Sabata yatha, pomwe a Baltimore adakonzekera ziwonetsero zatsopano pa imfa ya Freddie Grey, Dipatimenti ya Apolisi ku Baltimore (BPD) yokonzekera nkhondo. Ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kwamakono kwa ma feed a Twitter achinyamata am'deralo, apolisi adamva kuti gulu la ophunzira akusekondale likukonzekera kuguba pa Mondawmin Mall. Poyankha, BPD idachita zomwe dipatimenti iliyonse yodzilemekeza pambuyo pa 9/11 America ingachite: adalengeza nkhondo pa otsutsa.
M'kupita kwa maola 24, zomwe zingawononge chuma cha Baltimore phulika poukira poyera, apolisi a mumzinda ndi boma amatumiza chilichonse kuchokera ku drone ndi "galimoto yolimbana ndi asilikali" yotchedwa Bearcat kupita ku magulu a SWAT okhala ndi mfuti, mfuti zodzaza ndi mapepala otsogolera, zotchinga zodzaza ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi, ndi asilikali- kalembedwe kautsi wa mabomba. BPD idabweranso ndi "Hailstorm" kapena "Stingrayโukadaulo, wopangidwa kumadera akutali ankhondo aku America kuti aziyang'anira mauthenga a adani opanda zingwe. Izi zitha kulola maofisala kukakamiza mafoni kuti alumikizane nawo, kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso zam'manja, ndikujambulitsa ma siginecha amtundu wamtunda wa kilomita imodzi.
"Kukwera ndi kutsika kugombe lakum'mawa kuyambira 9/11, dera lathu ladzikonzekeretsa zadzidzidzi," atero Meya wa Baltimore Stephanie Rawlings-Blake. Anali kuteteza dipatimenti yake apolisi kupeza mtundu uwu waukadaulo wankhondo pansi pa Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo tsopano ndi yoyipa Pulogalamu ya 1033. Imatumiza zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zina kuchokera kunkhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi zomenyera zigawenga mwachindunji kumadipatimenti apolisi akumaloko m'dziko lonselo. "Koma sizachilendo," adatero Meya Rawlings-Blake, "kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi nzika zako."
M'malo mwake, sizachilendonso koma zodziwikiratu kuti nzika zomwe zikuchita zionetsero mwamtendere zidzakumana ndi zida zankhondo komanso njira zankhondo, popeza sukulu yolimbana ndi ziwonetsero zachitetezo chakhala chizolowezi chatsopano mdziko lathu lachitetezo. Njira zake ndi matekinoloje zafika patali kwambiri zaka zapitazo Occupy Wall Street (ndipo ngakhale m'miyezi kuyambira pomwe ziwonetsero zoyambirira zidayamba chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa Michael Brown mu Ferguson, Missouri). Pano, ndiye, ndikuwongolera pang'onopang'ono, kutengera zomwe zachitika posachedwa m'gulu lachitetezo, momwe mungapangire apolisi gulu la zionetsero m'zaka zatsopano zolimbana ndi zigawenga zapakhomo.
