[Dr. Arrighi anamwalira mwamtendere kunyumba kwake ku Baltimore pa June 18, 2009 nthawi ya 11 am Anapezeka ndi khansa mu July 2008. Anasiya bwenzi lake Dr. Beverly Silver ndi mwana wake Andrea.]
Giovanni Arrighi Adafunsidwa ndi David Harvey mu Ndemanga Yatsopano Yakumanzere 56, Marichi-Epulo 2009
Kodi mungatiuze za banja lanu komanso maphunziro anu?
Ndinabadwira ku Milan mโchaka cha 1937. Kumbali ya amayi anga, banja lathu linali la bourgeois. Agogo anga aamuna, omwe anali mwana wa anthu a ku Switzerland omwe anasamukira ku Italy, anali atakwera kuchokera paudindo wa akuluakulu a ntchito kuti akhazikitse mafakitale akeake kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, kupanga makina opangira nsalu ndipo pambuyo pake, zipangizo zotenthetsera ndi zoziziritsira mpweya. Bambo anga anali mwana wa munthu wogwira ntchito mโsitima yapamtunda, anabadwira ku Tuscany. Iye anabwera ku Milan nโkupeza ntchito mโfakitale ya agogo anga aakaziโmโmawu ena, anamaliza kukwatira mwana wa bwanayo. Panali mikangano, yomwe pamapeto pake inachititsa kuti bambo anga ayambe bizinesi yawoyawo, mopikisana ndi apongozi awo. Onsewo anali ndi malingaliro odana ndi chifasisti, komabe, ndipo zomwe zidakhudza kwambiri ubwana wanga, wolamuliridwa ndi nkhondo: kulanda kwa Nazi ku Northern Italy pambuyo pa kugonja kwa Roma mu 1943, Resistance ndi kufika kwa magulu ankhondo a Allied.
Bambo anga anamwalira mwadzidzidzi mโngozi ya galimoto, ndili ndi zaka 18. Ndinaganiza zopitiriza kampani yawo, motsutsana ndi malangizo a agogo anga, ndipo ndinalowa Universitร Bocconi kuti ndikaphunzire za chuma, ndikuyembekeza kuti zikanandithandiza kumvetsetsa mmene ndingayendetsere kampaniyo. Dipatimenti ya Economics inali malo amphamvu a neo-classical, osakhudzidwa ndi Keynesianism yamtundu uliwonse, ndipo palibe chithandizo chilichonse ndi bizinesi ya abambo anga. Kenako ndinazindikira kuti ndiyenera kutseka. Kenako ndinakhala zaka ziwiri pa sitolo-pansi pa imodzi mwa makampani a agogo anga, kusonkhanitsa deta pa bungwe la ndondomeko kupanga. Kafukufukuyu adandikhutiritsa kuti mitundu yokongola yofananirako ya neo-classical economics inalibe ntchito pakumvetsetsa kupanga ndi kugawa kwa ndalama. Awa adakhala maziko a zolemba zanga. Kenako ndinasankhidwa kukhala wothandizira volontario, kapena wothandizira wosalipidwa wa pulofesa wangaโmโmasiku amenewo, amene anali woyamba pa makwerero mโmayunivesite a ku Italy. Kuti ndipeze zofunika pamoyo wanga ndinapeza ntchito ku Unilever, monga woyang'anira wophunzira.
Zinachitika bwanji kuti mupite ku Africa mu 1963, kukagwira ntchito ku University College of Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland?
Chifukwa chimene ndinapita kumeneko chinali cholunjika. Ndinaphunzira kuti mayunivesite a ku Britain anali kulipira anthu kuti aziphunzitsa ndi kufufuza, mosiyana ndi udindo wa ku Italy, kumene unayenera kutumikira kwa zaka zinayi kapena zisanu. wothandizira volontario pasanakhale chiyembekezo cha ntchito yolipidwa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mโma 1960 a British ankakhazikitsa mayunivesite mu ufumu wawo wakale wa atsamunda, monga makoleji a ku Britain. Ucrn anali koleji ya University of London. Ndinali nditasankha maudindo awiri, wina ku Rhodesia ndi wina ku Singapore. Adandiyitanira kuyankhulana ku London ndipo, chifukwa ucrn anali ndi chidwi, adandipatsa ntchito ngati Lecturer in Economics. Choncho ndinapita.
Kunali kubadwanso mwaluntha kwenikweni. Chikhalidwe cha masamu chomwe ndidaphunzitsidwa chinalibe chilichonse chokhudza momwe ndimawonera ku Rhodesia, kapena zenizeni za moyo waku Africa. Ku ucrn ndidagwira ntchito limodzi ndi akatswiri azachikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka Clyde Mitchell, yemwe anali akugwira kale ntchito yowunikira maukonde, ndi Jaap Van Velsen, yemwe anali kuyambitsa kusanthula kwazomwe zikuchitika, pambuyo pake adazindikiranso ngati kusanthula kwakanthawi kochepa. Ndinapita kumisonkhano yawo mokhazikika ndipo ndinasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi aลตiriwo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, ndinasiya kutengera chitsanzo cha konkire, chiphunzitso cha empirically ndi mbiri yakale cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndinayamba ulendo wanga wautali kuchokera ku neo-classical economics kupita ku comparative-historical sociology.
Umu ndi momwe munali nkhani yanu ya 1966, 'The Political Economy of Rhodesia', yomwe idasanthula mitundu ya chitukuko cha chikapitalist kumeneko, ndi zotsutsana zawo zenizeni - kufotokoza mphamvu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chipani cha Rhodesian Front chipambane mu 1962. komanso kwa Smith's Unilateral Declaration of Independence mu 1965. Kodi chikhumbo choyamba cha nkhaniyo chinali chiyani, ndipo kufunikira kwake kuli kotani kwa inu, poyang'ana mmbuyo?
'The Political Economy of Rhodesia' inalembedwa molimbikitsana ndi Van Velsen, yemwe ankatsutsa mosalekeza za momwe ndimagwiritsira ntchito masamu. Ndinali nditawerenganso buku la Colin Leys, European Politics ku Southern Rhodesia, ndipo Van Velsen ananena kuti ndiikonze kukhala nkhani yaitali. Apa, komanso mu 'Labour Supplies in Historical Perspective', ndinasanthula njira zomwe kukhazikika kwa anthu wamba a Rhodesian kudayambitsa zotsutsana pakusonkhanitsa ndalama - makamaka, zidabweretsa mavuto ochulukirapo kuposa zopindulitsa kugawo la capitalist. [1] Malinga ngati proletarianization inali ya tsankho, idapanga mikhalidwe yomwe alimi aku Africa adathandizira kusonkhanitsa ndalama, chifukwa adatulutsa gawo la moyo wawo; koma m'mene anthu wamba anachulukirachulukira, m'pamenenso njirazi zinayamba kuwonongeka. Ogwira ntchito mokwanira atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha atalipidwa malipiro athunthu. Choncho, m'malo mopangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito kunkapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri zinkafuna kuti boma likhale lopondereza kwambiri. Martin Legassick ndi Harold Wolpe, mwachitsanzo, adanenanso kuti tsankho la ku South Africa lidayamba chifukwa chakuti boma liyenera kupondereza kwambiri anthu ogwira ntchito ku Africa chifukwa linali lokhazikika, ndipo silikanathanso kupereka ndalama zothandizira kusonkhanitsa ndalama monga momwe linachitira. m'mbuyomu.
