwa anzawo aku Pakistani pazomwe adatcha kuti Pakistan "salowerera ndale" pankhondo yaku Ukraine yomwe idalamulidwa ndi Khan. Iwo adachenjeza za zotsatira zoyipa ngati Khan atakhalabe mu mphamvu ndipo analonjeza kuti “zonse zidzakhululukidwa” ngati atachotsedwa.
"Demokalase ya Pakistani pamapeto pake ikhoza kukhala yovulaza ku Ukraine."
Chiyambireni kuchotsedwa kwa Khan, Pakistan yakhala ngati wothandizira wothandiza wa US ndi ogwirizana nawo pankhondo, thandizo lomwe tsopano labwezedwa ndi ngongole ya IMF. Ngongole yadzidzidzi idalola boma latsopano la Pakistani anathetsa mavuto azachuma omwe anali pafupi ndikuyimitsa zisankho kosatha - nthawi yomwe idakhazikitsa dziko lonse kusokonezeka on gulu la anthu ndi kundende Khan.
"Demokalase ya Pakistani pamapeto pake ikhoza kuvulaza dziko la Ukraine," Arif Rafiq, wophunzira ku Middle East Institute komanso katswiri ku Pakistan, adauza The Intercept.
Pakistan imadziwika ngati malo opangira zida zankhondo zofunika pakumenya nkhondo. Monga Ukraine adalimbana nazo kusowa kwanthawi yayitali za zida zankhondo ndi zida, kupezeka kwa zipolopolo zopangidwa ndi Pakistani ndi malamulo ena a asitikali aku Ukraine adawonekera m'mawu omveka bwino okhudza nkhondoyi, ngakhale US kapena Pakistanis sanavomereze dongosololi.
Zolemba zofotokoza za zida zankhondo zidatsitsidwa ku The Intercept kumayambiriro chaka chino ndi gwero mkati mwa asitikali aku Pakistani. Zolembazi zikufotokoza za kugulitsa zida zankhondo zomwe zidagwirizana pakati pa US ndi Pakistan kuyambira chilimwe cha 2022 mpaka kumapeto kwa 2023. Zina mwazolembazo zidatsimikiziridwa pofananiza siginecha ya mkulu wankhondo waku America ndi siginecha yake pamarekodi anyumba omwe amapezeka poyera ku United States. ; pofananiza zikalata zaku Pakistani ndi zikalata zaku America zofananira; ndikuwunikanso kupezeka kwa anthu koma ku Pakistani komwe kunalibe malipoti zizindikiro zogulitsa zida ku US zotumizidwa ndi State Bank of Pakistan.
Mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo udathetsedwa, malinga ndi zikalata, ndi Global Military Products, kampani ya Global Ordnance, wogulitsa zida zankhondo yemwe amakangana ndi anthu odziwika bwino ku Ukraine anali nkhani ya nkhani yaposachedwa ya New York Times.
Zolemba zofotokoza njira zandalama ndi zokambirana ndi akuluakulu aku US zikuphatikiza mapangano aku America ndi Pakistani, ziphaso, ndi zikalata zofunsira zokhudzana ndi mapangano omwe adapangidwa ndi US kuti agule zida zankhondo zaku Pakistani ku Ukraine.
Likulu lazachuma komanso chidwi cha ndale kuchokera ku malonda a zida zidathandizira kwambiri kuti atetezedwe ku IMF, pomwe dipatimenti ya Boma idavomereza kuti IMF ikhale ndi chidaliro pazankhondo zomwe sizinatchulidwe, malinga ndi zomwe akudziwa za dongosololi, ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi chikalata chogwirizana.
Kuti apambane ngongoleyo, Pakistan idauzidwa ndi IMF kuti ikwaniritse zolinga zandalama ndi kubweza ndalama zokhudzana ndi ngongole ndi ndalama zakunja - zomwe dzikolo likuvutikira kukwaniritsa. Kugulitsa zida kunabwera kudzapulumutsa, ndi ndalama zomwe adapeza kuchokera ku malonda a zida zankhondo ku Ukraine zikupita kutali kuti atseke kusiyana.