1. Kufananiza Otsutsa Ndi Zigawenga Zapakhomo.
Kuchokera mu 2012, mabungwe azamalamulo ndi anzeru akhala akuyesetsa mobwerezabwereza kugwirizanitsa zigawenga zam'nyumba ndi zigawenga zapakhomo ndi "zigawenga zachiwawa". Mwachitsanzo, memo imodzi yochokera ku dipatimenti yoona zachitetezo cha dziko (DHS) Office of Intelligence and Analysis adayesa kugwirizanitsa zochitika Ferguson Chaka chatha kuti alembetse anthu a Islamic State ku Iraq ndi Syria (ISIS): "Ngakhale panthawiyi, ziwawa ku Ferguson zachepa ... Mbali ina ya DHS, Threat Management Division, idatulutsa chenjezo loopsa nthawi yomweyo:
โPakadali pano palibe chosonyeza kuti zionetsero zikuyembekezeka kukhala zachiwawa. Komabe, zipolowe zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano zokhudzana ndi zomwe zinachitika ku Ferguson, MO, zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa kusamvera malamulo kwa anthuโฆ Zina mwazizindikirozi zitha kukhala zotetezedwa ndi malamulo. โ
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, pakati pa kukana kwa bwalo lamilandu lalikulu kutsutsa wapolisi pa imfa ya Eric Garner "chokehold", Commissioner wa Police City ku New York (NYPD) Bill Bratton adaganiza zokhazikitsa gulu latsopano lapadera lomwe adayitcha. ndi Strategic Response Group. Inayenera "kupangidwira kuthana ndi zochitika ngati ziwonetsero zaposachedwa, kapena zochitika ngati Mumbai kapena zomwe zangochitika kumene ku Paris." Gululo lidzakhala โlokonzeka ndi kuphunzitsidwa mโnjira imene maofesala athu wamba sali,โ ndi kuvala โmfuti zazitali ndi mfuti.โ Ngakhale Bratton, atayang'anizana ndi kulira kwa anthu, pambuyo pake adabwereza mawu ake, kusokoneza kwake zochitika zokhudzana ndi ziwonetsero zopanda zida ndi zigawenga zomwe zili ndi zida zinali zoonekeratu. palibe mwangozi.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga yafika pafupi kwambiri ndi kwathu, ndipo maofesi apolisi akuitanitsa zina mwazochitika zomwe zinayambitsa ntchito zolimbana ndi uchigawenga kunja kwa dziko.
Chimodzi mwa izi ndikugwiritsa ntchito "malo akuda" pakutha kwakanthawi ndikutsekeredwa kwa otsutsa ndale. Omenyera nkhondo adaphunzirapo phunziro ili mu May 2012 zionetsero motsutsana ndi msonkhano wa North American Treaty Organisation (NATO) ku Chicago, pomwe ziwonetsero zisanu ndi zinayi zidamangidwa ndi apolisi ndikunyamulidwa kupita kumalo osungiramo zinthu ku Chicago. Homan Square. Atatu adzasungidwa kwa maola pafupifupi 24, atamangidwa pa benchi ndikusungidwa mu khola lamawaya asanaimbidwe mlandu wothandizira uchigawenga, chiwembu chochita uchigawenga, komanso kukhala ndi zida zoyatsira moto - zida zomangidwa mothandizidwa ndi apolisi obisika mu zomwe zidakhala kuti zidachitika mozama pokonzekera msonkhano wa NATO.
2. Apatseni Apolisi Zida โZochepa Kwambiriโ (Zomwe Zingathe Kuyambitsa Mikhalidwe Yakupha Kwambiri).
Mu Pulogalamu ya 1033, zoposa zidutswa za 460,000 za "katundu wolamulidwa" - ndiko kuti, zida zankhondo ndi zida zina - zasamutsidwa kuchokera ku Pentagon kupita ku dipatimenti ya apolisi ya m'deralo kuyambira 1997. Izi zikuphatikizapo zida zazing'ono za 92,442, zida zowonera usiku za 44,275, zida za 5,235 zowala. magalimoto, magalimoto 617 onga ngati akasinja, ndi ndege zina 616. Kusamutsidwa kopitilira 78,000 kotereku kudanenedwa mchaka cha 2013 chokha. Monga a White House adavomereza mu a lipoti laposachedwapa, mapulogalamu monga 1033 โsikuti amalimbikitsa kapena amafuna kuphunzitsidwa za ufulu wachibadwidwe/ufulu wachibadwidwe,โ komanso โnthawi zambiri sakhala ndi njira zoimbira mlandu [otsatira malamulo] chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito molakwika zida.โ
DHS ili ndi udindo wokulirapo kwambiri wopereka katundu wankhondo kwa oyang'anira malamulo akumaloko pogwiritsa ntchito Pulogalamu Yopereka Chitetezo Kwawo (HSGP). Mu 2014 mokha, bungwe la HSGP linapereka ndalama zopitira ku 1 biliyoni ya ndalama zothandizira thandizoli, ndi makonzedwe apadera a โmatauni omwe ali ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu komanso zokhala anthu ambiri.โ The mndandanda Zida zololedwa ndi DHS zoperekedwa ku madipatimenti apolisi akumaloko zikuphatikiza chilichonse kuyambira ku Bearcats ndi ma helikoputala kupita ku yunifolomu yankhondo, zida zankhondo, zipewa zankhondo, ndi zishango. Mabungwe ena, monga Thandizo la Bureau of Justice (mgwirizano wandalama wa Unduna wa Zachilungamo), umapereka madola mamiliyoni mazana pachaka kumadipatimenti apolisi - pafupifupi 10% yomwe imapita ku zida zoyendetsedwa bwino monga magalimoto okhala ndi zida, zida zophulika, mfuti, ndi zida "zowopsa" ngati misozi. gasi ndi TASER.
Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wopeza ndalama zambiri. Chifukwa cha zipolowe ku Baltimore, TASER International yawona kukwera mtengo kwa masheya. Lipoti limodzi la msika adatchulidwa kuti pamene โchipwirikiti chikufalikira [ndipo] pamene nkhanizi zikuchulukirachulukira, osunga ndalama akubetchera zomwe zidzadzetsa malonda ndi mapindu ambiri.โ Kupatula apo, msika wa zida zocheperako zokha ukuyembekezeka kupitilira awiri mโzaka zisanu zikubwerazi, pamene msika wokulirapo wa zinthu zomwe tsopano zimatchedwa โzotetezedwa ku dziko lakwawoโ ukuyembekezeka kukula kupitilira $107 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2020.
Masiku ano, opanga zida zachinsinsi akukonzekera mbadwo watsopano wa zida "zosapha": kutanthauza, zida zopangidwira kuti zilepheretse zolinga zawo koma ndi mwayi wochepa wakupha. Mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri umadziwika kuti "Bozo bulletโ chifukwa akuti akuwoneka ngati mphuno ya munthu wamatsenga, ndipo pano akuyesedwa koyamba - mumaganiza kuti - Ferguson. Zingalole apolisi kubweza zida zawo zogwirira ntchito mwakufuna kwawo, ndikuyika "Bozo" pa mbiya yamfuti wamba kuti apereke malipiro "ochepa". Koma otsutsa akuti, pochotsa zipolopolo wamba zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro ake, zida zotere zimalimbikitsa apolisi kuti azifikira mfuti zawo mwachangu komanso kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu.
Pakadali pano, akuluakulu amtendere paziwonetsero zaposachedwa akuwoneka kuti akufikira mfuti mwachangu, ngakhale zitakhala zowopsa bwanji. Pachiwonetsero cha Disembala m'tawuni Oakland, California, wapolisi wina wobisika, mwachitsanzo, anajambulidwa akulozetsa mfuti kwa anthu ochita ziwonetsero opanda zida. Mu February mu March Manhattan, wapolisi wina wa Port Authority adagwidwa pavidiyo akuwombera mfuti ndikufunsa otsutsa, "Kodi mukuchita mantha?" Mu Los Angeles chilimwe chatha, wapolisi ndi Federal chitetezo Service, bungwe la Dipatimenti ya Kwawo Security ntchito ndi apolisi maofesi boma boma, anavomereza kwenikweni kutsegula moto ndi handgun pa galimoto yodzaza ndi otsutsa-Palestine.
3. Nkhondo ya Wage Wave.
Zida zakutali (LRADs), zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti "zomveka," zakhala zili m'misewu yaku America panthawi ya ziwonetsero kuyambira pomwe Republican National Convention mu 2004. Ngakhale makinawa amatha kutumiza ma toni omwe angayambitse ululu woopsa, mpaka posachedwapa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake motsutsana ndi anthu wamba kunali kokha polankhulana ndi apolisi patali. Izi zidasintha chaka chatha, pomwe "chinthu choletsa mawu" cha LRAD - chomwe chidapangidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito pankhondo motsutsana ndi "ankhondo a adani" ku Persian Gulf - chidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "chida chokanira" polimbana ndi ochita ziwonetsero, koyamba m'misewu ya Ferguson, kenako mโmisewu ya Manhattan.