Dera lonse la kumโmwera kwa Africaโkuchokera ku South Africa ndi Botswana kupyola mโmaiko omwe kale anali Rhodesia, Mozambique, Malawi, lomwe panthaลตiyo linali Nyasaland, mpaka ku Kenya, monga dera la kumpoto chakumโmaลตaโlinali lodziwika ndi chuma chambiri, ulimi wa atsamunda komanso kulandidwa chuma chambiri. wamba. Ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi madera ena onse a ku Africa, kuphatikizapo kumpoto. Chuma chakumadzulo kwa Africa kwenikweni chinali cha anthu wamba. Koma chigawo chakummweraโchimene Samir Amin anachitcha kuti โAfrica ya malo osungira ntchitoโโchinali mโnjira zambiri chithunzithunzi cha kulandidwa kwa anthu wamba monyanyira, motero kuchititsa kuti anthu asamagwire ntchito. Ambiri aife tinkanena kuti kulandidwa kwakukulu kumeneku kunali kotsutsana. Poyambirira idapanga mikhalidwe yoti alimi azipereka ndalama zothandizira ulimi wa capitalist, migodi, kupanga ndi zina zotero. Koma mochulukira zidayambitsa zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kulimbikitsa, kuyang'anira gulu la proletariat lomwe likupangidwa. Ntchito yomwe tinkachita panthawiyo - 'Labour Supplies in Historical Perspective', ndi ntchito zofananira ndi Legassick ndi Wolpe-zinakhazikitsa zomwe zidadziwika kuti Southern Africa Paradigm pa malire a kuthamangitsidwa ndi kulandidwa.
Mosiyana ndi omwe amazindikirabe chitukuko cha capitalist ndi proletarianization khothi lalikuluโRobert Brenner, mwachitsanzoโchokumana nacho cha kumโmwera kwa Afirika chinasonyeza kuti kudalirana kwa proletarian, mwa iko kokha, sikumakondera chitukuko cha chikapitalistโmitundu ina yonse ya mikhalidwe ikufunika. Kwa Rhodesia, ndinazindikira magawo atatu a proletarianization, imodzi yokha yomwe inali yabwino ku chikapitalist. Mu gawo loyamba, alimi adayankha ku chitukuko cha capitalist akumidzi popereka zinthu zaulimi, ndipo amangopereka antchito pobwezera ndalama zambiri. Choncho dera lonselo linadziwika ndi kusowa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, chifukwa nthawi zonse pamene ulimi wa capitalist kapena migodi unayamba kukula, umapanga kufunikira kwa zokolola za m'deralo zomwe alimi a ku Africa ankafulumira kupereka; atha kutenga nawo gawo mu chuma chandalama pogulitsa zokolola m'malo mogulitsa antchito. Cholinga chimodzi chothandizira boma paulimi wokhazikika chinali kupanga mpikisano kwa alimi aku Africa, kuti akakakamizidwe kupereka antchito m'malo mogulitsa zinthu. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yayitali kwambiri yomwe idachoka kuchoka ku proletarianization kupita ku proletarianization; koma, monga tanenera kale, inalinso njira yotsutsana. Vuto lachitsanzo chosavuta cha 'proletarianization monga chitukuko cha capitalist' ndikuti sichinyalanyaza osati zenizeni za capitalism yakumwera kwa Africa komanso milandu ina yambiri, monga United States iyomwe, yomwe idadziwika ndi njira yosiyana kotheratu - kuphatikiza ukapolo, kupha anthu amtundu wawo komanso kusamuka kwa anthu ochuluka kuchokera ku Ulaya.
Munali m'modzi mwa aphunzitsi asanu ndi anayi ku ucrn omwe anamangidwa chifukwa cha ndale panthawi yomwe boma la Smith linagonjetsa July 1966?
Inde, tinatsekeredwa mโndende kwa mlungu umodzi, kenaka anatithamangitsira.
Munapita ku Dar es Salaam, komwe kunkamveka ngati paradaiso waluntha mโnjira zambiri. Kodi mungatiuze za nthawi imeneyo, ndi ntchito yothandizana imene munachita kumeneko ndi Yohane Saulo?
Inali nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri, yanzeru komanso yandale. Nditafika ku Dar es Salaam mu 1966, dziko la Tanzania linali lodziimira paokha kwa zaka zingapo. Nyerere anali kulimbikitsa zomwe ankaona kuti ndi mtundu wa African Socialism. Iye anakwanitsa kukhala equidistant kuchokera mbali zonse pa kugawanika Sino-Soviet, ndipo anakhalabe ubale wabwino kwambiri ndi Scandinavians. Mzinda wa Dar es Salaam unakhala malo achitetezo a magulu onse omenyera ufulu a dziko la kumwera kwa Africa omwe anali mu ukapolo kuchokera ku madera a Portugal, Rhodesia ndi South Africa. Ndinakhala zaka zitatu ku yunivesite kumeneko, ndipo ndinakumana ndi mitundu yonse ya anthu: omenyera ufulu Black Power movement ku US, komanso akatswiri ndi aluntha monga Immanuel Wallerstein, David Apter, Walter Rodney, Roger Murray, Sol Picciotto, Catherine Hoskins. , Jim Mellon, amene pambuyo pake anali mmodzi wa oyambitsa bungwe la Weathermen, Luisa Passerini, amene anali kuchita kafukufuku pa Frelimo, ndi ena ambiri; kuphatikizapo, ndithudi, Yohane Saulo.
Ku Dar es Salaam, ndikugwira ntchito ndi John, ndinasintha zokonda zanga zofufuza kuchokera kuzinthu zantchito kupita ku nkhani yamagulu omenyera ufulu wadziko ndi maulamuliro atsopano omwe anali kutuluka muulamuliro. Tonse tinali okayikira za kuthekera kwa maulamulirowa kuti adzipulumutse okha ku zomwe zimangoyamba kutchedwa neocolonialism, ndikukwaniritsa malonjezo awo a chitukuko cha zachuma. Koma panalinso kusiyana pakati pathu, komwe ndikuganiza kuti kwakhalabe mpaka lero, chifukwa sindinakhumudwe kwambiri ndi izi kuposa momwe John analiri. Kwa ine, magulu amenewa anali mabungwe omasula dziko; iwo sanali mโnjira iriyonse magulu a sosholisti, ngakhale pamene analandira mawu a sosholizimu. Anali maulamuliro a anthu ambiri, choncho sindinkayembekezera zambiri kupyola kumasulidwa kwa dziko, zomwe tonsefe tinaziona kukhala zofunika kwambiri mwa iko kokha. Koma ngati pangakhale zotheka kuti pakhale chitukuko cha ndale kupitirira izi ndi chinthu chomwe John ndi ine timakanganabe mpaka lero, mwachisangalalo, nthawi zonse tikakumana. Koma nkhani zomwe tidalembera limodzi zidali zodzudzula zomwe tidagwirizana.
