Mu 1943, pamene dziko la Britain linali litayang’anizana ndi chiwopsezo cha kuukira dziko la Nazi, Winston Churchill analemba kuti: “Mphamvu ya akuluakulu a boma yotsekera munthu m’ndende popanda kupereka mlandu uliwonse wodziŵika ndi lamulo ndipo makamaka kukana chiweruzo cha anzake ali m’manja mwawo. wonyansa kwambiri ndipo ndiwo maziko a maboma onse ankhanza, kaya a Nazi kapena Achikomyunizimu.” [1]
Malamulo aposachedwa olimbana ndi zigawenga ku UK (monga Bill on Civil Contingencies omwe akonzi a Guardian adatcha "chiwopsezo chachikulu paufulu wa anthu chomwe nyumba yamalamulo iliyonse ingaganizirepo")[2] imaphatikizapo ufulu wotsekera anthu popanda mlandu komanso popanda mwayi wopita ku khonsolo yazamalamulo, motero, ndi miyezo ya Winston Churchill, kukweza UK ku udindo wa Nazi Germany kapena Stalinist Russia.
Mwina Ian Macdonald, m'modzi mwa oimira apadera aboma omwe adaloledwa kugwira ntchito "zokhudzana ndi uchigawenga", adakumbutsidwa mawu a Churchill pomwe adanena kuti malamulo atsopano aboma odana ndi uchigawenga ndi "chiwonongeko chonyansa pamilandu yathu". Ananena izi popereka chikalata chake chosiya ntchito "chifukwa cha chikumbumtima" ndikuwonjezera kuti "udindo wake wasinthidwa kuti apereke umboni wabodza wokhala m'ndende kwamuyaya popanda kudziwa zomwe akuneneza komanso popanda mlandu uliwonse kapena kuzengedwa mlandu." [3] Akugwirizana ndi otsutsa ena otchuka monga wamkulu wakale wa apolisi odana ndi zigawenga, George Churchill Coleman, yemwe anachenjeza kuti Mlembi Wanyumba, Charles Clarke, "akusintha dziko la Britain kukhala apolisi." George Churchill Coleman, yemwe adatsogolera gulu lolimbana ndi zigawenga la Scotland Yard pamene ankagwira ntchito yolimbana ndi IRA panthawi yomwe akuukira dziko lakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, adati malingaliro a Mr Clarke owonjezera mphamvu kuti aphatikizepo, mwachitsanzo, kuthekera koyika anthu okayikira pansi pa nyumba yosatha. kumangidwa, zinali "zosathandiza" ndikuwopseza "kuchepetsanso madera ang'onoang'ono." Anapitiriza kunena kuti: “Ndimamva chisoni kwambiri kuti tikumira m’boma la apolisi, ndipo zimenezi si zabwino kwa aliyense. Tikukhala muulamuliro wa demokalase ndipo tiyenera kutsatira mfundozo… Ndili ndi zodetsa nkhawa komanso zodetsa nkhawa za malingaliro awa pamakhalidwe abwino komanso othandiza. Simungathe kutsekera anthu chifukwa chakuti wina wanena kuti ndi zigawenga. Kutsekeredwa sikunagwire ntchito ku Northern Ireland, sikugwira ntchito pano. Mukufuna umboni." [4]
“Uchigawenga umavutitsa anthu ambiri, koma oŵerengeka amalabadira mwa kupezerapo mpata modekha n’kukakamira zofuna zawo,” inatero nkhani yachikuto ya m’kope la August la Economist. Komabe, “ochepa” amene akutchulawo si Nduna za boma, koma “mgwirizano wodziŵika bwino kwambiri wa ogwira ntchito zonyamula anthu a RMT” omwe pambuyo pa chiwopsezo chaposachedwa pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. kuti achepetse ogwira ntchito m'masiteshoni aimidwe ndipo alonda owonjezera awonjezere ku sitima." Siziyenera kudabwitsa kuti magazini otsogola m'magulu azamalonda amatsutsana ndi mgwirizano mpaka malingaliro omwe angawoneke ngati omveka ayenera kukanidwa mwamphamvu. Komabe, chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti ngakhale bungwe la Economist linamaliza kuti: “Pa zinthu zoopsa zonse zimene zachitika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mabomba, palibe chimene chidzapirire malinga ngati njira zimene zakhazikitsidwa kuti ziwaletse . . . … mphamvu za apolisi zitha kuwoneka ngati zovomerezeka, kapenanso zofunika. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri. " [5]