Phokoso la phokoso limagwira ntchito ngati njira ya nkhondo ya mafunde, kuyang'ana ndi kuwongolera mphamvu zamayimbidwe mpaka ma decibel 152. Ngakhale NYPD's own Disorder Control Unit ili nayo adavomereza kuti โchikhoza kupititsa patsogolo mawu oboola mโmakutu a anthu.โ Zingathenso kuchititsa kuti anthu omwe akukumana ndi vutolo awonongeke kosatha.
Ndipo izi zimangotengedwa ngati chiyambi cha zomwe zingaganizidwe ngati nkhondo zapakhomo. Mitundu yatsopano yankhondo yolimbana ndi mafunde ikupangidwa ndi Pentagon's Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Program. Chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopanozi, zotchedwa "Active Denial Technology,โ imagwira ntchito mofanana ndi ngโanjo ya microwaveโyokhala ndi mafunde olunjika pakhungu la chandamale kuti atulutse โchizindikiro chotentha chosaloleka.โ Mtundu wosavuta kwambiri waukadaulo uwu, womwe umatchedwa Assault Intervention System ndikugulitsidwa ndi kontrakitala wachitetezo a Raytheon, apezeka kale kuti azitumizidwa ku Los Angeles County.
Kupanga kwinanso, kotchedwa โSkunk,โ ndi mtundu wina wa bomba lonunkha limene anthu odziลตa amati ndi msakanizo wosakanizika wa โchimbudzi chakufa ndi chimbudzi cha munthu.โ Chifukwa cha zipolowe zomwe zachitika posachedwa m'matauni, apolisi m'dziko lonselo akuti akufunitsitsa stockpiling zinthu. "Tapereka Skunk kwa mabungwe azamalamulo ku Ferguson," akutero Stephen Rust, woyang'anira mapulogalamu pakampani ina ya ku Maryland yomwe imapanga malodorant. "Nditha kuboola [chandamale] ndi kuzungulira ndikumuyika m'dothi. Ndikhoza kumuyika ndi Skunk ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kuti amupeze pamene gulu la anthu libalalika. "
4. Kusintha Anthu ndi Maloboti ndi Zolosera Zamakono.
Kuchulukirachulukira, oyang'anira malamulo akuyenda m'malo mwa "kuletsa" anthu ndi mitundu yofananira - ndege zoyendetsedwa patali, magalimoto oyendetsedwa patali, ndi nsanja zina zamaloboti ziyenera kukhala zoyimilira pakhomo pothandizira ntchito zowunikira apolisi ndi ntchito za SWAT. Mapulatifomu oterowo adayikidwa, pansi komanso mlengalenga, kuti aziyang'anira zochitika za ziwonetsero, pomwe m'maiko ena akukhala kale. zida ndi tsabola kutsitsi ndi projectiles zina.
Kuchokera mu 2012 mpaka 2014, Federal Aviation Administration inaganizira zopempha kuchokera osachepera 19 m'madipatimenti apolisi ndi sheriff, komanso mayunitsi a National Guard m'maboma asanu ndi anayi, kuti aziwulutsa ma drones mumlengalenga wapanyumba. Dipatimenti ya Apolisi ku Los Angeles (LAPD) posachedwapa yapeza ma Draganflyer X6 drones kuti agwiritse ntchito panthawiyi. zionetsero zazikulu ndi โzochitika mwanzeruโ zina. Ndipo ngakhale NYPD yakana kutulutsa zikalata zilizonse pa pulogalamu yake ya drone, akuluakulu atero ananena kuti "akuchirikiza lingaliro la drones, osati apolisi okha komanso chitetezo cha anthu onse," komanso kuti akuyang'ana "zomwe zili pamsika, zomwe zilipo."
Thandizo la kuwunika koteroko likukulirakulira. DHS yapanga mamiliyoni a madola kupezeka chaka chilichonse kuti apolisi "oyang'ana kutsogolo" apezeke machitidwe atsopano a robotic, pamodzi ndi "kukweza kwa mapulogalamu, kukweza injini, zida, makina oyendetsa galimoto, zowonjezera, ma trailer, ndi zina zotero." Zinanso ndi zida za "zowunikira / kuzindikira" momwe ukadaulo wa drone ungaphatikizidwe ndi makina omvera komanso ndi "mawonekedwe omwe amatha kuyang'ana nthawi yayitali, nthawi zina kwanthawi yayitali."