Kupeza ngongoleyi kunachepetsa mavuto azachuma, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti boma la asitikali lichedwetse zisankho - zomwe zitha kuchitika pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa Khan - ndikukulitsa chipwirikiti cholimbana ndi otsatira a Khan ndi ena otsutsa. US idakhala chete ponena za kuchuluka kwa kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe komwe kumapangitsa tsogolo la demokalase yaku Pakistan kukhala yokayikira.
"Cholinga ndichakuti tiyenera kupulumutsa Ukraine, tiyenera kupulumutsa malire a demokalase kum'mawa kwa Europe," adatero Rafiq. “Kenako dziko labulauni la Asia liyenera kulipira mtengo wake. Kotero iwo akhoza kukhala olamulira mwankhanza, anthu awo akhoza kukanidwa ufulu umene wina aliyense wotchuka m'dziko lino akunena kuti tiyenera kuthandizira Ukraine - kuthekera kosankha atsogoleri athu, kukhala ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, ulamuliro wa malamulo, zonsezi. zinthu zimene zingasiyanitse maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi kugwirizanitsa ma demokalase ndi Russia.”
Mabomba a Bailouts
Pa Meyi 23, 2023, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa The Intercept, kazembe waku Pakistani ku US Masood Khan adakhala pansi ndi Secretary Secretary of State a Donald Lu ku State Department ku Washington, DC, pamsonkhano wokhudza momwe kugulitsa zida za Pakistani ku Ukraine kungapitirire. malo ake azachuma pamaso pa IMF. Cholinga cha kukhala pansi, chomwe chidachitika Lachiwiri, chinali kufotokozera tsatanetsatane wa dongosololi msonkhano womwe ukubwera ku Islamabad Lachisanu lotsatira pakati pa kazembe wa US ku Pakistan a Donald Blome komanso nduna ya zachuma Ishaq Dar.
Lu adauza Khan pamsonkhano wa Meyi 23 kuti US idalipira ndalama zopangira zida zankhondo zaku Pakistani ndipo iuza IMF mwachinsinsi za pulogalamuyi. Lu adavomereza kuti aku Pakistani amakhulupirira kuti zopereka za zida zankhondo ndizokwana $ 900 miliyoni, zomwe zingathandize kubisala kusiyana komwe kulipo pazandalama zomwe IMF imafunikira, zomwe zidakhazikika pafupifupi $ 2 biliyoni. Ndi chiwerengero chotani chomwe US chikadabweza ku IMF sichiyenera kukambidwa, adauza Khan.
Pamsonkhano wa Lachisanu, Dar adabweretsa funso la IMF ndi Blome, malinga ndi a lipoti mu Pakistan Today, yomwe idati "msonkhanowu udawonetsa kufunika kothana ndi mgwirizano wa IMF womwe udayimitsidwa ndikupeza njira zothetsera mavuto azachuma ku Pakistan."
Mneneri ku ofesi ya kazembe wa Pakistani ku Washington anakana kuyankhapo, akuyankha mafunso ku Dipatimenti Yaboma. Mneneri wa dipatimenti ya boma adakana kuti US idachitapo kanthu pothandizira kupeza ngongoleyo. "Zokambirana pakuwunika kwa IMF zinali zokambirana pakati pa Pakistan ndi akuluakulu a IMF," adatero. "United States sinali nawo pazokambiranazi, ngakhale tikupitilizabe kulimbikitsa Pakistan kuti izichita bwino ndi IMF pakukonzekera kusintha."
Mneneri wa IMF adakana kuti bungweli lidakakamizidwa koma sananenepo kanthu ngati adatsimikiza za pulogalamu ya zida. "Tikukana m'mbali zonena kuti panali kukakamizidwa kwa IMF mwanjira ina kapena yina pokambirana za chithandizo ku Pakistan," atero mneneri wa IMF, Randa Elnagar. (Global Ordnance, kampani yomwe idakhudzidwa ndi zida zankhondo, sinayankhe pempho loti ayankhe.)
