Chabwino, Bush sadzatuluka mu Iraq ziribe kanthu zomwe aliyense anganene kapena kuchita mwachidule a) kutsutsa, b) lobotomy, kapena c) mmodzi wa ana ake aakazi akuyaka moto mu Oval Office monga zionetsero za nkhondo. Masiku angapo apitawo, atafika ku Australia, "mumtima wachisoni", adafunsidwa ndi Wachiwiri kwa Prime Minister za kuyima kwake ku Iraq. โTikukankha bulu,โ anayankha motero mfumu yopusayo.[1] Epigram ina yamwala wake wamanda.
Ndipo ma Democrat sathetsa nkhondoyi. Makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi mwa anthu 1964 aliwonse aku America omwe akuchita zionetsero tsiku lomwelo sadzachitanso, mu demokalase iyi. (Ayi, ndikupepesa kunena kuti sindikuganiza kuti otsutsa a ku Vietnam adathetsa nkhondo. Panali zaka zisanu ndi zinayi za zionetsero - 1973 mpaka XNUMX - asilikali a US asanachoke ku Vietnam. United States, pambuyo pa zonse, anayenera kuchoka nthawiyina.)
Okhawo amene akumenya nkhondoyo angaithetse. Mwa kuika zida zawo pansi ndi kukana kuphanso, kuphatikizapo iwo eni. Asilikali ena aku America ku Iraq akana kale kupita kunkhondo zoopsa kwambiri. Omenyera Nkhondo ku Iraq, mwezi watha pamsonkhano wawo wapachaka, ku St. Louis, adavotera kuyambitsa kampeni yolimbikitsa asitikali aku America kukana kumenya nkhondo. "Ankhondo a Iraq Otsutsana ndi Nkhondo adaganiza zothandizira omenyera nkhondo kukhala gawo lalikulu la zomwe timachita," adatero Garrett Rappenhagen, yemwe kale anali wankhondo waku US yemwe adatumikira ku Iraq kuyambira February 2004 mpaka February 2005.
Gulu la omenyera nkhondo layamba kulinganiza pakati pa asitikali omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo ankhondo. Asitikali ankhondo ayendera dziko lonselo m'mabasi okhala ndi zodyeramo nyama kunja kwa zipata zoyambira. Akukonzekeranso kulimbikitsa ntchito zolepheretsa ntchito yolembera anthu usilikali.
Zowona ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri kuti asitikali ambiri akhale okwiya, otsutsa. Koma taganizirani zimene zinachitika pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Chakumapeto kwa 1945 komanso koyambirira kwa 1946, panali kupanduka kwakukulu komwe kunachitikapo m'gulu lankhondo lopambana. Mazana a zikwi, kapena mamiliyoni, a asilikali a ku America anachita zionetsero padziko lonse chifukwa sanali kutumizidwa kwawo ngakhale kuti nkhondo inali itatha. A GIs sanazindikire izi poyamba, koma ambiri posakhalitsa anazindikira kuti chifukwa chomwe amasamutsidwira kuchokera ku Ulaya ndi kwina kupita kumadera osiyanasiyana a m'dera la Pacific, m'malo mobwerera kwawo, chinali chakuti United States inali ndi nkhawa. zipolowe zotsutsana ndi atsamunda, zomwe, m'maganizo a akuluakulu andale zakunja ku Washington, zinali zofanana ndi chikominisi ndi zinthu zina zoipa zomwe si za America. Zipolowezo zinkachitika mโmadera olamulidwa ndi Britain, mโmadera amene ankalamulidwa ndi Dutch, mโmadera olamulidwa ndi France, komanso mโmadera amene ankalamulidwa ndi dziko la America la Philippines. Inde, nโzovuta kukhulupirira, koma dziko la United States linali kuchita zinthu ngati ufumu wankhanza.
