Zonsezi ndizoyenera panthawi yomwe magulu otsutsana ndi mgwirizano akuyesera kutembenuza nthawi pa maufulu a mgwirizano wamagulu. Gulu lamakono la ogwira ntchito m'boma lidabadwa chifukwa chazovuta - zomwe zidachitika m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970. Kunyanyala kwa ogwira ntchito kusukulu ku West Virginia kukuyimira kubwerera kumasiku ankhondo amenewo.
Zankhondo Zakale ndi Zakale
Kunyanyala kwa aphunzitsi ndi zosaloledwa ku West Virginia. Lamulo la boma silipereka mwayi wokambirana, ndipo ogwira ntchito m'boma alibe ufulu wovomerezeka mwalamulo woletsa ntchito. Komabe zovomerezeka zili ndi njira yobwerera kumbuyo pamene ogwira ntchito apanga unyinji.
M'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi m'ma 70s kugunda kwamagulu aboma - liti mamiliyoni a ogwira ntchito m'boma adakhudzidwa ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa ntchito - ochita mgwirizano anali ndi mawu akuti: "Palibe kunyalanyazidwa kosaloledwa, komwe sikunapambane." Opanga malamulo atha kupereka zilango zazikulu, makhothi atha kupereka ziletso, ndipo zoulutsira nkhani zamakampani zitha kupitilira mpaka kalekale. Koma ngati kunyanyalako kunali kwamphamvu, ngati chifukwa chake chinali choyenera, komanso ngati thandizo la anthu ammudzi linali lamphamvu, zilango zokhwima sizinkaperekedwa kawirikawiri.
Sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, mabungwe ogwira ntchito m'boma anali asanakhalepo. Omwe analipo anali ochepa chabe a ogwira ntchito m'boma ndipo sanazindikiridwe ndi olemba anzawo ntchito ngati oyimira antchito. Pokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, anawasiya kuti azipemphapempha. Zimenezi zinayamba kusintha mu 1960, pamene aphunzitsi a ku New York anasiya ntchito. Kwa zaka makumi awiri zotsatira, ogwira ntchito m'boma m'dziko lonselo atsatira chitsanzo chawo.
Kunyanyala ntchito zoletsedwa sikulepheretsa ogwira ntchito m'boma. Kuyimitsidwa kwa ntchito kunachitika kawirikawiri m'maboma omwe ali ndi ziletso zokambirana pamodzi komanso kuchita ziwonetsero. Popanda ndondomeko yadongosolo yokambilana, ogwira ntchito sakanachitira mwina koma kunyanyala mosaloledwa kuti zofuna zawo zikwaniritsidwe. Poyang'anizana ndi kusamvera koteroko, opanga mfundo adalolera ndikuyamba kuzindikira mabungwe aboma.
Tikuwonanso zomwezi ku West Virginia: patatha zaka zambiri akudandaula, aphunzitsi adawona kuti palibe njira ina koma kumenya. Anali ndi zochepa zoti atayike komanso zambiri zoti apindule chifukwa chophwanya malamulo a boma.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse, kulikonse, amangonyalanyaza malamulo ndikuchotsa zotsatira zalamulo. Owongolera magalimoto apandege zinapezeka mu 1981 kuti njira zopambana m'zaka zapitazo sizinagwire ntchito chifukwa nthaka inali itasuntha.
Koma omenyera a West Virginia akuwoneka kuti ali ndi mwayi. Amasangalala ndi chithandizo champhamvu cha anthu. Palibe chosonyeza kuti kuponderezana kungathetse mkanganowo. Ndipo potsiriza, ndipo chofunika kwambiri: kugunda kwawo ndi kwakukulu. M'malo momenya chigawo chimodzi cha sukulu kapena chigawo, aphunzitsi adaganiza zotseka sukulu m'maboma onse makumi asanu ndi asanu. Poganizira kuchuluka kwa aphunzitsi omwe akunyanyala ntchito, andale sangatsekere m'ndende kapena kuwalanga onse, komanso sangayendetse makalasi popanda iwo. Mawu a anthu ochita migodi akale ankati, “Simungathe kukumba malasha pogwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo.” N’chimodzimodzinso ndi kuphunzitsa ana.
Ndikosavuta kulingalira chotsatira chosiyana ngati sitiraka idayambika pamlingo wocheperako. Magulu akutali a aphunzitsi akanatha kuchotsedwa ntchito mosavuta ndi kusinthidwa. Pokhala m'malo ochepa, zotsatira za ndale zikadakhala zochepa - kugwedezeka pa radar m'malo mwa chochitika chomwe chakopa chidwi cha boma lonse.