Pamene munabwerera ku Ulaya, munapeza dziko losiyana kwambiri ndi limene munalisiya zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo?
Inde. Ndinabwerera ku Italy mu 1969, ndipo mwamsanga ndinaloลตetsedwa mโmikhalidwe iลตiri. Imodzi inali ya ku yunivesite ya Trento, kumene ndinapatsidwa mwayi wokaphunzitsa. Trento ndiye likulu la zigawenga za ophunzira, komanso yunivesite yokhayo ku Italy yomwe idapereka udokotala mu Sociology panthawiyo. Kusankhidwa kwanga kunachirikizidwa ndi komiti yolinganiza ya yunivesiteyo, yomwe inali ndi Christian Democrat Nino Andreatta, wa liberal socialist Norberto Bobbio, ndi Francesco Alberoni; inali njira imodzi yoyesera kuthana ndi gulu la ophunzira polemba ganyu munthu wokhwima. Mu semina yoyamba yomwe ndinapereka, ndinali ndi ophunzira anayi kapena asanu okha; koma mu semesita ya mโdzinja, bukhu langa la Afirika litatuluka mโchilimwe cha 1969, ndinali ndi ophunzira pafupifupi 1,000 amene ankayesa kulowa mโkalasi. [2] Maphunziro anga adakhala chochitika chachikulu cha Trento. Linagawanitsanso Lotta Continua: gulu la Boato linkafuna kuti ophunzira abwere ku kalasi, kuti amve kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa nthanthi zachitukuko, pamene gulu la Rostagno likuyesera kusokoneza maphunzirowo poponya miyala m'kalasi kuchokera pabwalo.
Mkhalidwe wachiwiri unali ku Turin, kudzera mwa Luisa Passerini, yemwe anali wofalitsa wotchuka wa zolemba za Situationists, ndipo chifukwa chake anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa makadi ambiri a Lotta Continua omwe anali kutenga Situationism. Ndinali kuyenda kuchokera ku Trento kupita ku Turin, kudzera ku Milanโkuchokera pakati pa gulu la ophunzira kupita pakati pa gulu la antchito. Ndinachita chidwi komanso kukhumudwa ndi mbali zina za gululi, makamaka kukana kwake 'ndale'. Pamisonkhano ina, antchito achiwawa kwambiri ankaimirira nโkunena kuti, โNdale zakwana! Ndale zikutikokera mโnjira yolakwika. Timafunikira umodzi.' Kwa ine, zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri, kuchokera ku Africa, kupeza kuti mabungwe a Chikomyunizimu ankaonedwa kuti ndi otsutsa komanso opondereza ogwira ntchito pankhondoyoโndipo panali mfundo yofunika ya choonadi pankhaniyi. Zotsutsana ndi mabungwe a pci zidakhala zotsutsana ndi mabungwe onse ogwira ntchito. Magulu monga Potere Operaio ndi Lotta Continua adadzikhazikitsa okha ngati njira zina, ponse paลตiri migwirizano ndi zipani zambiri. Ndi Romano Madera, yemwe panthawiyo anali wophunzira, komanso mtsogoleri wa ndale komanso Gramscian-zosowa m'mabungwe owonjezera omwe anatsalira-tinayamba kupanga lingaliro lopeza njira ya Gramscian yokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe kake.
Ndiko kumene lingaliro la kudzilamulira-zakudziyimira pawokha mwaluntha la ogwira ntchito - zidayamba kuonekera. Kulengedwa kwa lingaliro ili tsopano kumatchedwa Antonio Negri. Koma kwenikweni zidachokera kutanthauzira kwa Gramsci komwe tidapanga koyambirira kwa 1970s, mu Gruppo Gramsci yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Madera, Passerini ndi ine. Tinawona chopereka chathu chachikulu mโgululi osati monga kupereka choloลตa mโmalo kwa mabungwe, kapena zipani, koma monga ophunzira ndi aluntha amene anaphatikizidwa mโkuthandiza otsogolera ogwira ntchito kukulitsa kudzilamulira kwawoโautonomia operaia-kupyolera mu kumvetsetsa njira zowonjezereka, zadziko ndi zapadziko lonse, momwe kulimbana kwawo kunali kuchitika. M'mawu a Gramscian, izi zidapangidwa ngati mapangidwe anzeru zamagulu ogwira ntchito polimbana. Pachifukwa ichi tinapanga Colletivi Politici Operai (cpos), yomwe idadziwika kuti Area dell'Autonomia. Maguluwa atapanga machitidwe awo odziyimira pawokha, Gruppo Gramsci idasiya kugwira ntchito ndipo ikhoza kutha. Pamene kwenikweni linatha mu kugwa kwa 1973, Negri anabwera mu chithunzi, ndipo anatenga cpos ndi Area dell'Autonomia mu wongofuna njira kuti anali kutali ndi zimene poyamba ankafuna.
Kodi pali maphunziro omwe mudatengapo pankhondo zomenyera ufulu wadziko la Africa komanso zolimbana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito ku Italy?
Zokumana nazo ziwirizi zinali zofanana kuti, mu zonse ziwiri, ndinali ndi ubale wabwino kwambiri ndi mayendedwe okulirapo. Iwo ankafuna kudziwa chifukwa chimene ndinali kumenya nawo nkhondo yawoyo. Mkhalidwe wanga unali wakuti: โSindidzakuuzani chochita, chifukwa chakuti mumadziลตa mkhalidwe wanu bwino kwambiri kuposa mmene ndingadziwire. Koma ndidayikidwa bwino kuti ndimvetsetse momwe zimakhalira. Chotero kusinthana kwathu kuyenera kukhala kozikidwa pa mfundo yakuti mumandiuza mmene mkhalidwe wanu uliri, ndipo ndikukuuzani mmene ukugwirizanirana ndi nkhani yaikulu imene inu simungakhoze kuwona, kapena mukhoza kuwona pang'ono chabe, kuchokera kumene mumagwira ntchito.' Izi nthawi zonse zinali maziko a ubale wabwino kwambiri, ndi magulu omenyera ufulu kum'mwera kwa Africa komanso ndi ogwira ntchito ku Italy.