Ku Philippines kunali ziwonetsero zobwerezabwereza za GIs omwe sankafuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi zigawenga za Huk za kumanzere. The New York Times inanena mu January 1946 ponena za chimodzi mwa zionetsero zimenezi kuti: โโAnthu a ku Philippines amatha kuthana ndi mavuto awoawo amkati,โ anali mawu onenedwa ndi okamba angapo. Ambiri adakulitsa malingaliro omwewo ku China. โ[2]
Asilikali ankhondo a ku America anatumizidwa ku China kukathandiza boma la Nationalist la Chang Kai-shek polimbana ndi Chikomyunizimu cha Mao Tse-tung ndi Chou En-lai. Iwo anatumizidwa ku Netherlands Indies (Indonesia) kuti akathandize Dutch pakupondereza kwawo amitundu. Ndipo zombo zankhondo za ku America zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula gulu lankhondo la France kupita ku dziko lomwe kale linali dziko la France ku Vietnam. Izi ndi zina zomwe Washington adachita zidapangitsa ziwonetsero zazikulu zambiri za GI ku Japan, Guam, Saipan, Korea, India, Germany, England, France, ndi Andrews Field, Maryland, onse okhudzidwa ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuthamangitsidwa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe asitikali angachite. anali kulembedwa ntchito. Panali kumenyedwa kwa njala ndi kutumiza anthu ambiri ku Congress kuchokera kwa asitikali ndi gulu lawo lalikulu lothandizira ku States. Mu Januwale 1946, Senator Edwin Johnson waku Colado adalengeza kuti "Ndi zokhumudwitsa komanso zochititsa manyazi kwa anthu onse aku America kuwerenga m'nyuzipepala iliyonse m'malo okhudza kuukira kwa Asitikali."[3]
Pa Januwale 13, 1946, ma GI 500 ku Paris adatengera zofuna zotchedwa "Magna Charta a Munthu Wolembedwa", kuyitanitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa ubale waukapolo pakati pa maofesala ndi amuna olembedwa; akufunanso kuchotsedwa kwa Secretary of War Robert Patterson. Ku Philippines, malingaliro a msilikali otsutsana ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa demobilization adawonekera pamsonkhano wa GIs omwe adavota pamodzi kufunsa Mlembi Patterson ndi aphungu ena kuti: "Kodi udindo wa asilikali ku Philippines ndi chiyani, makamaka pokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwanso kwa Eighty-sixth Infantry Division. pa nkhondo? [4]
Pofika m'chilimwe cha 1946 panali kuchotsedwa kwakukulu kwa magulu ankhondo, ngakhale palibe njira yodziwira ndendende kuchuluka kwa zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha zionetsero za GIs.
Ngati ndi momwe asilikali a ku America angalimbikitsidwire ndikukonzekera pambuyo pa "Nkhondo Yabwino", taganizirani zomwe zingatheke lero pakati pa "Nkhondo Yowopsya ya Mulungu".
Iraq Veterans Against the War atha kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo lanu. Pitani ku: http://www.ivaw.org/
Chodabwitsa cha "Legacy of Ashes" ndi Tim Weiner
Mu 1971 nyuzipepala ya New York Times inasindikiza kope lake la Pentagon Papers, kutengera zolemba za boma zokhudzana ndi mfundo za Vietnam zomwe Daniel Ellsberg adabwereka. M'mawu ake oyamba m'bukuli, Times inanenapo za zomwe zasiyidwa ndi kusokonekera kwa boma pazandale komanso mbiri yakale monga momwe zikuwonekera m'mapepala: "Nkhondo zachidziwitso zolimbana ndi North Vietnam, mwachitsanzo, sizikuwoneka ... zikuphwanya Mgwirizano wa Geneva. 1954, yomwe inathetsa nkhondo ya ku France ya Indochina, kapena yotsutsana ndi ndondomeko za boma za maulamuliro osiyanasiyana. Nkhondo zachinsinsi, chifukwa ndi zobisika, sizilipo malinga ndi mapangano ndi momwe anthu amakhalira. Komanso, kudzipereka kwachinsinsi kwa mayiko ena sikumawonedwa ngati kuphwanya mphamvu zopanga mapangano a Senate, chifukwa sikuvomerezedwa pagulu. โ[6]