Kunyanyala kwa mabungwe aboma m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi m'ma 70 kunalinso kokopa chidwi, kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi kuchitapo kanthu kuti apeze mitu yankhani kwa milungu ingapo. Pamene ogwira ntchito zaukhondo ku Baltimore mu 1974, mwachitsanzo, posakhalitsa adalumikizidwa pamzere wotsatsa ndi gulu la antchito ena amzindawu. Zinyalala zitachuluka, ndipo onse ogwira ntchito m’tauniyo ananyanyala ntchito, mkanganowo unafala kwambiri mumzindawo ndipo unakakamiza opanga malamulowo kuyankhapo.
Olemba ntchito amadana ndi mgwirizano. Amagwira ntchito kufotokoza makamaka mikangano ya kuntchito, kuwapangitsa kukhala mavuto a ogwira ntchito payekha osati mikangano yamagulu. Pankhani ya ogwira ntchito m'boma, izi zimakhala ngati kuletsa zokambirana zamagulu kapena, kulephera, kukakamiza ogwira ntchito kuti achite malonda m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Aphunzitsi aku West Virginia adakana dongosolo loletsedwalo. Pochita izi, apereka upangiri wamphamvu kwambiri ku gulu la ogwira ntchito - "pitani kwakukulu kapena bwererani kwanu."
Mwanjira zonse, kunyalanyazidwa ndi a kupanduka kwapansi. Iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi aphunzitsi apamwamba, mabungwe a aphunzitsi aboma akukangamira kuti akwaniritse. Izi, koposa zonse, ziyenera kupereka chiyembekezo kwa ogwira ntchito. Takhala ndi zaka makumi ambiri osachitapo kanthu ndi utsogoleri wa mgwirizano wadziko, masamba masauzande ambiri othamangitsidwa kuchokera kwa akatswiri amigwirizano, komanso pang'ono momwe tingachitire. Ngati gulu la ogwira ntchito lidzatsitsimuka, lidzakhala kuchokera pansi kupita mmwamba.
Mbiri yakale ya mabungwe ogwira ntchito m'boma ndi yophunzitsanso. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, mabungwe ambiri a mabungwe aboma anali osamala, ofooka, osagwira ntchito, komanso otsutsana kwambiri ndi ziwonetsero za ogwira ntchito za boma. Ambiri anali ndi malamulo m’malamulo awo oletsa anthu kumenya nkhondo, ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti njira yopezera phindu inali kuwoneka yolemekezeka.
Ogwira ntchito zapamwamba adapandukira dongosololi. Iwo sananyalanyaze utsogoleri wa mgwirizano wa dziko, zigamulo za makhoti, ndi atolankhani amakampani. Anachotsa atsogoleri a mabungwe omwe anawauza kuti abwerere kuntchito. Analowa m’malo mwa atsogoleri obisala, kapena kupanga mabungwe atsopano.
Kupyolera mu kuchitapo kanthu mwachidwi, adapanga mabungwe aboma a Maziko za unionism.
Nthawi ya Janus
Lolemba lapitalo, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linamva mfundo zapakamwa pamlanduwo Janus v AFSCME, zomwe zingabweretse "ufulu wogwira ntchito" kumalo ogwirira ntchito m'dziko lonselo. Janus sizikunena kwenikweni za malipiro a mabungwe kapena ngakhale kuimira anthu okhaokha. Ndi mbali imodzi ya kuwukira kochititsa chidwi kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito m'boma omwe akufuna kubweza zomwe adapeza zaka zoposa theka lapitalo. Ndi gawo lakuya, kuukira kwa mbiriyakale pa lingaliro lomwe ogwira ntchito azitha kulumikizana kuti alimbane ndi mphamvu zamakampani.
Mu Janus Ogwira ntchito m'boma (ndi onse ogwira ntchito) akuyenera kuthana ndi owalemba ntchito aliyense payekhapayekha. Mabungwe - kumene amaloledwa kukhalapo - amangosonkhanitsa anthu payekha m'malo mwa zida za anthu ogwira ntchito.
M'malo movomereza dongosolo logonja limenelo, ogwira ntchito akuyenera kukumbatiranso mgwirizano ndi zigawenga, ndikuyang'ana kuchitapo kanthu kuti achotsedwe m'malo ake owonongeka. Itanani kuti West Virginia njira.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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