M'zaka zaposachedwa, malire atsopano atsegulidwa ndi kubwera kwa "apolisi oloseraโ (kapena โPredPol,โ mโmawu amakampani), zomwe cholinga chake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito deta yayikulu ndi ma aligorivimu ovuta kulosera nthawi komanso komwe upandu ungapatsidwe, komanso yemwe angakhale wolakwa. Mchitidwe adayamba monga pulojekiti ya Army Research Office (laboratory yapakati ya sayansi yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi Pentagon), idasinthidwa kukhala ntchito ya anthu wamba ndi Bill Bratton panthawi yomwe anali Commissioner wa LAPD, ndipo idafalikira ku madipatimenti opitilira 150 m'dziko lonselo.
Tengani NYPD. Zitangochitika zionetsero za Occupy, dipatimentiyi idachita mgwirizano ndi Microsoft kuti ipange ukadaulo wapolisi wolosera zomwe zimadziwika kuti Domain Awareness System. "Imaphatikiza ndikusanthula zomwe zilipo kale zachitetezo cha anthu munthawi yeniyeni," yotengedwa kuchokera ku makamera masauzande ambiri otsekeka pawailesi yakanema, owerenga ziphaso zamalayisensi, ndi nkhokwe za mbiri yakale, ndipo cholinga chake ndikupatsa akatswiri azanzeru "kuwona mozama za ziwopsezo zomwe zingachitike." Ngakhale sitikudziwa mpaka pano zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya zionetsero, tikudziwa kuti Domain Awareness Systems zakhala zikuwonekera. malo ochitira zionetsero kuzungulira dzikolo, kuphatikiza Baltimore, Chicago, ndi Oakland.
5. Pangani โAnzanuโ ndi โTsatiraniโ Anthu.
Amaganiziridwa kuti "open source intelligence" (kapena "OSINT"), malo ochezera a pa Intaneti monga Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, ndi YouTube atsimikizira migodi ya golide yowona kwa akatswiri anzeru omwe amayesa kutsata zochitika za ziwonetsero mu nthawi yeniyeni. Iwo aperekanso zifukwa zomveka zochitira apolisi ofufuza milandu kuti azifunsa anthu ochita ziwonetsero pazandale.
Sabata yatha, tidamva kuti mkati mwa ziwonetsero ku New York City kutsatira kumasulidwa kwa apolisi omwe adapha Eric Garner, osachepera 11 adamangidwa. anafunsidwa motere asanatulutsidwe ku likulu la apolisi, kuphatikiza angapo omwe adafunsidwa mwatsatanetsatane za zomwe akuchita pa intaneti pamasamba ochezera. Monga Wachiwiri kwa Commissioner Lawrence Byrne akufotokozera, ofufuza atayamba kuwona zoopseza pawailesi yakanema, "Detective Bureau idayamba kufunsa omwe akuimbidwa mlandu omwe adamangidwa panthawi ya ziwonetsero ... pofuna kudziwa zambiri za zomwe zidachitika ...
Kuyambira 2012, NYPD's Intelligence Division yalimbikitsa antchito ake kuti achite nawo "kusaka nsombaโ pamasamba ochezera a pa Intaneti โchifukwa chofufuza kapena kufufuza,โ omwe, ndi chilolezo cha apolisi, angaphatikizepo โkufufuza kokhudza ndale.โ Mochulukirachulukira, kusodza kotereku kwakhala kofala pakati pa apolisi ndi magulu achitetezo abizinesi m'dziko lonselo. Mu Bloomington, Minnesota, mwachitsanzo, akatswiri ofufuza za intelligence omwe amagwira ntchito ku Mall of America's Risk Assessment and Mitigation unit komanso molumikizana ndi mamembala amderalo. Joint Terrorism Task Force (ntchito yothandizana ndi intelligence yoyendetsedwa ndi FBI) โโakuti idagwiritsa ntchito maakaunti abodza a Facebook kuti apange zolemba za anthu osachepera 10 olimbikitsa madera. Izi zinali patsogolo pa ziwonetsero za kuyankha kwa apolisi (kapena kusowa kwake) zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika pa Mall of America katundu.