M'buku lake latsopano, "Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA", New York Times mtolankhani Tim Weiner amadaliranso kwambiri zolemba za boma posankha zochitika zomwe ziyenera kuphatikizapo ndi zomwe siziyenera, ndipo zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokayikitsa mofanana. Weiner analemba kuti: โBuku ili lili mโkaundulaโpalibe magwero osadziwika, palibe mawu akhungu, palibe zongomva. Ndi mbiri yoyamba ya CIA yomwe idapangidwa kuchokera ku lipoti laumwini ndi zolemba zoyambirira. โ(p.xvii)
Chifukwa chake, ngati akuluakulu aboma la US sanalembepo kanthu kapena ngati wina sananene zomwe adakumana nazo pamwambo wina wake, kwa Tim Weiner chochitikacho kulibe, kapena sichiyenera kufotokozedwanso. Mtolankhani wina wa ku Britain, Stewart Steven, analemba kuti: โNgati timakhulupirira kuti mbiri yakale iyenera kusimbidwa potengera umboni wa zolembalemba tisanakhulupirire, tiyeneranso kuvomereza kuti chilichonse chidzalembedwa ndi chidindo cha boma kapena sichidzalembedwa pa. zonse.โ
Pankhani yopereka lipoti lokha, kwa Weiner mwachiwonekere akuyenera kuchokera kwa munthu "wolemekezeka". Mkulu wakale wa CIA Philip Agee adalemba buku la 1974, "Inside the Company: CIA Diary", lomwe limafotokoza zambiri za CIA yobisika ku Latin America kuposa buku lililonse lomwe linalembedwapo. Ndipo ndithudi izo zinali zowona. Koma Agee ndi mavumbulutso ake sanatchulidwe konse m'buku la Weiner. Kodi zingakhale chifukwa Agee, pokhala wotsutsa wamkulu wa bungweli, adakhalanso wogwirizana kwambiri ndi Cuba?
Ofesi wakale wa CIA a John Stockwell adalembanso memoir ("In Search of Enemies", 1978), kuwulula zambiri zauve za CIA ku Africa. Pambuyo pake adakhalanso wotsutsana ndi Agency, ndipo buku la Weiner limamunyalanyazanso.
Komanso ananyalanyazidwa: Joseph Burkholder Smith, msilikali wina wa bungwe, osati wotsutsa kumanzere monga Agee kapena Stockwell koma wotsutsa kwambiri, adatcha memoir yake "Portrait of Cold Warrior" (1976), momwe adawulula zambiri za CIA. kuphwanya malamulo ndi chiwerewere ku Philippines, Indonesia ndi kwina kulikonse ku Asia.
Palinso mtsogoleri waku Cambodian Prince Sihanouk, yemwe adapereka akaunti yake yoyamba mu "My War With The CIA" (1974). Sihanouk nayenso simunthu m'masamba a "Cholowa cha Phulusa".
Choyipa kwambiri, Weiner amanyalanyaza phiri lodziwika bwino la "zochitika" zochititsa chidwi komanso umboni wina wa zolakwika za CIA zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe wanena, zomwe wofufuza / mlembi aliyense wa bungweli ayenera kusamala kwambiri, makamaka kutchulapo mbiri. . Pakati pa zolakwa zambiri za CIA ndi zolakwa zomwe zasiyidwa mu "Cholowa cha Phulusa", kapena zoseweredwa kwambiri, ndi:
* Ntchito yayikulu ya CIA m'zaka za m'ma 1950 zoyambitsa zipolowe ndikuwononga ku East Berlin / East Germany zomwe zidathandizira kwambiri chigamulo cha chikomyunizimu chomanga Khoma la Berlin sizinatchulidwe, ngakhale khomalo likukambidwa.
* Udindo wa US pakuyambitsa ndi kuthandizira chipwirikiti chomwe chinagonjetsa Sihanouk mu 1970, zomwe zinatsogolera mwachindunji kukwera kwa Khmer Rouge, Pol Pot, ndi "malo ophera" otchuka a Cambodia. Weiner, popanda kupereka gwero lililonse, analemba kuti: โKuukira kumeneku kudadabwitsa CIA ndi boma lonse la America.โ (p.304) [7] Ngakhalenso bukhuli silikunena za lamulo ladala la Washington lothandizira Pol Pot mโmabuku ake. nkhondo yotsatira ndi Vietnam. Dzina la Pol Pot silikupezeka m'buku.