Pambuyo pa Seputembara 11, magulu ankhanza, opondereza "achita modekha potengera mwayiwo kukankhira patsogolo zofuna zomwe zidaleredwa kwanthawi yayitali" padziko lonse lapansi. Pofunsidwa posachedwapa, a Boris Berzovsky (m'modzi wa oligarchs wakale wa Russia omwe tsopano ali mu ukapolo ku London) ananena kuti pulezidenti wa Russia Vladimir Putin akanatha kupempha zinthu zambiri pobwezera mgwirizano wa Russia pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga koma "M'malo mwake anati, 'Bush, chonde tsekani maso anu pamene ndikuphwanya Chechnya.’” [6]
Magulu akuluakulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe anena kuti “asilikali a ku Russia achita ziwembu mwachisawawa kapena kuukira mwachindunji anthu wamba, zomwe ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa malamulo apadziko lonse othandiza anthu” koma ogwirizana ndi Russia alibe nkhawa. Mwachisoni, ichi ndi chitsanzo chimodzi chabe mwa ambiri. Malipoti apachaka a mabungwe akuluakulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe amapereka umboni wokwanira wa izi, komanso zikuwonetsa kuti dongosololi likufalikira, pomwe mayiko omwe akutsogolera "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga" akupitiliza kukhazikitsa malamulo opondereza anthu awo. Mneneri wa bungwe la Amnesty anapitiriza kunena kuti “‘nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga’ ikuwoneka yothandiza kwambiri kuphwanya mfundo zaufulu wa anthu padziko lonse kusiyana ndi kulimbana ndi ‘uchigawenga’ wa mayiko.” Mawu aposachedwapa akuti “kuphwanya malamulo okhudza anthu kochitidwa ndi gulu la zida kungatheke. sanganene kuti boma likuphwanya mfundo zofunika za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi malamulo aumunthu omwe lalumbira kuti lidzawatsatira”. Mfundo yofunika imeneyi inakanidwa ndi Charles Clarke, Mlembi wa Zam’kati pamene “analimbikitsa andale a ku Ulaya kuti aikepo nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga m’malo mongoganizira za ufulu wa anthu, ponena kuti ufulu wosaphulitsidwa ndi ufulu waukulu kwambiri wa anthu.” [7]
Zotsatira zina za njira zatsopano zomwe Prime Minister adalengeza pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa mabomba ku London kwa July pa July 8 pamayendedwe oyendetsa magalimoto ku London ndi kuthamangitsa anthu omwe akukayikira zauchigawenga kumayiko omwe amadziwika kuti akuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Poteteza boma iwo alengeza kuti mapangano adzafunidwa kuti obwerera kwawo asazunzidwe, koma panafunika mkulu wina wa bungwe la United Nations kuti afotokoze zimene boma liyenera kudziwa. lokha kuti dziko lomwe latumiza likuwona chiopsezo chachikulu cha wothamangitsidwayo kuzunzidwa kapena kuzunzidwa akafika kudziko lomwe alandirira, "adatero. [XNUMX]
M’lipoti lake lanthaŵi zonse, Alvaro Gil-Robles (mkulu wa Bungwe Loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Anthu ku Ulaya) sanalephere kunenapo za mkangano umene ulipo pakati pa kutetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu ku Britain ndi zenizeni. M’mene ufulu wachibadwidwe umatengedwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga kudzipereka kotsimikizirika bwino ndi zopinga zoipitsitsa, nkoyenera kutsindika kuti ufulu wachibadwidwe si chinthu chosankha ndi kusakaniza zinthu zamtengo wapatali koma maziko enieniwo. za mabungwe a demokalase”. Lipoti lake linapitiliza kudzudzula malamulo angapo a ku Britain odana ndi uchigawenga, ponena kuti "Kupatulapo kunyoza kodziwikiratu kwa anthu omwe amaganiza kuti ndi wosalakwa, zomwe zafotokozedwazo zikhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi zachilungamo, zodziimira komanso zopanda tsankho movutikira". [9]
Boma la Blair lidapanga zida zamalamulo zochititsa chidwi zomwe zitha kuthana ndi kusagwirizana pazandale, ngakhale ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti zambiri mwamalamulowa zikutsatira zosintha zomwe boma la Conservative lidabweretsa poyesa kuchotsa maufulu omwe adapambana. m’ma 1960, kapena monga momwe Tony Blair akulozera mwamanyazi kukhala chizindikiro cha “kutha kwa zaka za m’ma 1960 m’ma 10 mwaufulu, mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa malamulo ndi dongosolo” monga momwe anasimbidwira m’nyuzipepala ya Guardian’s Leader, imene ikupitiriza kunena m’nkhani imodzimodziyo kuti mosasamala kanthu za “chigwirizano chachikulu kwambiri ndi chokhazikika. tikutumiza anthu ochulukirapo kundende kuposa maulamuliro opondereza akunja: Burma, Saudi Arabia ndi China. ” [141] Pakadali pano bungwe la zachifundo la Prison Reform Trust lati “ndende ndi zamanyazi kwambiri kuposa mabungwe athu onse aboma. United Kingdom ili ndi chiŵerengero chokwera kwambiri cha ukaidi ku European Union pa 100,000 pa 11 ya anthu - m'mikhalidwe yomwe nthawi zambiri imanyoza zikhalidwe zachitukuko, komanso mtengo wapatali kwa okhometsa msonkho. Komabe unyinji wa akaidi athu sapereka chiwopsezo chachikulu ku moyo kapena miyendo. Zolakwa zawo n’zakuti angathe kuthetsedwa mwachilungamo pazachuma komanso kuthetsedwa bwino m’deralo.” Bungwe la Prison Reform Trust latchulanso zotsatirapo za dongosolo lino: “Pa avereji, mkaidi mmodzi amadzipha pamasiku anayi kapena asanu alionse.” [XNUMX]
Izi zimaonedwa ndi ambiri kukhala njira yovomerezeka ya boma, yotumikira ntchito ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kupereka chilimbikitso china ku chuma. Chitetezo ndi msika womwe ukukulirakulira wamabungwe aku Britain, kunyumba ndi kunja, chifukwa amakopeka ndi lonjezo la thandizo lalikulu loperekedwa ndi wokhometsa msonkho. Kampani yozungulira yomwe ili ndi mutu wokayikitsa wa "Business Continuity and Corporate Security" ikulengeza mwachidwi kuti ino ndi nthawi yoti muchitepo kanthu: "Bajeti zachitetezo chamakampani zikuchulukirachulukira… Uwu ndi mwayi wanu kulowa mu bajeti ya 2006 ndi makampani akuluakulu. ochita zisankho. Zochitika za Katrina ndi London Tube ndizochitika zosintha zomwe zidzakulitsa bajeti ya 2006. " [12]
Zotsatira za mfundozi ndizoti anthu alibenso maufulu ena kuposa omwe mungagule pamsika. The Journal of Law and Society m'nkhani ya 2001 inanena kuti kuyambira m'ma 1980 "ndi anthu ndi mabungwe omwe akuchulukirachulukira" akhala "akuimba milandu yobwezera, yomwe nthawi zambiri imanena zachipongwe, motsutsana ndi anthu ndi mabungwe omwe ziwonetsero zawo zokopa, ziwonetsero kapena ziwonetsero zinkawoneka kuti ziwopseza. zokonda zachuma za filers." Izi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "'milandu yotsutsana ndi kutengapo gawo kwa anthu,' kapena SLAPPs..." Magaziniyi ikupitiriza kufotokoza SLAPPs mwatsatanetsatane monga: "milandu yachinsinsi yomwe imaperekedwa motsutsana ndi anthu kapena magulu poyankha zochitika zandale monga 'kufalitsa pempho. , kulemba kalata kwa mkonzi, kuchitira umboni pamsonkhano wa anthu onse, kupereka malipoti ophwanya malamulo, kukopa anthu kuti akhazikitse malamulo, kuchita zionetsero mwamtendere, kapena kuyesa kusonkhezera boma kuchitapo kanthu.’” Iwo anenanso kuti pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse milandu imeneyi imakhala yopambana chifukwa cha zimenezi. kuti "otsutsawo anali ndi zinthu zambiri zochitira zonena zawo kuposa zomwe zinalipo pazolinga za milandu yawo." [13]