Dipatimenti ya chitetezo cha dziko, kumbali yake, ikupitiriza kupanga zake Media Monitoring Kutha zochititsa chidwi, "nkhani zokulirapo, malipoti atolankhani ndi zoyika pamasamba ochezera ... paza data, zidziwitso, kusanthula, ndi zithunzi" kuphatikiza "mawebusayiti omwe amayendetsedwa ndi zigawenga" komanso omwe "amawonetsa moyipa pa DHS. โ Ambiri a dziko "fusion centers, "Kukhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa 9/11 kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe azamalamulo, agwirizana ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kuti ayang'ane zochitika za Occupy-style. "Mawebusayiti oterowo amatha kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira panthawi ya zipolowe," akutero Dale Peet, msirikali wakale waku Michigan's fusion Center ndipo tsopano ndi wantchito ku Michigan. SAS, kampani yabizinesi yomwe imachita kafukufuku wapa media m'boma.
Ndipo ichi ndi chiyambi chabe pankhani ya kuwunika kwapa media. Tsogolo lake likulembedwa kale m'ma lab a Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), bungwe la National Intelligence Community's blue-skys research arm. Pulojekiti ina yaposachedwa ikufuna kugwirizanitsa "zizindikiro zamakhalidwe" pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti, kuphatikiza "malingaliro kapena malingaliro adziko." Wina amatulutsa zambiri za geolocation kuchokera pazolemba, zithunzi, ndi makanema omwe ogwiritsa ntchito angakonde kukhala achinsinsi. Koma winanso, wotchedwa Open Source Indicators, amasanthula zomwe zapezeka pawailesi yakanema kuti โtiyembekezere ndi/kapena kuzindikira zochitika zazikulu za anthu, monga mavuto andale [ndi] zipolowe.โ Cholinga cha polojekitiyi, malinga ndi mawu a okhulupirira ake enieni, ndicho โkufalitsa nkhani,โ kupatsa boma mphamvu zatsopano zolimbana ndi adani ake a boma.
Zomwe tikuwona m'mbali zamdima zapaintaneti ndi gawo limodzi ndi zomwe tikuwona m'misewu yamizinda yathu: tsogolo lotsogola lazaka zatsopano zolimbana ndi zigawenga zapakhomo. Kuchokera pamasamba akuda kupita ku Bearcats, mizinga yomveka mpaka bomba lonunkha, ma drones kupita kumigodi ya data, zigawo za pulogalamu yatsopano yolimbana ndi apolisi zikusonkhanitsidwa mwachangu kwambiri. Ngakhale mamangidwe oyambira a pulogalamuyi adakhalapo kuyambira pa 9/11, akumangidwa m'njira zatsopano komanso zapamwamba kwambiri. Mfundo ya zonsezi: kuyang'anitsitsa zolemba zathu ndi ma tweets, kuopseza otsutsa asanalowe m'misewu, kuwalembera m'misewu imeneyo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti akulipira mtengo wolemera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wosonkhana ndi kulankhula. Uthengawu ndi womveka komanso womveka bwino ku America m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi: ziwonetsero pazovuta zanu.
Michael Gould-Wartofsky ndiye mlembi wa buku latsopanoli, Okhalamo: Kupanga kwa 99 Percent Movement (Oxford University Press). Ndi PhD candidate mu Sociology ku New York University. Zolemba zake zawonekera mu Washington Post, ndi Nation, okonzerandipo Jacobin, pamodzi ndi TomDispatch, ndipo kafukufuku wake wawonetsedwa PBS ndi NPR. Kuti mupite ku webusayiti yake, Dinani apa. Tsatirani iye @mgouldwartofsky.
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Chenjezedwa. M'tsogolomu posachedwa apolisi omwe alipo atha ndipo m'malo mwa apolisi a robo!!