"Kumvetsetsa kwanga, kutengera zokambilana ndi anthu aboma, ndikuti tidathandizira ngongole ya IMF chifukwa chazovuta zachuma ku Pakistan."
Kukana kwa Dipatimenti ya Boma kunatsutsidwa ndi Senila wa Democratic wa Maryland Chris Van Hollen, yemwe amatsogolera ku Washington pazochitika zakunja. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi uno, Van Hollen adanena gulu la atolankhani aku Pakistani, "United States yathandizira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti IMF ikubwera ndi chithandizo chake chadzidzidzi." Van Hollen, yemwe makolo ake onse anali ku Pakistan ngati akuluakulu a Dipatimenti ya Boma, anabadwira ku Karachi ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi amene amawonera kwambiri Pakistan ku Congress.
Poyankhulana ndi The Intercept ku Capitol Lachiwiri, Van Hollen adati chidziwitso chake cha gawo la US pakuwongolera ngongole ya IMF idachokera mwachindunji kwa oyang'anira Biden. "Kumvetsetsa kwanga, kutengera zokambirana ndi anthu omwe akuwongolera, ndikuti tidathandizira ngongole ya IMF chifukwa chazovuta zachuma ku Pakistan," adatero.
Mgwirizano wa IMF wa Ola la khumi ndi chimodzi
Kukambitsirana kokhudza ngongoleyi kudabwera mwezi umodzi kuti tsiku lomaliza la Juni 30 liwunikenso zomwe IMF idakonza zolipira mabiliyoni mabiliyoni, gawo la mgwirizano wa $ 6 biliyoni womwe udapangidwa mu 2019. ndipo patatsala milungu ingapo kuti tsiku lomaliza lifike, akuluakulu aku Pakistani adakana poyera kuti adakumana ndi zovuta zopezera ngongole yatsopanoyi.
Kumayambiriro kwa 2023, Dar, nduna ya zachuma, adanena kuti chitsimikizo chandalama zakunja - mwa kuyankhula kwina, kudzipereka kwachuma kuchokera kumadera ngati China, Gulf States, kapena US - sizinali zomwe IMF imaumiriza Pakistan kukumana nazo. Mu Marichi 2023, nthumwi ya IMF yoyang'anira Pakistan idatsutsa poyera kuwunika kwa Dar. Esther Perez Ruiz wa IMF adati imelo ku Reuters kuti onse obwereka akuyenera kuwonetsa kuti atha kubweza ndalama. "Pakistan ndi chimodzimodzi," adatero Perez.
Mawu a IMF adatumiza akuluakulu aku Pakistani kufunafuna yankho. Ndalama zomwe zimafunikira, malinga ndi malipoti a anthu ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi magwero odziwa za dongosololi, zidakhazikitsidwa pa $ 6 biliyoni. Kuti akwaniritse cholingacho, boma la Pakistani lidati lapeza ndalama zokwana madola 4 biliyoni kuchokera kumayiko a Gulf. Mgwirizano wa zida zachinsinsi ku Ukraine ungalole Pakistan kuwonjezera pafupifupi madola mabiliyoni ena pamasamba ake - ngati US ingalole IMF kulowa mwachinsinsi.
"Zinali zovuta chifukwa cha $ 2 biliyoni yotsala," adatero Rafiq, katswiri wa Middle East Institute. “Chotero ngati chiŵerengerocho chiri cholondola, ndalama zokwana madola 900 miliyoni, ndi pafupifupi theka la zimenezo. Izi ndizabwino kwambiri potengera kusiyana komwe kumayenera kutsekedwa. ”
Pa Juni 29, kutatsala tsiku limodzi kuti pulogalamu yoyambirira ithe, IMF idalengeza modzidzimutsa kuti m'malo mokulitsa ngongole zingapo zam'mbuyomu ndikutulutsa gawo lotsatira la $ 1.1 biliyoni, banki ikhoza kulowa mgwirizano - "wotchedwa Stand-By Arrangement" - wokhala ndi zingwe zocheperapo, mawu abwino kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wake ndi $ 3 biliyoni.