Zolemba zavuto la capitalist zidayamba mukusinthana kwamtunduwu, mu 1972. [3] Antchitowo ankauzidwa kuti, โTsopano pali vuto la zachuma, tiyenera kukhala chete. Ngati tipitirizabe kuvutika, ntchito za mโfakitale zidzapita kwina.โ Choncho antchitowo anatifunsa kuti: โKodi tili mโmavuto? Ndipo ngati ndi choncho, zotsatira zake ndi zotani? Kodi tingokhala chete tsopano chifukwa cha ichi?' Zolemba zomwe zinali ndi 'Towards a Theory of Capitalist Crisis' zinalembedwa mkati mwa vuto ili, lopangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito omwe, omwe anali kunena kuti: 'Tiuzeni za dziko kunja uko ndi zomwe tiyenera kuyembekezera.' Zoyambira zolembedwazo zinali, 'Tawonani, zovuta zimachitika ngakhale mukuvutikira kapena ayi-sizili ntchito yankhondo ya ogwira ntchito, kapena "zolakwika" pakuwongolera zachuma, koma ndizofunikira kwambiri pakudzikundikira kwa capitalist. ' Uko kunali koyambira koyamba. Linalembedwa kumayambiriro kwavutoli; pamaso pa kukhalapo kwa vuto linazindikirika mofala. Zinakhala zofunikira monga chimango chomwe ndakhala ndikugwiritsa ntchito, kwa zaka zambiri, kuyang'anira zomwe zikuchitika. Kuchokera pamalingaliro amenewo, zayenda bwino kwambiri.
Tibwereranso ku chiphunzitso cha zovuta za chikapitalist, koma ndimafuna ndikufunseni kaye za ntchito yanu ku Calabria. Mu 1973, pomwe gulu lidayamba kuchepa, mudatenga mwayi wophunzitsa ku Cosenza?
Chimodzi mwa zokopa zopita ku Calabria, kwa ine, chinali kupitiriza kumalo atsopano kufufuza kwanga pa ntchito. Ndinali nditawona kale mu Rhodesia mmene, pamene Afirika anagwiriridwa mokwaniraโkapena, ndendende, pamene anazindikira kuti tsopano anali ogwiritsiridwa ntchito mokwaniraโzimenezi zinachititsa kuvutika kuti apeze malipiro amoyo mโmatauni. Mwanjira ina, nthano yoti 'Ndife amuna osakwatiwa, mabanja athu akupitilizabe kukhala moyo waumphawi kumidzi', sangagwire akakhala m'mizinda. Ndinafotokoza izi mu 'Labour Supplies in Historical Perspective'. Zinadziwika bwino ku Italy, chifukwa panali chithunzithunzi ichi: osamukira kumwera adabweretsedwa kumadera akumpoto ogulitsa ngati nkhanambo, m'ma 1950 ndi koyambirira kwa 1960s. Koma kuyambira m'ma 1960, makamaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, adasandulika kukhala omenyera nkhondo m'kalasi, zomwe zimachitikira anthu osamuka. Nditakhazikitsa gulu lochita kafukufuku ku Calabria, ndinawapeza kuti awerenge akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Africa, makamaka pa kusamuka, ndipo tinachita kafukufuku wa ntchito yochokera ku Calabria. Mafunso anali akuti: Kodi nchiyani chomwe chimayambitsa mikhalidwe ya kusamuka kumeneku? Ndipo malire ake anali otaniโpoganizira kuti, panthaลตi ina, mโmalo mopanga gulu la anthu ofatsa limene likanagwiritsiridwa ntchito kufooketsa mphamvu ya malonda ya gulu la ogwira ntchito akumpoto, osamukawo iwo eni anakhala otsogolera ankhondo?
Zinthu ziwiri zidatuluka mu kafukufukuyu. Choyamba, chitukuko cha chikapitalist sichidalira ntchito zonse za proletarianization. Kumbali ina, kusamuka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito mtunda wautali kunali kuchitika kuchokera kumalo kumene kunalibe kulandidwa; kumene kunalinso mwayi woti osamukirawo agule malo kwa eni nyumba. Izi zinali zogwirizana ndi dongosolo lakumaloko la primogeniture, pomwe mwana wamkulu yekha ndiye adalandira dzikolo. Mwachizoloลตezi, ana aamuna aangโono analoลตa mโTchalitchi kapena Gulu Lankhondo, kufikira pamene kusamuka kwakukulu, kumayenda mtunda wautali kunapereka njira ina yofunika kwambiri yopezera ndalama zogulira malo obwerera kwawo ndi kukhazikitsa minda yawoyawo. Kumbali ina, mโmadera osauka kwenikweni, kumene ntchito inali yogwiriridwa mokwanira, kaลตirikaลตiri sakanatha kusamukira konse. Njira yokhayo imene akanachitira zimenezi inali, mwachitsanzo, pamene anthu a ku Brazil anathetsa ukapolo mu 1888 ndipo anafunikira ntchito yotsika mtengo yoloลตa mโmalo. Analemba anthu ogwira ntchito mโmadera osauka kwambiri a kumโmwera kwa Italiya, kuwalipira ndi kuwakhazikitsanso ku Brazil, kuti alowe mโmalo mwa akapolo omasulidwawo. Izi ndi njira zosiyana kwambiri za kusamuka. Koma kawirikawiri, si osauka kwambiri amene amasamuka; ndikofunikira kukhala ndi njira zina ndi maulumikizidwe kuti achite izi.
Kupeza kwachiwiri kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa Calabrian kunali ndi zofanana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Africa. Panonso, maganizo a anthu othawa kwawo pa nkhani yolimbana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito mโmadera amene anasamukirawo, zinkadalira ngati mmene zinthu zinalili kumeneko zikanapangitsa kuti akhale ndi moyo wosatha. Sikokwanira kunena kuti momwe zinthu zilili m'madera omwe akusamukira kumayiko ena zimatsimikizira malipiro ndi mikhalidwe yomwe osamukirawo angagwire ntchito. Munthu anganene kuti ndi nthawi iti osamukirawo amadziona ngati akupeza ndalama zambiri zomwe amapeza kuchokera pantchito yolipidwa - ndikusintha komwe kumatha kuzindikirika ndikuwunika. Koma mfundo yayikulu yomwe idatuluka inali kutsutsa kosiyana kwa lingaliro la proletarianization ngati njira yokhazikika yachitukuko cha capitalist.
Kulemba koyambirira kwa kafukufukuyu kunabedwa m'galimoto ku Rome, kotero kulembedwa komaliza kunachitika ku United States, zaka zambiri mutasamukira ku Binghamton mu 1979, kumene kusanthula machitidwe a dziko lapansi kunali kupangidwa. nthawi yoyamba yomwe mudayikapo malingaliro anu pa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa proletarianization ndi chitukuko cha capitalist motsutsana ndi a Wallerstein ndi Brenner?