* Zochita zachigawenga zomwe zidachitika ndi Operation Gladio, yopangidwa ndi CIA, NATO, ndi mautumiki angapo anzeru aku Europe kuyambira 1949. Ntchitoyi idayambitsa zigawenga zambiri ku Europe, zomwe zidali kuphulitsidwa kwa njanji ya Bologna ku 1980. , kupha anthu 86. Cholinga cha uchigawenga chinali kuyimba mlandu chifukwa cha nkhanzazi kumanzere ndikukulitsa nkhawa za anthu za kuwukira kwa Soviet ndikuletsa kumanzere kuti apambane pazisankho ku Italy, France ndi kwina. M'buku la Weiner izi zonse zili pansi pa dzenje la kukumbukira Orwellian.
* Kukambitsirana kwa zomwe akuti akufuna kupha pulezidenti wakale George HW Bush ku Kuwait mu 1993 kukupereka umboni woseketsa, komabe akuti: "Koma CIA pamapeto pake idatsimikiza kuti Saddam Hussein anayesa kupha Purezidenti Bush." โโ(p.444) Weiner akubwereza izi, mwachiwonekere. , chifukwa zikuwonekera mu memorandum ya CIA. Izi zimamuyenereza kukhala "chikalata choyambirira". Koma kodi izi zikugwirizana ndi chiyani, mukudziwa, zenizeni zenizeni?
* Komanso, bukhuli silimangonena za zisankho zambiri zakunja zomwe CIA yasokoneza kwambiri; kuchuluka kwa zoyesayesa zakupha, zopambana kapena zosapambana, motsutsana ndi atsogoleri andale akunja; kubzalidwa kofala kwa nkhani zabodza mโzoulutsira nkhani zapadziko lonse, nkhani zimene nthaลตi zina zinalembedwa mโmanyuzipepala a ku America monga chotulukapo; kulanda ndi katangale wa mabungwe ogwira ntchito akunja; njira zambiri zosindikizira mabuku ndi magazini; kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo; ndi mawonekedwe adziko lapansi a maboma ogonjetsedwa, kapena kuyesa chimodzimodzi.
"Cholowa Cha Phulusa" nthawi zambiri imawerengedwa bwino ngakhale kwa munthu wodziwa bwino za CIA, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yachiphamaso, ngakhale masamba 700 kutalika. Chifukwa chiyani kufunikira ndi chidwi chochuluka sichinasiyidwe m'buku lomwe lili ndi mutu wakuti: "Mbiri ya CIA"; ayi, ziyenera kuzindikirika, "A Mbiri ya CIAโ?
Ngakhale diso lopweteka lomwe Weiner amayang'ana pa CIA, amavomerezabe zikhulupiriro ziwiri zoyambirira za Cold.
Nkhondo: 1) Kumeneko kunali chinachake chotchedwa International Communist Conspiracy, cholimbikitsidwa ndi kukula kwa Soviet Union kosasunthika; 2) Mfundo zakunja zaku United States zinali zabwino. Zitha kukhala kuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopunthwa komanso zosagwira ntchito, koma zolinga zake zinali zabwino. Ndipo akadali.
Kuwombera kwina kosiyanasiyana kuchokera pakamwa
Katswiri wosewera mpira Michael Vick wadzudzulidwa kamba kothandiza kupha agalu.
Koma kodi kupha galu ndi khalidwe loipa kuposa kupha nkhuku, ng'ombe, nkhumba, mwanawankhosa, kapena nsomba zomwe zimachitika ola lililonse latsiku lililonse kuti anthu osadya nyama azisangalala ndi zakudya zomwe adazolowera? Mfundo yakuti galu ndi wokhoza kukhala chiweto cha munthu sichimayankha funso; zimangofotokozera chifukwa chake wina amakhumudwa ndi canineicide koma samasamala kwambiri za kutha kwa nyama zina.