Izi sizimanenedwa kawirikawiri chifukwa, monga Greg Philo wa ku Glasgow University Media Unit ananenera, “Atolankhani amagwira ntchito mongoganizira za udindo wake komanso amene ali ndi ufulu ‘wovomerezeka’ wolankhula… zolinga zodziyimira pawokha, ngakhale ambiri mwa anthu sakumva bwino kapena kuimiridwa bwino ndi mabungwe ngati amenewa. Zisankho zomwe zimasintha miyoyo yathu komanso chuma chonse chapadziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri timaziwona. Kutsutsa magulu oterowo amphamvu ndi chidwi ndi kufunsa mafunso ofunikira okhudza kugawidwa kwazinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi kungafune utolankhani wanzeru komanso wovuta komanso kuwulutsa kodziyimira pawokha. Koma pakadali pano magawo ndi ndondomeko za ndemanga za atolankhani zimakhazikitsidwa ndi ndale ndi zamalonda zomwe zimafunikanso kuunikiridwa. " [14]
Kuwunikanso kwina kunaperekedwa ndi Dr Des Freedman wa ku Goldsmiths College ku London, yemwe adanenanso kuti "ndondomeko yapa media ku UK imayang'aniridwa ndi gulu la ndale, alangizi aboma komanso olimbikitsa makampani."
Lipotilo lidachokera pa zokambirana ndi atsogoleri 40 omwe amapanga mfundo zotsogola ndipo akuti "zisankho zazikulu ... zimapangidwa ndi anthu omwe ali m'boma, nthawi zambiri mogwirizana ndi olimbikitsa makampani ndipo nthawi zina motsutsana ndi zofuna za anthu ... kudzipereka ku njira zodalirika zoyankhira kusiyana ndi kuwonetsetsa kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zogwira nawo ntchito akupitirizabe kukhudzidwa. " [15]
Kupyolera muzofalitsa zambiri zodziwika bwino, zomwe timapeza ndikusefukira kwa kukonda dziko lako zomwe zimaganiza kuti boma limadziwika ndi chiwerengero cha anthu, dziko ndi chikhalidwe ndipo chifukwa chake kutsutsidwa kwa ndondomekozi kungaganizidwe kuti ndi zotsutsana ndi British - chinthu china chankhanza kwambiri. M'malo mwake nyuzipepala ya Sun ikulimbikitsa owerenga ake m'nkhani ina yaposachedwa kuti "lemberani MP wanu kuti lamulo lopenga [laufulu wa anthu] lichotsedwe." [16]
Magazini ya Social Policy & Administration inanena kuti “anthu ochepera theka la anthu amvapo za Universal Declaration of Human Rights” ndipo 58 peresenti okha ndi amene anamvapo za Pangano Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya. Mwinanso ochepera akudziwa chomwe chiri. Conor Foley ndi Keir Starmer wa Amnesty International akupitiriza kunena kuti Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights chafotokozedwa kuti ndi “chinsinsi chosungidwa bwino kwambiri padziko lonse” koma chimapereka “maziko a dongosolo la chitetezo padziko lonse limene anthu padziko lonse angagwiritsire ntchito. maboma awo kuti awerengere zolemba zawo zaufulu wa anthu. " [17]
Monga Karen Bartlett wa Charter 88 amawonera. "M'malo molengeza za nthawi yatsopano yomwe ufulu umatengedwa mozama, Lamulo la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe lakhala lonyozeka ngati mnyamata wokankha aliyense kuchokera ku Daily Mail kupita kwa Prince Charles m'makalata ake kwa Atumiki. Kulephera komvetsa chisoni kwa ambiri omwe ali kumanzere kuyankhula m'malo mwake kumasiya lamuloli kukhala lopanda mano komanso losatetezeka kuphwanyidwa ndi boma lamtsogolo, ngakhale silingathe kulichirikiza kuposa lomwe lili pano. Kupanga bungwe lina loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe kungapangitse nduna kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu m'makhothi. " [18]