Inde, ngakhale sindinafotokoze mokwanira za izi, ngakhale ndinatchula Wallerstein ndi Brenner podutsa; koma chidutswa chonsecho, kwenikweni, ndi kutsutsa kwa onse awiri. [4] Wallerstein ali ndi chiphunzitso chakuti maubwenzi opangira zinthu amatsimikiziridwa ndi malo awo pachimake chozungulira. Malinga ndi iye, m'mphepete mwake, mumakhala ndi maubwenzi opangira zinthu mokakamiza; mulibe proletarianization yathunthu, zomwe ndizochitika zomwe mumapeza pachimake. Brenner ali, mwanjira ina, malingaliro osiyana, koma mwanjira zina ndizofanana kwambiri: kuti maubale akupanga amatsimikizira malo omwe ali pachimake chozungulira. Pazonse ziwiri, muli ndi ubale wina pakati pa malo omwe ali pachimake ndi maubale akupanga. Kafukufuku wa Calabrian adawonetsa kuti izi siziri choncho. Kumeneko, mkati mwa malo omwewo, tinapeza njira zitatu zosiyana zomwe zikukula nthawi imodzi, ndikulimbitsana. Komanso, njira zitatuzi zikufanana kwambiri ndi zochitika zomwe, m'mbiri yakale, zinali ndi malo osiyana siyana. Imodzi ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi njira ya Lenin ya 'Junker'โlatifundia ndi proletarianization wathunthu; ina kupita ku njira ya Lenin ya 'Amerika', yamafamu ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati, ophatikizidwa pamsika. Lenin alibe yachitatu, yomwe tidayitcha njira yaku Switzerland: kusamuka kwakutali, kenako kugulitsa ndi kusunga katundu kunyumba. Ku Switzerland, kulibe kulandidwa kwa anthu wamba koma chikhalidwe chakusamuka chomwe chidapangitsa kuti ulimi wocheperako uphatikizidwe. Chochititsa chidwi chokhudza Calabria ndi chakuti njira zonse zitatu, zomwe kwina kulikonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo pachimake, zimapezeka pano m'mphepete mwa nyanja - zomwe ndi zotsutsa zonse za Brenner's single process of proletarianization, ndi kufufuza kwa Wallerstein kwa maubwenzi opanga mpaka. udindo.
Anu Geometry ya Imperialism adawonekera mu 1978, musanapite ku US. Ndikawerenganso, ndinachita chidwi ndi fanizo la masamu โ geometry โlimene mumagwiritsa ntchito kuti mumvetsetse chiphunzitso cha Hobson cha imperialism, chomwe chimagwira ntchito yothandiza kwambiri. Koma mkati mwake, pali funso lochititsa chidwi la malo: mukabweretsa Hobson ndi capitalism palimodzi, lingaliro la hegemony limatuluka mwadzidzidzi, monga kusintha kwa geometry-to-geography pazomwe mukuchita. Chimene chinali chiyambi cha kulemba Geometry, ndipo kufunika kwake kuli kotani kwa inu?
Ndinasokonezeka, panthawiyo, ndi chisokonezo cha terminological chomwe chinkazungulira mawu akuti 'imperialism'. Cholinga changa chinali kuthetsa chisokonezocho popanga malo a topological momwe malingaliro osiyanasiyana, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa mosokoneza kuti 'imperialism', akhoza kusiyanitsa wina ndi mzake. Koma monga ntchito ya imperialism, inde, idagwiranso ntchito ngati kusintha kwa lingaliro la hegemony kwa ine. Ndinalemba izi momveka bwino mu Postscript ku kope lachiwiri la 1983 Geometry ya Imperialism, pamene ndinatsutsa kuti lingaliro la Gramscian la hegemony likhoza kukhala lothandiza kuposa 'imperialism' pofufuza zochitika zamakono zapakati pa mayiko. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, zomwe ine-ndi ena-ndinachita ndikungogwiritsanso ntchito lingaliro la Gramsci la hegemony ku maubwenzi apakati pa mayiko, komwe kunalipo kale Gramsci asanagwiritse ntchito pofufuza ubale wamagulu mkati mwa ndale zadziko. Pochita izi, ndithudi, Gramsci adalemeretsa lingalirolo m'njira zambiri zomwe sizinali zomveka kale. Kutumiza kwathunso kumayiko ena kunapindula kwambiri ndi kulemeretsa kumeneku.
Chikoka chapakati pamalingaliro a Zaka Zaka Zaka makumi awiri, lofalitsidwa mu 1994, ndi Braudel. Pambuyo pozindikira, kodi mumamutsutsa kwambiri?
Kutsutsa ndikosavuta. Braudel ndi gwero lolemera kwambiri lazidziwitso zamisika ndi capitalism, koma alibe chiphunzitso. Kapenanso molondola, monga Charles Tilly adanenera, ali ndi malingaliro osawerengeka kotero kuti ali ndi malingaliro osawerengeka, omwe palibe chiphunzitso. Simungangodalira Braudel; muyenera kumuyandikira ndi lingaliro lomveka bwino la zomwe mukuyang'ana, ndi zomwe mukuchotsa kwa iye. Chinthu chimodzi chimene ine ndinayang'ana pa, chomwe chimasiyanitsa Braudel kuchokera ku Wallerstein ndi ena onse ofufuza za dziko-osanena za mbiri yakale zachuma, Marxist kapena ayi-ndi lingaliro lakuti dongosolo la mayiko, monga momwe linawonekera mu khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. zaka mazana khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri, zidatsogoledwa ndi dongosolo la mizinda; ndi kuti munthu ayenera kuyang'ana magwero a capitalism kumeneko, mu mizinda-state. Ili ndilo mbali yosiyanitsa ya Kumadzulo, kapena ku Ulaya, poyerekeza ndi madera ena a dziko lapansi. Koma mumasochera mosavuta mukangotsatira Braudel, chifukwa amakutengerani mbali zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ndinayenera kuchotsa mfundoyi ndikuyiphatikiza ndi zomwe ndimaphunzira kuchokera kwa William McNeill Kufunafuna Mphamvu, yomwe imatsutsanso, mosiyana, kuti dongosolo la mizinda-mizinda lidatsogola ndikukonzekera kuwonekera kwa dongosolo la madera.
Lingaliro lina, lomwe mumapereka kuzama kwakukulu kwa chiphunzitso, koma chomwe chimachokera ku Braudel, ndilo lingaliro lakuti kuwonjezereka kwachuma kumalengeza kugwa kwa dongosolo linalake la hegemonic, ndipo kumatsogolera kusintha kwa hegemon yatsopano. Izi zitha kuwoneka ngati chidziwitso chapakati cha Zaka Zaka Zaka mazana makumi awiri?
Inde. Lingaliro linali loti mabungwe otsogola a capitalist a nthawi inayake akakhalanso atsogoleri akukula kwazachuma, komwe kumachitika nthawi zonse pamene kukulitsa kwakuthupi kwa mphamvu zotulutsa kumafika malire ake. Lingaliro la njirayi - ngakhalenso, Braudel sapereka - ndikuti mpikisano ukachulukirachulukira, kugulitsa chuma pazachuma kumakhala kowopsa, chifukwa chake zokonda zamadzimadzi zimachulukitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino. za kukula kwachuma. Funso lotsatira, ndithudi, ndi momwe zofunikira zowonjezera zachuma zimapangidwira. Pa izi, ndidadalira lingaliro la Weber loti mpikisano wamayiko pakati pamakampani am'manja umapanga mbiri yapadziko lonse yanthawi yamakono. Mpikisanowu, ndinatsutsa, umapanga zofunikira zowonjezera zachuma. Lingaliro la Braudel la 'nthawi yophukira' - ngati gawo lomaliza la utsogoleri pakudzikundikira, lomwe limachoka kuzinthu zakuthupi kupita kuchuma, ndipo pamapeto pake kuchotsedwa kwa mtsogoleri wina - ndilofunika kwambiri. Koma momwemonso maganizo a Marx akuti nthawi yophukira ya dziko linalake, lomwe likukumana ndi kuwonjezeka kwachuma, ndilo nthawi ya masika kumalo ena: zowonjezera zomwe zimawunjikana ku Venice zimapita ku Holland; omwe amawunjikana ku Holland ndiye amapita ku Britain; ndipo omwe amawunjikana ku Britain amapita ku United States. Marx motero imatithandiza kukwaniritsa zomwe tili nazo ku Braudel: nthawi yophukira imakhala kasupe kwina, kutulutsa zochitika zolumikizana.
Zaka Zaka Zaka mazana makumi awiri ikutsatira izi motsatizana za kukula kwa chikapitalist ndi mphamvu za hegemonic kuchokera ku Renaissance mpaka pano. M'nkhani yanu, magawo akukulirakulira kwa chuma m'kupita kwanthawi amachoka chifukwa cha kupikisana mopambanitsa, kutengera magawo azachuma, omwe kutopa kwawo kumadzetsa nthawi ya chipwirikiti pakati pa mayiko omwe amathetsedwa ndi kutuluka kwa mphamvu yatsopano ya hegemonic, yokhoza kubwezeretsa dongosolo ladziko lonse ndikuyambitsanso kufalikira kwa zinthu, mothandizidwa ndi gulu latsopano la anthu. Ma hegemon oterowo akhala aku Genoa, Netherlands, Britain ndi United States. Kodi kusungitsa nthawi kwawo, kulikonse kumathetsa mavuto am'mbuyomo, mumawaona kuti ndi zinthu zongochitika mwadzidzidzi?
Funso labwino komanso lovuta! Nthawi zonse pamakhala chinthu chamwadzidzidzi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa chomwe kusinthaku kumatenga nthawi yayitali, ndikudutsa nthawi ya chipwirikiti ndi chisokonezo, ndikuti mabungwe omwewo, pamene atulukira kuti akonze dongosololi, amadutsa njira yophunzirira. Izi zikuwonekeratu ngati tiwona mlandu waposachedwa kwambiri, wa United States. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, United States inali kale ndi makhalidwe omwe adapangitsa kuti alowe m'malo mwa Britain monga mtsogoleri wa hegemonic. Koma zinatenga zaka zopitirira theka la zaka, nkhondo ziลตiri zapadziko lonse ndi kuvutika maganizo koopsa dziko la United States lisanakhazikitse dongosolo ndi malingaliro amene, pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiลตiri yapadziko lonse, zinatheketsa kukhala zamphamvudi. Kodi chitukuko cha United States ngati hegemon chotheka m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi chinali chongochitika mwadzidzidzi, kapena pali china chake? Sindikudziwa. Mwachiwonekere, panali gawo lokhazikika la malo - North America inali ndi makonzedwe a malo osiyana ndi a ku Ulaya, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti dziko likhazikitsidwe lomwe silingapangidwe ku Ulaya komweko, kupatula ku mbali ya kum'mawa, kumene Russia ikukulanso m'madera. Koma panalinso chinthu chadongosolo: Britain idapanga njira yobwereketsa padziko lonse lapansi yomwe, pambuyo pa mfundo inayake, idakonda kupangidwa kwa United States mwanjira zina.
Ndithudi, kukanakhala kuti palibe United States, ndi mbiri yake yeniyeni-makonzedwe a malo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, mbiri ikanakhala yosiyana kwambiri. Ndani akadakhala wolemekezeka? Tikhoza kungolingalira. Koma kumeneko anali United States, yomwe inali kumanga, m'njira zambiri, pa mwambo wa Holland ndi Britain. Genoa inali yosiyana pang'ono: Sindinanene kuti inali hegemonic; zinali pafupi ndi mtundu wa mabungwe azachuma omwe amapezeka m'maiko akunja, kuphatikiza omwe akuchokera masiku ano aku China. Koma sizinali za hegemonic mu lingaliro la Gramscian kuti Holland, Britain ndi United States anali. Geography ndi yofunika kwambiri; koma ngakhale awa ndi ma hegemon atatu osiyana kwambiri, omwe amamangidwa pamakhalidwe a bungwe omwe adaphunzira kuchokera m'mbuyomu. Pali kubwereketsa kwakukulu ndi Britain kuchokera ku Netherlands, ndi United States kuchokera ku Britain; awa ndi mayiko olumikizana-pali mtundu wina wa chipale chofewa. Kotero, inde, pali zochitika; koma palinso maulalo a systemic.
Zaka Zaka Zaka mazana makumi awiri sichikufotokoza za tsogolo la gulu la ogwira ntchito. Kodi mudalisiya chifukwa mudaliona, pofika nthawi imeneyo, ngati losafunika kwenikweni, kapena chifukwa cha kamangidwe ka bukhulo-mutu wake ndi Ndalama, Mphamvu ndi Chiyambi cha Nthawi Yathu-zinali zotalikirapo komanso zovuta kwambiri kotero kuti mumaganiza kuti kuphatikiza ntchito kungakulemetsa?
More yomaliza. Zaka Zaka Zaka mazana makumi awiri poyambirira amayenera kulembedwa ndi Beverly Silver - yemwe ndidakumana naye koyamba ku Binghamton - ndipo adayenera kukhala magawo atatu. Chimodzi chinali ma hegemonies, omwe tsopano akupanga mutu woyamba wa bukhuli. Gawo lachiลตiri linayenera kukhala likuluโkulinganiza ndalama, bizinesi; kwenikweni, mpikisano. Gawo lachitatu limayenera kukhala la ogwira ntchito - mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito ndi ndalama, ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. Koma kupezedwa kwa ndalama monga njira yobwerezabwereza ya capitalism ya mbiriyakale kunasokoneza ntchito yonseyo. Zinandikakamiza kuti ndibwerere m'mbuyo, zomwe sindinkafuna kuchita, chifukwa bukuli anali zikuyenera kukhala za 'zaka za m'ma 1870s Great Depression mpaka pano. Nditazindikira paradigm yachuma ndidatayidwa kwathunthu, ndipo Zaka Zaka Zaka mazana makumi awiri linakhala makamaka buku lonena za udindo wa likulu lazachuma m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha capitalism, kuyambira zaka za zana la khumi ndi zinayi. Chifukwa chake Beverly adatenga ntchito yogwira ntchito mwa iye Mphamvu Zantchito, yomwe idatuluka mu 2003. [5]
Wolemba nawo awiri a inu mu 1999, Chisokonezo ndi Ulamuliro zikuwoneka kuti zikulemekeza mtundu wa kapangidwe kanu komwe mumakonzekera poyamba Zaka Zaka Zaka mazana makumi awiri?
Inde, mkati Chisokonezo ndi Ulamuliro pali mitu ya geopolitics, bizinesi yamabizinesi, mikangano yamagulu, ndi zina zotero. [6] Choncho ntchito yoyambirira sinasiyidwe. Koma ndithudi sichinatsatidwe Zaka Zaka Zaka mazana makumi awiri, chifukwa sindikanatha kuyang'ana pa kubwereza mobwerezabwereza kwa kuwonjezereka kwachuma ndi kukula kwa zinthu komanso, panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndikugwira ntchito. Mukangosintha maganizo ake pakutanthauzira chikapitalism ndikusinthana kwa chuma ndi kukula kwachuma, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kubweretsanso ntchito. Sikuti pali zambiri zoti mugwiritse ntchito, komanso pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa nthawi ndi malo mu ubale pakati pawo. ndalama ndi ntchito. Chifukwa chimodzi, monga tikunenera Chisokonezo ndi Ulamuliro, pali kufulumira kwa mbiri ya anthu. Mukayerekeza kusintha kuchokera ku boma lina la kudzikundikira lina, mumazindikira kuti pakusintha kuchokera ku Dutch kupita ku British hegemony m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, mikangano ya anthu imabwera mochedwa, zokhudzana ndi kuwonjezereka kwachuma ndi nkhondo. Mu kusintha kuchokera ku British kupita ku ife hegemony kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, kuphulika kwa mikangano ya anthu kunali kocheperapo panthawi imodzi ndi kuchotsedwa kwa kuwonjezereka kwachuma ndi nkhondo. M'kusintha kwamakono - kupita kumalo osadziwika - kuphulika kwa mikangano ya anthu kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX kusanachitike kuwonjezeka kwachuma, ndipo kunachitika popanda nkhondo pakati pa maulamuliro akuluakulu.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati mutenga theka loyamba la zaka za zana la makumi awiri, zovuta zazikulu za ogwira ntchito zidachitika madzulo a nkhondo zapadziko lonse, ndipo pambuyo pake. Ichi chinali maziko a chiphunzitso cha Lenin cha chisinthiko: kuti mikangano pakati-kapitalist kusanduka nkhondo kungachititse zinthu zabwino kusintha, ndi chinthu chimene chingathe kuwonedwa mwamphamvu mpaka nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mโlingaliro lina munthu angatsutse kuti, mโkusintha kwamakono, kufulumira kwa mikangano ya anthu kwalepheretsa maiko achikapitalist kumenyana wina ndi mnzake. Kotero, kuti mubwerere ku funso lanu, mu Zaka Zaka Zaka mazana makumi awiri Ndinasankha kufotokoza momveka bwino mkangano wokhuza kukula kwachuma, kuchulukirachulukira kwachuma komanso mayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi; koma mu Chisokonezo ndi Ulamuliro tinabwerera ku nkhani ya mgwirizano pakati pa mikangano ya anthu, kuwonjezereka kwachuma ndi kusintha kwa hegemonic.
Mโkukambitsirana kwake ponena za kudzikundikirana kwachikale, Marx akulemba za ngongole ya dziko, dongosolo la ngongole, ulamuliro wa mabankiโmโnjira ina, kugwirizana pakati pa zachuma ndi boma kumene kunachitika mโnthaลตi yakusaunjikirana kwachikaleโmonga kukhala kofunikira kotheratu ku njira imene dongosolo la chikapitalist limasinthira. . Koma kusanthula mu Capital amakana kuthana ndi dongosolo la ngongole mpaka mutafika Buku Lachitatu, chifukwa Marx sakufuna kuthana ndi chiwongoladzanja, ngakhale ndondomeko ya ngongole ikupitirizabe kubwera ngati yofunika kwambiri ku centralization ya likulu, ku bungwe la ndalama zokhazikika, ndi zina zotero. Izi zimadzutsa funso la momwe kulimbana kwamagulu kumagwirira ntchito mozungulira gawo lazachuma, lomwe limakhala ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe mukulozera. Zikuoneka kuti pali kusiyana mu kusanthula kwa Marx: kumbali imodzi, kunena kuti mayendedwe ofunika ndi omwe ali pakati pa chuma ndi ntchito; kumbali ina, ntchito sikuwoneka kukhala yofunika kwambiri pa njira zomwe mukuzinenazi - kusuntha kwa hegemony, kulumpha kwa masikelo. Ndizomveka kuti Zaka Zaka Zaka mazana makumi awiri anali ndi vuto lophatikiza ntchito m'nkhani imeneyo, chifukwa m'lingaliro lina ubale wa ogwira ntchito yaikulu suli pakati pa mbali imeneyo ya mphamvu ya capitalist. Kodi mungavomereze zimenezo?
Inde, ndikuvomereza, ndi chiyeneretso chimodzi: chodabwitsa chimene ndatchula cha kufulumira kwa mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kulimbana kwa ogwira ntchito m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, mwachitsanzo, kunali chinthu chachikulu pazachuma chakumapeto kwa 1970s ndi 1980s, ndi njira zomwe zinasinthira. Ubale pakati pa mavuto ogwira ntchito ndi subaltern ndi ndalama ndi chinthu chomwe chimasintha pakapita nthawi, ndipo posachedwapa chapanga makhalidwe omwe analibe nawo kale. Koma ngati mukuyesera kufotokoza za kubwereza kwa kuwonjezereka kwachuma, simungaganizire kwambiri za ntchito, chifukwa ndiye mudzakhala mukungonena za kuzungulira kwaposachedwa; muyenera kulakwitsa kutenga ntchito ngati chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwachuma, pamene oyambirirawo adanyamuka popanda kulowererapo kwa ogwira ntchito kapena zovuta.
Tikadali pafunso la ntchito, ndiye, titha kuyang'ana mmbuyo ku nkhani yanu ya 1990 yokhudza kukonzanso gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, 'Marxist Century, American Century'. [7] Munatsutsa pamenepo kuti nkhani ya Marx ya gulu la ogwira ntchito mu Manifesto ndi zotsutsana kwambiri, chifukwa zimatsindika nthawi yomweyo kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya ogwira ntchito, pamene chitukuko cha chikapitalist chikupitirira, ndi kuwonjezereka kwake, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi gulu lankhondo la mafakitale ndi gulu lankhondo. Marx, munasonyeza kuti, analingalira kuti zikhoterero zonse ziลตirizo zikagwirizanitsidwa mu unyinji wofanana wa munthu; koma inu munapitirira kunena kuti, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, iwo adakhala polarized. Ku Scandinavia ndi Anglosphere, woyamba adapambana, ku Russia ndi kum'maลตa kwachiwiri-Bernstein akutenga mkhalidwe wa wakale, Lenin womalizayo-kupangitsa kugawanika pakati pa mapiko osintha ndi osintha a gulu lantchito. Ku Central Europe-Germany, Austria, Italy-mbali inayi, mumatsutsa kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi malo osungirako zinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Kautsky agwirizane, osatha kusankha pakati pa kusintha kapena kusintha, zomwe zikuthandizira kupambana kwa fascism. Kumapeto kwa nkhaniyo munapereka lingaliro lakuti kukonzanso kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito kungakhale kubweraโtsoka kuonekeranso Kumadzulo, ndi kubwerera kwa ulova wofala; ndi mphamvu yamagulu a ogwira ntchito, ndi kuwuka kwa Solidarity, Kummawa, mwinamwake kugwirizanitsanso zomwe danga ndi mbiri zidagawanika. Kodi inuyo mumaiona bwanji nkhani imeneyi masiku ano?
Chabwino, chinthu choyamba ndi chakuti, pamodzi ndi zochitika zachiyembekezozi kuchokera ku lingaliro la kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ya ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, panali kulingalira kopanda chiyembekezo m'nkhaniyo, kuloza ku chinachake chimene ine nthawizonse ndachiwona kukhala chovuta kwambiri. zolakwika mu Marx ndi Engels Manifesto. Pali kulumpha komveka komwe sikumakhazikika, mwaluntha kapena m'mbiri - lingaliro lakuti, pa likulu, zinthu zomwe lero tingazitcha jenda, fuko, dziko, ziribe kanthu. Kuti chinthu chokha chomwe chili chofunikira pazachuma ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito; ndipo chifukwa chake gulu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndilomwe adzagwiritse ntchito, popanda tsankho chifukwa cha mtundu, jenda, fuko. Izo ndithudi nzoona. Komabe, sizikutanthauza kuti magulu osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito angovomereza izi. M'malo mwake, ndipamene ma proletarianization afika pofika ponseponse, ndipo ogwira ntchito ali pansi pa chikhalidwe cha chuma ichi, kuti adzasonkhanitsa kusiyana kulikonse komwe angazindikire kapena kupanga kuti apambane mwamwayi kuchokera kwa ma capitalist. Adzasonkhana motsatira jenda, maiko, fuko kapena china chilichonse, kuti alandire chithandizo chamwayi kuchokera ku chuma.
Chifukwa chake 'Marxist Century, American Century' sichikhala ndi chiyembekezo monga momwe zikanawonekera, chifukwa idalozera ku chizolowezi chamkati cha ogwira ntchito kukulitsa kusiyana pakati paudindo, kudziteteza ku lingaliro la ndalama zogwirira ntchito ngati gulu losasiyanitsidwa. kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kokha kufikira kuthekera kwa ndalama zopezera phindu. Chotero nkhaniyo inatha ndi chitsimikiziro chotsimikizirika, kuti pali chizoloลตezi cha kulinganiza; Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo ayenera kuyembekezera kuti ogwira ntchito alimbane kuti adziteteze popanga magulu a anthu omwe ali ndi udindo kapena kulimbikitsana motsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chomwechi.
Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti kusiyanitsa pakati pa gulu lankhondo logwira ntchito ndi gulu lankhondo lankhondo la mafakitale kumakhalanso kugawikana-kusankhana mitundu, ngati mungatero?
Zimatengera. Ngati muyang'ana ndondomekoyi padziko lonse lapansi - kumene asilikali achitetezo sali okha omwe alibe ntchito, komanso osagwira ntchito mobisa komanso osasankhidwa - ndiye kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa awiriwa. Ufulu wagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu a ogwira ntchito, a gulu lankhondo, kuti adzilekanitse ndi gulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse lapansi. Padziko lonse, izi sizikumveka bwino. Ngati mutenga United States kapena Europe, sizikuwonekeratu kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa gulu lankhondo lomwe likugwira ntchito komanso lachitetezo. Koma ndi anthu othawa kwawo omwe akubwera kuchokera kumayiko osauka kwambiri, malingaliro odana ndi olowa m'mayiko ena omwe ali chisonyezero cha chizolowezi chopanga kusiyana pakati pa ogwira ntchito chakula. Chifukwa chake ndi chithunzi chovuta kwambiri, makamaka mukayang'ana kusamuka kwamayiko ena, komanso momwe gulu lankhondo lachitetezo lidakhazikika ku South padziko lonse lapansi osati Kumpoto.
M'nkhani yanu ya 1991, 'World Income Inequalities and the Future of Socialism', munawonetsa kukhazikika kodabwitsa kwa utsogoleri wotsogola wachuma m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri - momwe kusiyana kwa ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza pakati pa core North/West ndi the semi. -zozungulira ndi zotumphukira Kum'mwera / Kum'mawa kwa dziko lapansi zidakhalabe zosasinthika, kapena zozama, pambuyo pa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zachitukuko. [8] Chikomyunizimu, munati, chinalephera kutseka kusiyana kumeneku mu Russia, Eastern Europe ndi China, ngakhale kuti sichinachite choipa kwambiri pankhaniyi kuposa capitalism mu Latin America, Southeast Asia kapena Africa, ndi mโmbali zinaโkugaลตana kofanana kwa ndalama zapagulu, komanso kudziyimira pawokha kwakukulu kwa boma kuchokera kumpoto/kumadzulo - zidachita bwino kwambiri. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, China mwachiwonekere yaswa njira yomwe mumafotokozera panthawiyo. Kodi zimenezi zinafika patiโkapena sizinakudabwitsani?
Choyamba, sitiyenera kukokomeza momwe dziko la China laphwanya ndondomekoyi. Mlingo wa munthu aliyense ndalama ku China zinali zotsika kwambiri - ndipo zikadali zotsika, poyerekeza ndi mayiko olemera - kotero kuti ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kumafunika kukhala oyenerera. China yachulukitsa kuwirikiza kwake poyerekeza ndi mayiko olemera, komabe izi zikutanthauza kuchoka pa 2 peresenti ya avareji munthu aliyense ndalama za mayiko olemera kufika pa 4 peresenti. Ndizowona kuti China yakhala yotsimikiza pochepetsa kusagwirizana kwa ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi pakati mayiko. Ngati mutulutsa China, malo akummwera adakula kuyambira 1980s; ngati mutayisunga, ndiye kuti Kumwera kwasintha pang'ono, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa China. Koma zachidziwikire, pakhala kukula kwakukulu kwa kusalingana mkati mwa prc, kotero China yathandiziranso kuwonjezereka kwapadziko lonse kwa kusalingana. mkati mayiko m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Kutengera njira ziwirizi palimodzi - kusalingana pakati pa mayiko ndi mayiko - malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa China kwachepetsa kusagwirizana konse padziko lonse lapansi. Sitiyenera kukokomeza zimeneziโchizoloลตezi cha dziko chikadali chimodzi mwa mipata ikuluikulu, imene ikuchepetsedwa pangโono. Komabe, ndizofunikira chifukwa zimasintha maubwenzi amphamvu pakati pa mayiko. Ngati zipitilira, zitha kusinthanso kugawa kwapadziko lonse lapansi
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