“Zikadapanda kutero, m’dziko muno mukanakhala mavuto aakulu azachuma. Chifukwa chake inali nthawi yopumira. ”
Mgwirizanowu unaphatikizapo zikhalidwe zoti ndalamazo ziloledwe kuyandama momasuka komanso thandizo lamagetsi lidzachotsedwa. Mgwirizanowu udamalizidwa mu Julayi pambuyo poti Nyumba yamalamulo idavomereza zikhalidwezo, kuphatikiza pafupifupi 50 peresenti yowonjezera mtengo wamagetsi.
Uzair Younus, mkulu wa Pakistan Initiative ku Atlantic Council ku South Asia Center, adati mgwirizano wa IMF ndi wofunikira kwambiri kuti Pakistan ipulumuke pakanthawi kochepa. "Zikadapanda kutero, m'dziko muno mukanakhala mavuto azachuma," adatero Younus. "Choncho inali nthawi yodzipangira kapena yopuma."
Funso la momwe Pakistan idagonjetsera zopinga zake pazachuma, lakhala losadziwika ngakhale kwa omwe akutsatira izi mwaukadaulo. IMF ikupereka zowerengera zapagulu pazowunikira zake, Rafiq adati, koma kuchita izi ngati ndalamazo zikukhudzana ndi ntchito zachinsinsi zankhondo zimabweretsa zovuta zachilendo. "Pakistan ndiyodabwitsa, m'njira zambiri," adatero, "koma sindikudziwa momwe gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi, lobisika, lachinsinsi lingawerengere zomwe amawerengera, chifukwa chilichonse chikuyenera kukhala chotseguka ndi mabuku ndi zonse. ”
Imran Khan, Ukraine, ndi Tsogolo la Pakistan
Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo ya ku Ukraine, dziko la Pakistan linali losiyana kwambiri pazandale komanso pazachuma. Mkanganowu utayamba, Khan, panthawiyo anali nduna yayikulu, anali paulendo wopita ku Moscow kukakumana ndi Purezidenti wa Russia Vladimir Putin. Ulendowu unakwiyitsa akuluakulu a ku America.
Monga The Intercept mbiri yakale, Lu, mkulu wa dipatimenti ya State Department, adanena pamsonkhano ndi kazembe wa Pakistan panthawiyo, Asad Majeed Khan, patadutsa milungu iwiri chiwonongekocho, kuti chinali chikhulupiriro cha US kuti Pakistan idatenga mbali pazandale motsatira malangizo a Khan, ndikuwonjezera kuti "onse. angakhululukidwe” ngati Khan atachotsedwa mu voti yopanda chidaliro. Chiyambireni kuchotsedwa, Pakistan yatenga mwamphamvu mbali ya US ndi Ukraine pankhondo.
US, pakadali pano, ikupitiliza kukana kuti idayika zala zake pakukula kwa demokalase ya Pakistani - ku Ukraine kapena chifukwa china chilichonse. Pamalo osajambulidwa, holo yamatawuni yomwe ili ndi mamembala aku Pakistani diaspora kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, wachiwiri kwa Lu, Elizabeth Horst, adayankha mafunso okhudza malipoti a The Intercept pa msonkhano wa Lu ndi kazembe waku Pakistani.
"Ndikufuna kutenga kamphindi kuti ndithane ndi zomwe United States imachita pa ndale za Pakistani," Horst adatero pamwamba pa kuyimba, mawu omwe adaperekedwa ku The Intercept ndi omwe adapezekapo. "Sitilola kuti nkhani zabodza, zabodza komanso zabodza zisokoneze ubale uliwonse wamayiko awiri, kuphatikiza ubale wathu wamtengo wapatali ndi Pakistan. United States ilibe udindo pa wandale kapena chipani chimodzi motsutsana ndi china. Zonena zilizonse zotsutsana ndi izi, kuphatikiza malipoti onena za cypher ndi zabodza, ndipo akuluakulu aku Pakistani nawonso avomereza kuti izi sizowona.
Akuluakulu aku Pakistani, kuphatikiza Prime Minister wakale wa Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif, atero zatsimikiziridwa kutsimikizika kwa chingwe, chodziwika mkati ngati cypher, lofalitsidwa ndi The Intercept.
Van Hollen, m'mawu ake atolankhani ndi atolankhani aku Pakistani, adatenganso chimodzimodzi ndi dipatimenti ya boma, ponena kuti adatsimikiziridwa ndi oyang'anira kuti US sinalowerere ndale za Pakistani. M'mafunso ake ndi The Intercept, adalongosola bwino kuti akutanthauza kuti US siinapange kuchotsedwa kwa Khan. "Sindikutsutsa kulondola kwa chingwe," adatero Van Hollen. "Tawonani, sindikudziwa komwe oyang'anira ali pamalingaliro awo pazotsatira zomaliza, koma sindinawerenge [chingwe] chimenecho kutanthauza kuti United States idapanga kumuchotsa."
Atakonza zoti Khan achotsedwe pa udindo, asilikali anayamba ntchito yothetsa chipani chake pogwiritsa ntchito kuphana komanso kumanga anthu ambiri. Khan mwiniyo pano ali m'ndende milandu yakusagwira bwino chikalata chachinsinsi ndipo akukumana ndi milandu ina 150 - zonenedweratu zomwe anthu ambiri amaziona ngati zifukwa zomulepheretsa kupikisana nawo pazisankho zamtsogolo.
Horst, ku holo ya tawuniyi, adakakamizidwanso kuti chifukwa chiyani US yakhala chete poyankha chipwirikiticho. Anati US idalankhula m'malo mwa demokalase. "Tawonani, ndikudziwa kuti ambiri a inu mukumva mwamphamvu ndipo mukuda nkhawa ndi momwe zinthu zilili ku Pakistan. Ndamva kwa inu. Ndikhulupirireni ndikanena kuti ndikukuwonani, ndikumva kuchokera kwa inu. Ndipo ndikufuna kuyankha, "adatero. "Tikupitilizabe kuyankhula pagulu komanso mwachinsinsi za demokalase ya Pakistan."
Ngakhale kuti dziko la Pakistan lasiya kukhudzidwa ndi mfundo zotsogola zotsogozedwa ndi IMF komanso kusokonekera kwa ndale komwe Khan adachotsedwa, atsogoleri ake ankhondo atsopano alonjeza kuti thandizo lazachuma lakunja lipulumutsa dzikolo. Malinga ndi malipoti m'buku la Pakistani Dawn, mkulu wa asilikali Gen. Asim Munir posachedwapa watchulidwa kusonkhana kwa amalonda aku Pakistani omwe dzikolo lingayembekezere ndalama zokwana $100 biliyoni kuchokera ku Saudi Arabia ndi mayiko ena a Gulf, kuwonetsa kuti sipadzakhalanso zodandaula ku IMF.
Pali umboni wochepa, komabe, kuti mayiko a Gulf akulolera kupulumutsa Pakistan. Kalonga wa Saudi Crown Mohammed bin Salman, kapena MBS, posachedwapa adalengeza zandalama zazikulu ndi mgwirizano wazachuma ndi India paulendo kumeneko ku msonkhano wa G20. Ngakhale malipoti atolankhani aku Pakistani kusonyeza chiyembekezo kuti MBS idzalipira Pakistan ulendo, palibe chomwe chidachitika, osasiyapo zilengezo zazikulu zazachuma zatsopano.
Kusapezeka kwa thandizo lina lakunja kudasiya boma lankhondo laku Pakistan lomwe lidakhala likudalira IMF, US, komanso kupanga zida zankhondo ku Ukraine kuti zithandizire pamavuto omwe akuwonetsa kuti palibe yankho.
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