Fkapena ambiri aku America, Tsiku la Ntchito likuwonetsa kusintha kwa nyengo: chilimwe chatha, mpira watsala pang'ono kuyamba, ndipo ophunzira mamiliyoni ambiri amabwerera kusukulu. Zikondwerero zimakhala ndi mwayi wochotseratu mipando ya patio ndi matiresi.
Osati kuti pali chidwi chandale pa Tsiku la Ntchito Kumanzere, mwina.
Ambiri amachiwonetsa ngati "mphatso" yochokera kwa ndale za capitalist omwe amafuna kuyeretsedwa Zavuta, zomwe zimatha kugwira zigawenga ndikuzimwaza m'njira "zoyenera". Nkhaniyi imatcha Tsiku la Ntchito "tchuthi cha mabwana" chomwe chikuwonetsa kugonja kwa mbiri ya ogwira ntchito.
Izi sizimangosokoneza mbiri ya tsikulo, komanso zimatikakamiza kuti tisankhe holide imodzi kuposa inzake, ngati kuti panalibe malo okwanira pa kalendala kwa masiku awiri omwe amakondwerera antchito.
Mosakayikira Tsiku la May ndi lathu: likuyimira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi mgwirizano. Koma Tsiku la Ntchito lilinso ndi mizu mu miyambo yathu yayikulu. Nkhondo zankhondo za m'ma 1880 zidapanga maholide onse awiri, ndipo ochirikiza Tsiku la Labor nawonso adamenyera nkhondo. tsiku la maora asanu ndi atatu.
Komabe, pamene gulu la ogwira ntchito lidayamba kusinthika - kugawanika m'magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu komanso zikhalidwe zandale - tchuthicho chinali ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana. Tsiku la Ogwira Ntchito tsopano likuyimira kugwidwa kwa ogwira ntchito ndi andale osasamala, pamene May Day adafanana ndi kusintha.
Koma iwo omwe amawona Tsiku la Ntchito ngati sopo kuti "agule" ogwira ntchito amanyalanyaza zotsatira zabwino za tchuthi ndi zovuta za omwe adamenyera nkhondo. Gulu la ogwira ntchito ndi a Socialists ofunikira kwambiri masiku ake oyambirira adapanga Tsiku la Ntchito. Sizinayambe ngati holide ya dziko, koma monga zochita zokha m'misewu.
Ntchito Revolution
Tkumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 adasokonekera chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwachuma komanso mavuto obweranso. Zaka zotsatirazi nkhondo Civil adawona ndalama zambiri kumakampani aku Northern. Kukonzanso kwachuma kunapangitsa kuti mafakitale azipanga komanso kukhala olamulira.
Njira zatsopano zopangira zidasinthiratu ubale pakati pa sitolo. Ogwira ntchito zamisiri nthawi imodzi anali ndi mphamvu zokulirapo ndipo adazunzika chifukwa chodyeredwa masuku pamutu. Makina anali atayamba mwakhama, ndipo ntchito yaluso inali italowedwa m'malo ndi kugaลตira anthu ntchito mosavuta. M'nkhaniyi, ogwira ntchito adakopeka ndi gulu latsopano la demokalase.
Kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri kunalowetsa nthawi zonse mphamvu zogwirira ntchito kuntchito. Othawa kwawowa - mazana a zikwi pachaka - adapanga magulu amitundu, adakhazikitsa mabungwe awo antchito, ndipo adathandizira kusintha mosalekeza chikhalidwe cha ogwira ntchito. Ambiri anabweretsa nawo ndale za chikhalidwe-demokalase; ena anakopeka nacho chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yomvetsa chisoni mโmafakitale ndi mizinda ya ku America.
Mavuto ena adapeza chiyembekezo m'zankhondo zantchito. Kugwa kwa Ntchito yomangidwanso idabweza zambiri zomwe anthu akuda aku America adapeza pazakhalidwe, ndale, ndi zachuma ndikulola mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho kuyambika. Nkhondo yomenyera ufulu wa amayi - yolimbikitsidwa ndi kumasulidwa - idagonjetsedwa kwakanthawi. Zonsezi zinasandulika kukhala kulimbana, ndipo zaka makumi otsiriza a zaka za m'ma 1900 zinayambitsa ziwonetsero, zipolowe, ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu.
Tchuthi cha Maola asanu ndi atatu
Most zithunzi zakale za Tsiku la Ntchito zimayamba liti Grover Cleveland anavomereza holide ya boma mu 1894; chifukwa chake kunena kuti Tsiku la Ntchito lili ndi "mizu yosamala."
Zowona, komabe, Tsiku la Ntchito lidayamba zaka khumi ndi ziwiri m'mbuyomo - ngakhale isanachitike 1886 Haymarket zochitika zomwe zidalimbikitsa May Day - ndi msonkhano waukulu ku New York. Pa Seputembara 5, 1882, Socialists, a Knights of Labor, ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana akumanzere ogwirizana ndi Central Labor Union (CLU) adakonza zoyendera zomwe zimayitanitsa maola ochepa, malipiro apamwamba, malo ogwira ntchito otetezeka - ndi tchuthi cha ogwira ntchito. Chaka chimenecho, New York inali malo azovuta zantchito. Pa Januware 30, antchito masauzande ambiri adafika ku Cooper Union kuti athandizire ochita lendi aku Ireland omwe amatsutsa eni nyumba awo aku Britain.
Odziwika bwino oyambitsa zipolowe adalankhula, koma mayina awiri omwe ali pamndandandawo ndi wamkulu kwambiri: Peter McGuire, mlembi wamkulu wa Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, komanso woyambitsa mnzake wa AFL; ndi Mathew Maguire, membala wa International Association of Machinists komanso mtsogoleri wa CLU. Onse awiri anali a nthambi imodzi Socialist Labor Party (SLP), yomwe idapangidwa mu 1877, monga wolowa m'malo mwa Social Democratic Workingmen's Party.
Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakanganabe amene poyamba ankafuna tchuti cha anthu ogwira ntchito. Koma CLU idasankha komiti yokonza ziwonetserozo, ndipo pa Seputembala 5 ogwira ntchito zikwi khumi adapuma tsiku lopanda malipiro ndikuguba kuchokera ku City Hall kudutsa Union Square kupita ku Forty-Second Street.
Chochitikachi posachedwapa chidzakhala chapachaka, kufalikira ku mizinda ina, zigawo, ndi ma municipalities pamene gulu la tsiku la ogwira ntchito likukulirakulira. Mu 1885 ndi 1886, mizinda yosiyanasiyana yaku America idalengeza Lolemba loyamba mu Seputembala kukhala tchuthi cha ogwira ntchito, ndipo pa February 21, 1887, Oregon idakhala dziko loyamba kuzindikira Tsiku la Ntchito. Massachusetts, Colorado, New York, ndi New Jersey adatsatira pambuyo pake chaka chimenecho.
Omenyera nkhondo omwe adatenga nawo gawo ndikuthandiza kukonza misonkhano yoyambirirayi adamenyeranso tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu. Popanda kulimbana kumeneku, tchuthi chantchito chopereka maola asanu ndi atatu olipidwa chinali chosatheka. M'malo mwake, mawu oti "May Day" - "Maola asanu ndi atatu ogwirira ntchito, maola asanu ndi atatu opumula, ndi maola asanu ndi atatu pazomwe tikufuna" - adawonekera pazikwangwani pachiwonetsero choyamba cha Tsiku la Ntchito mu 1882.
Cleveland's Miscalculation
BKoma sizinali mpaka 1894 pamene Grover Cleveland, wa Democrat wokhazikika, adalengeza kuti Tsiku la Labor ndi tchuthi cha federal. Osati mwangozi, kulengeza kwake kunabwera kumapeto kwa sitiraka ya anthu ambiri.
Mu June chaka chimenecho, ogwira ntchito omwe anamanga magalimoto a sitima ya Pullman adagwirizana nawo Zithunzi za Eugene Debs American Railway Union (ARU). Anakwiya kuti malipiro awo otsika sanagwirizane ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa lendi m'tauni ya kampani yawo. Zotsatira zake, antchito a njanji 125,000 anakana kusamuka masitima apamtunda aliwonse omwe anali ndi galimoto ya Pullman yolumikizidwa nayo.
Cleveland adapempha National Guard kuti igwire njanji koma sanathe kukopa omenyera ufuluwo kuti ayambirenso ntchito. Ananena kuti zikusokoneza ntchito ya positi, Richard Olney, yemwe kale anali loya wamkulu wa boma, anakakamiza makhoti kuti apereke chigamulo choyamba cha boma choletsa kunyanyala ntchito.
Pamene Debs anakana kuyimitsa ntchitoyo, adatsekeredwa m'ndende kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Anthu osachepera makumi atatu aphedwa pomwe boma lidaletsa mwankhanza kunyanyala ntchitoyo. Chiwawachi chinatsutsidwa poyera ndi Central Labor Union ya New York, yomwe inayima mogwirizana ndi ARU.
Patatha masiku asanu ndi limodzi litatha, Cleveland adapanga Tsiku la Ntchito kukhala tchuthi chadziko lonse, akuyembekeza kuti lithetsa mkwiyo wamagulu ndikuchotsa chidwi pa May Day omwe anali achiwawa kwambiri. Koma pulezidenti analinso ndi nkhawa zina. Unali chaka cha chisankho chapakati, ndipo Cleveland - akutumikira nthawi yake yachiwiri yosatsatizana - sanafune kuwoneka mdani wa anthu ogwira ntchito mwadongosolo. Komabe adalakwitsa: kuvomerezeka kwa Tsiku la Ntchito sikunathe kuphwanya Pullman Strike ndi kundende Debs. Anataya kampeni yake yosankhanso, ndipo gulu la ogwira ntchito silinakhale chete kwa nthawi yayitali.
Cleveland sanangoyambitsa Tsiku la Ntchito, monga momwe timakhulupirira nthawi zambiri. Tchuthicho chikuyimira chigonjetso chaching'ono chomwe chikuwonetsa mphamvu za gulu la ogwira ntchito, zomwe zidakakamiza kulemera kwake pazandale ndikukakamiza kusintha kwa federal.
Mofanana ndi kusintha kwakukulu, inali ndi makhalidwe awiri: kumbali imodzi, inasokoneza ndi kuthetsa zigawenga za ogwira ntchito; kumbali ina, inapereka maziko ku mabungwe ndikuwaika mโmalo abwinoko kuti apambane zofuna zamtsogolo. Kuchiwona ngati chida chokhazikitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi kumabisa kulimbana kwamagulu komwe kunapangitsa kuti atengedwe.
Masiku Awiri Ogwira Ntchito
Skuyambira pamenepo, chisangalalo cha tchuthi chakwera ndikugwa ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito.
Misonkhano yoyambirira ya Tsiku la Ogwira Ntchito inathandiza kumanga chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito, ndipo inali ndi mphamvu zonse za kunyalanyazidwa kwakukulu: ogwira ntchito ankaguba pansi pa mbendera zofiira zosaoneka bwino, ankaimba nyimbo zachintchito, ndipo anamva zolankhula zonyansa zochokera kwa anthu ogwira ntchito panthawiyo, kuphatikizapo Eugene Debs. Zinazimiririka m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, koma zidatsitsimutsidwanso m'zaka za makumi atatu, pamene, mwachitsanzo, CIO's Steel Workers Organising Committee inatsogolera ulendo wa Tsiku la Ntchito pa Jones & Laughlin Steel mu 1937. Kachitsulo kakang'ono kachitsulo.
Kusunthaku kudacheperanso koma kumenyedwa kwa PATCO, Staley, Caterpillar, ndi Hormel - kuphatikizidwa ndi mgwirizano wachangu - adakonzanso tchuthicho mzaka za makumi asanu ndi atatu ndi zisanu ndi zinayi.
Kupitilira apo, Tsiku la Ntchito lasintha kukhala tchuthi chokhazikika chantchito chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe ka ndale. Mu 1886, kulengedwa kwa AFL kunalola olamulira a mgwirizano wamalonda - ochotsedwa kuntchito ndikukhala ndi mwayi wapadera - kuti athe kulamulira kayendetsedwe kake. Izi zidadula asocialists omwe poyamba adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu osati kungomenyera tchuthi chantchito, komanso maola ocheperako, malipiro abwino, komanso malo abwino ogwirira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, Knights of Labor itagwa, ogwira ntchito adataya mphamvu yolimbana ndi luso laukadaulo. Izi zidatenga gawo lalikulu pakutembenuka koyenera kwa ziwerengero ngati McGuire.
Tsiku la Ntchito linakhala chuma cha Samuel Gompers ndi AFL: idalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi dziko komanso anti-radicalism. Koma chochititsa chidwi nโchakuti palibe chilichonse mwa izi chimene chinaonekera mโmbiri ya holideyi ya mโzaka za mโma 1800.
Ngati lero Tsiku la Ogwira Ntchito lasanduka mwambo wosagwirizana ndi ndale, wamakampani, komanso wamba, izi zikutsimikizira kuti likulu likupambana. Tsiku la Ogwira Ntchito likhoza kubwezeretsanso mzimu wake wakale ndi kuphulika kwatsopano kwa ntchito zankhondo.
Tisakhazikitse kuwunika kwathu kwa tchuthi pa kubwereza mopanda malire za mbiri yake; tiyenera kulemekeza magwero ake enieni ndi tanthauzo lake. Magawo abwino kwambiri a Tsiku la Ntchito ayenera kubwezeredwa, ndipo maphunziro ake atayidwa kwa ogwira ntchito ndi Kumanzere.
Titha kukhala ndi maholide awiri ogwira ntchito; imodzi ya ofera chikhulupiriro cha Haymarket, ndi imodzi ya ogwa ku Pullman.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
1 Comment
Tiyeneranso kuyang'ana ku tsogolo lopanda ntchito lopanda ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndizosatheka kukhala osawerenga / kumva za magalimoto odziyendetsa pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Izi si ngakhale umisiri patsogolo kuti nawo magalimoto awa komanso semitrailers Volvo tsopano mumalowedwe mayeso.
Imodzi mwa ntchito zitatu zomwe amuna ku US amachitira ndi kuyendetsa chinachake ndipo posachedwa kwambiri , ndithudi mkati mwa zaka 8-10, magalimoto odziyendetsa okha, mabasi , magalimoto, masitima apamtunda ndi ndege (drones omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito kale) adzakhala atachotsa anthu ku maulamuliro.
80 peresenti ya ngozi zonse za galimoto zimachitika chifukwa cha anthu .
Tikhala ndi ngozi zambiri zocheperako ndipo monga zotsatira zake, makampani a inshuwaransi yagalimoto adzakhudzidwa kwambiri ndipo adzakakamiza madalaivala amunthu kusiya zowongolera kapena kukumana ndi ndalama zambiri za inshuwaransi pomwe chiwongola dzanja cha omwe ali ndi magalimoto odziyendetsa chikutsika pafupi ndi 80 peresenti ya kulakwa kwa anthu ingakhale yoyenera.
Ili ndi gawo limodzi chabe momwe matekinoloje apamwamba angapewere ntchito zosafunikira za anthu.
ndipo popeza pafupifupi 80% yapadziko lonse lapansi imadananso ndi ntchito yawo, anthu osagwira ntchito ayenera kukhala chinthu chomwe tiyenera kuchita kuti amasule ogwira ntchito kuukapolo wolipidwa.
Palinso mbali ina yokhudzana ndi kukhazikika kwanthawi zonse kwa malo ogwira ntchito yomwe iyenera kutchulidwa:
ukapitalizimu umafa ngati antchito okwanira alibe ntchito .
Kubwereza: Ntchito imodzi mwa zitatu zomwe amuna ku US amayendetsa galimoto / kuyendetsa galimoto.
ndipo ili ndi chigawo CHIMODZI pomwe matekinoloje akulowa m'malo mwa anthu ogwira ntchito mwachangu .
Chitani masamu.
Tikangochotsa ntchito zonse zosafunidwa za anthu, ndiye kuti tingakondweretsedi kumasulidwa kwa, osati antchito okha, komanso mtundu wonse wa anthu.
Mabuku ambiri omwe asindikizidwa posachedwa onena za zomwe zikuchitika: "Rise Of The Robots: Technology and The Threat of A Jobless Tsogolo" Martin Ford
"Kuyambitsa Tsogolo: Postcapitalism ndi Dziko Lopanda Ntchito" Srnicek ndi Williams
ndipo ndithudi chiyambi cha zonsezi : "The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology" Ray Kurzweil 2006 ( Kurzweil TSOPANO ndi mkulu wa zomangamanga pa Google ndipo akhoza kudziwa zomwe zidzachitike m'tsogolo komanso momwe tikupita kumeneko.