Ngakhale kuti ntchito yolimbana ndi kuphwanya kwatsopano kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu wa anthu sikukhala yophweka, zinthu zomwe zili pachiwopsezo ndizofunikira kwambiri. Magazini yotchuka ya sayansi yotchedwa Nature inanena kuti: “Chiwopsezo chomwe chikubwera cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chimabweretsa vuto lalikulu ndi losokoneza anthu onse. Komabe, maboma ambiri, opanga mfundo ndi anthu ochita zachitukuko sakufuna kapena sangathe kusintha kusintha kofunikira kuti ateteze kapena kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe… m’nyengo ya pambuyo pa September 11.” [19] Izi zili choncho chifukwa, monga momwe Journal of Development Economics ikunenera, "mgwirizano pakati pa chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi ndale ndi wapafupi. Monga lamulo, ufulu wandale ndi wa anthu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri poteteza maziko a chilengedwe,” m’pomveka chifukwa chakuti “maboma ambiri a demokalase amalabadira zofuna za chilengedwe za anthu.” [20]
Malinga ndi mfundo zofananira, tili ndi ufulu wodabwitsa m'dziko lino. Titha kusankha kutaya cholowa ichi cha ufulu wopindula movutikira kapena titha kuugwiritsa ntchito ndikumangapo kuti tipeze maziko a chikhalidwe cha demokalase. Chimodzi chomwe anthu amatha kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kuposa kuyika mtanda mu bokosi zaka zingapo zilizonse.
Ndemanga:
[1] Telegalamu yolembedwa ndi Churchill kuchokera ku Cairo, Egypt kupita kwa Mlembi Wanyumba Herbert Morrison (21 Novembara 1943)
[2] Mtsogoleri wa Guardian - June 20, 2003
[3] BBC News - December 20, 2004
[4] Britain 'ikulowa m'boma la apolisi' - Alan Travis, Clare Dyer ndi Michael White, The Guardian, January 28, 2005
[5] Uchigawenga - Kuphunzira kukhala nawo - The Economist, July 28 2005
[6] Putin Akulakwitsa ku Chechnya - NPQ, yozizira 2003
[7] Ufulu wosaphulitsidwa ndi bomba umaposa ufulu, akutero Clarke - David Rennie, The Telegraph, July 14 2005
[8] BBC News August 23, 2005
[9] Coucil of Europe ikudzudzula UK pa ufulu wa anthu - Simon Jeffery, The Guardian, June 8, 2005
[10] Mtsogoleri wa Guardian - July 20, 2004
[11] http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk
[12] Diso Lapadera, 1142
[13] Ziwonetsero Zapagulu, Milandu Yachinsinsi, ndi Msika - Douglas W. Vick ndi Kevin Campbell, Jounral of Law and Society, Vol 28, 2, 2001
[14] Televizioni, Ndale ndi Ufulu Watsopano - Greg Philo, http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/sociology/units/media/
[15] Ndondomeko zofalitsa nkhani zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi 'cosy cartel', lipoti lipoti - Dominic Timms, The Guardian, September 20, 2005
[16] Dzuwa, Ogasiti 04, 2005
[17] Mbiri Yakale Kufunika kwa Chidziwitso Chapadziko Lonse - Asbjørn Eide, International Social Science Journal, Vol 50, 158, 1998
[18] The Observer - October 27, 2002
[19] Boma laling'ono - Nature, Vol 437, 7056, 2005
[20] Demokalase ndi khalidwe la chilengedwe - Y. Hossein Farzin ndi Craig A. Bond, Journal of Development Economics, 2005
*Tikuthokoza David Cromwell ndi David Edwards ku Medialens
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