Mfumu Barry Bonds yothamangitsidwa kunyumba imatsutsidwa chifukwa chodziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito ma steroids kuti akhale ndi mphamvu. Akhoza kukhala ndi nyenyezi yomwe ili pafupi ndi zolemba zake chifukwa izi, mwinamwake, zinamupatsa mwayi wopanda chilungamo pa osewera mpira wina "oyera". Koma pazinthu zonse zomwe othamanga amaika m'matupi awo kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino, olimba komanso ochita bwino, n'chifukwa chiyani ma steroid amasankhidwa? Kodi kutenga mavitamini ndi minerals supplements kumapatsa wothamanga mwayi wopanda chilungamo kuposa othamanga omwe samamwa? Kodi zowonjezera izi ziyenera kuletsedwa pampikisano wamasewera? Mavitamini ndi mineral supplements sikuti ndi "zachilengedwe" kuposa ma steroids, omwe ali ofunika kwambiri m'thupi lathu; mwa ma steroids pali mahomoni ogonana amuna ndi akazi. Bwanji osalanga anthu amene amatsatira โzakudya zopatsa thanziโ chifukwa cha ubwino umene zimenezi zingawapatse?
"Kodi mukuganiza kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chisankho, kapena ndi kwachilengedwe?" linali funso lofunsidwa kwa woyimira pulezidenti Bill Richardson ndi woimba Melissa Etheridge. "Ndi chisankho," adayankha kazembe wa New Mexico pamwambo wa Ogasiti 9 wa ofuna kusankha Democratic. Kenako Etheridge anauza Richardson kuti, โMwina simunamvetse funsoli,โ ndipo anabwereza mawu ake. Richardson ananenanso kuti anaganiza kuti ndi kusankha.
Nthawi ina mukadzamva wina akunena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chisankho, mufunseni kuti anali ndi zaka zingati pamene anasankha kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Akavomereza kuti sanasankhepo mwanzeru chonchi, motero akusonyeza kuti anthu sasankha kukhala ogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, funso lotsatira kwa munthuyo liyenera kukhala lakuti: โNdiye ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha okha ndi amene amasankha kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha? Koma choyamba nโchiyani, kukhala wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti muthe kusankha zochita, kapena kuti mukhale ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha?โ
Chifukwa chiyani olamulira a Bush alibe chidwi choletsa kutentha kwa dziko? Mwina lipoti la nkhani imeneyi likutithandiza kudziwa zambiri.
โMโnyengo yachilimwe madzi oundana a mโnyanja ya Arctic adzabwerera kutali kwambiri ndi gombe la Alaska mโchilimwe, asayansi a ku National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration anamaliza motero. Izi zidzatsegula madzi ambiri kwa asodzi ndikupatsanso mwayi wopeza malo atsopano ofufuza mafuta ndi gasi.โ[9]
Titha kunena kuti dziko la United States limayendetsa dziko lapansi monga momwe a Taliban adathamangitsira Afghanistan asanawathamangitse US ku 2001. Zochita zowonongeka zimachitidwa ku Venezuela monga kulanga mkazi wogwidwa kunja osavala burkha. Zilango zokhwima zimaperekedwa ku Iran m'njira yoletsa nyimbo, kuvina, ndi kuwuluka kwa kite ku Kabul. Cuba yagwetsedwa ndikuvulazidwa m'njira zambiri ngati apolisi achipembedzo akukwapula munthu yemwe ndevu zake sizitali bwino.
zolemba
[1] Sydney Morning Herald, Seputembara 6, 2007
[2] New York Times, January 8, 1946, p.3
[3] New York Times, January 11, 1946, p.1
[4] Ibid., p.4
[5] Kuti mumve zambiri za ziwonetsero za asirikali, onani: Mary-Alice Waters, โGI's and the Fight
Against Warโ (New York, 1967), kabuku kofalitsidwa ndi magazini ya โYoung Socialistโ.
[6] "Mapepala a Pentagon" (NY Times Edition), p. xi-xiii
[7] Onani William Blum, "Kupha Chiyembekezo: Asilikali a US ndi CIA Kulowererapo Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse", p.137-8
[8] santafenewmexican.com/news/66424.html
[9] Washington Post, September 7, 2007, p.6
William Blum ndiye wolemba:
Kupha Chiyembekezo: Kulowererapo kwa Asitikali aku US ndi CIA Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse
Rogue State: Chitsogozo cha Mphamvu Yokhayo Padziko Lonse
West-Bloc Dissident: Msonkhano wa Cold War Memoir
Kumasula Dziko ku Imfa: Essays on the American Empire
Magawo a mabuku angathe kuwerengedwa, ndi makope osayinidwa kugula, pa
Malipoti Am'mbuyomu a Anti-Empire atha kuwerengedwa patsamba lino pa "essays".
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama