Atapereka zidziwitso za 'demokalase' za mutu watsopano wa UN Democracy Fund, Roland Rich, mu gawo 1 la nkhaniyi, gawo ili la nkhaniyi tsopano lipereka kuwunika mozama kwa mbiri ya 'demokalase' ya yemwe kale anali wogwira ntchito ku UN, Mark Malloch Brown.
"Chithumwa, kulimba, kusokonekera, zochitika, masomphenya. Maluso awa akusefukira mwa munthu wa Mark Malloch Brownโฆโ- Jeffrey Sachs (2005)
Malinga ndi US State Department (2006) ndi:
"UN Development Programme (UNDP) idayenda motsogozedwa ndi Mark Malloch Brown [mu 1999] kuti ivomereze kukwezedwa kwa demokalase, poganizira kumasuka pazandale osati kokha chifukwa cha chitukuko cha zachuma koma kuthandizira ... Pulezidenti Bush mu 2004, wathandizira kuthetsa vuto la ntchito ya UN mwa kulimbikitsa mabungwe ofunika kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira mabungwe omwe siaboma.
Asanathamangire kukasanthula ntchito ya UN Democracy Fund, nkhaniyi ifotokoza za upainiya wa "demokalase" ndi mayanjano a Mark Malloch Brown, bambo yemwe adagwira ntchito ngati Administrator wa UNDP kuyambira Julayi 1999 mpaka Ogasiti 2005, ndipo mosakayikira. adakonza njira yokhazikitsira Fund ya Demokalase mu 2005. [1] Zowonadi, a Brown adayang'anira nthawi yonyozeka m'mbiri ya UN, yomwe idawona bungwe la UN likuvomereza zokonda zachifumu zaku US pothandizira zomwe zimatchedwa 'kuthandizira anthu'. Kutengapo gawo kwa Brown pakufalitsa US Orwellian doublethink, komabe, sikusemphana ndi mbiri yake ya "demokalase".
Carola Hoyos (2001) akulembera Financial Times akufotokoza za mbiri ya Brown yomwe nthawi zambiri ankayinyalanyaza.[2] Ananenanso kuti ataphunzira mbiri yakale ku yunivesite ya Cambridge (Magdalene College), kenako kuphunzira sayansi yandale ku yunivesite ya Michigan, Brown adagwira ntchito ngati mtolankhani wa ndale Economist kwa zaka ziwiri asanalowe mu Ofesi ya UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) mu 1979. Kwa zaka ziwiri zotsatira anali ku Thailand komwe ankayang'anira ntchito za UNHCR zosamalira anthu othawa kwawo a ku Cambodia. Panthawiyi, a Hoyos akuwona kuti a Brown adatha kupeza "olumikizana nawo ambiri, monga kazembe wa US panthawiyo. Morton Abramowitz, yemwe adakhala Purezidenti wa Carnegie Endowment kuyambira 1991-97", ndipo ndi ndani, mu 1993, Brown adabwera ndi lingaliro lopanga International Crisis Group; ndi "Lionel Rosenblatt, pulezidenti yemwe tsopano watuluka Othawa kwawoโ.[3] Brown adakhala zaka zina ziwiri ngati wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa UNHCR's Emergency Unit ku Geneva, akubwerera ku Economist mu 1983, monga mkonzi wake, mpaka 1986 pamene adalowa nawo gulu la Sawyer-Miller monga mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi. Gulu la Sawyer-Miller ndi kampani yapadziko lonse ya PR yomwe imafufuza zabodza David Miller (2007) akuti "akatswiri [akatswiri] oyang'anira zisankho m'malo mwa oyimira Kumadzulo."
Mogwirizana ndi kuwunika kwa Miller, Hoyos akupitiliza kunena kuti zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zotsatira Brown "adagwira ntchito m'dziko lopanda mthunzi lazandale ndi makampani - kupangitsa atsogoleri osankhidwa ndi mabungwe kuti abwerere m'njira zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonda kusokoneza, otsutsa akutero. โ Pambuyo pake, Brown adapitiliza kukhala nawo "kampani yomwe ikukula mwachangu ili ndi mabwenzi ena atatu", ndipo mu 2002, gulu la Sawyer-Miller linakhala gawo la Weber Shandwick Padziko Lonse - imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu a PR padziko lonse lapansi.
Pazaka zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe adakhala ndi Sawyer-Miller Group, chidziwitso chimodzi chomwe chafotokozedwa m'mbiri yake (pa intaneti) ndi gawo lalikulu lomwe adachita "kulangiza[ing] Corazon [Cory] Aquino waku Philippines pomwe adapikisana ndi Ferdinand Marcos โmu zisankho za 1986: zomwe ndizofunikira chifukwa National Endowment for Democracy (NED) adatenga nawo gawo pakubera mpikisano wamasankho (kuti mumve zambiri onani a Robinson's. Kulimbikitsa Polyarchy).
Mbiri ya Brown Komanso nthawi zina amazindikira kuti adalangizanso "oyimira pulezidenti ndi ndale, makamaka ku Latin America". Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti akatswiri azachuma omwe amayamikiridwa kwambiri,Jeffrey Sachs (2005), adanena kuti, panthawiyi, adagwirizana ndi a Brown "m'mavuto kuyambira kuwonjezereka kwa chuma ku Bolivia mpaka ku 'mphamvu ya anthu' ku Philippines ku Cory Aquino".[4] Ulalo uwu wa Sachs-Brown udawunikira zambiri pazandale za Brown panthawiyi chifukwa monga Alexander Cockburn (2007) amawona:
"'Shock therapy' neoliberalism sikuti imagwirizana kwambiri ndi Milton Friedman, koma ndi Jeffrey Sachsโฆ Sachs adayambitsa chithandizo chodzidzimutsa ku Bolivia koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Kenako anapita ku Poland, Russia, ndi zina zotero, ndi njira yodabwitsa yomweyi ... Apa ndi pamene neoliberalism yamakono inayamba.
Kuphatikiza apo, tili ndi Gulu la Sawyer-Miller imodzi mwantchito zazikulu zomwe Brown adachita inali yogwira ntchito "zambiri pazabizinesi ndi nkhani zina zakusintha kwachuma ndi atsogoleri aku Eastern Europe ndi Russia.โ Choncho the Wall Street Journal ananena kuti mu 1990 a Brown anali mlangizi wa boma lotsogozedwa ndi Solidarity la Poland, lomwe panthaลตiyo โlinali kuthetsedwa kwenikweni ndi maloya [akunja] ndi okopa anthu omwe anali kupereka chithandizo chawoโ.[5] Carl Berstein (1992) adawona kuti:
"Mpaka pomwe mgwirizano walamulo udabwezeretsedwa mu 1989 idakula mobisa, kuperekedwa, kukulitsidwa ndikulangizidwa makamaka ndi netiweki yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi Reagan ndi John Paul II. Matani a zipangizo - makina a fax (oyamba ku Poland), makina osindikizira, ma transmitters, matelefoni, mawailesi a shortwave, makamera a kanema, makina osindikizira, makina a telex, makompyuta, makina osindikizira mawu - anazembetsedwa ku Poland kudzera mu njira zokhazikitsidwa ndi ansembe ndi nthumwi za ku America ndi oimira. cha AFL-CIO [wothandizira wamkulu wa NED] ndi mayendedwe aku Europe ogwira ntchito. Ndalama za bungwe loletsedwazo zinachokera ku ndalama za CIA, National Endowment for Democracy, maakaunti achinsinsi a Vatican ndi mabungwe amalonda akumadzulo.โ
Ndipotu, ngati Hernando Calvo Ospina (2007) Poland idakhala "[o] imodzi mwa zipambano za mbiri yakale" kwa onyenga otsogozedwa ndi US motsogozedwa ndi demokalase, ndipo mkati mwa "zisankho zanyumba yamalamulo ya 1989, NED idapereka $2.5m ku gulu la Solidarity, lomwe mtsogoleri wake Lech Walesa, mnzake wamphamvu. wa ku United States, anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti mu 1990.โ
Titabwerera ku Bolivia, pazisankho za 1989, a Brown adakhala ngati mlangizi wa kampeni ya pulezidenti Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, kuthandizira zomwe wotsutsa Eduardo Gammara (1990) adazitcha "ndondomeko yoyipa yomwe idatengera kampeni yoyipa kwambiri yapurezidenti waku US". [6] Kuganizira za kuthawa kwa Brown ku Bolivia, Perry Anderson (2007) akulemba kuti Brown "chodzinenera chodziwika bwino chinali kukhala woyang'anira kampeni wa Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, wolamulira wa ku Bolivia yemwe ankadedwa ndi anthu chifukwa cha changu chake chausilikali komanso kugonjera ku Washington kotero kuti posachedwapa adathawa ku nyumba ya pulezidenti ndi helikopita, ndipo kupita ku Miami." Zowonadi, zidziwitso za Lozada zovomerezeka ku US zikuwonetseredwa ndikukhala mtsogoleri wa Institute of the Americas (mu 2001 osachepera), bungwe lomwe linali "inakhazikitsidwa mu 1983 kupititsa patsogolo mwayi ndi maubwenzi pakati pa makampani ndi anthu omwe akuchita kapena akuyembekeza kuchita bizinesi ku America โ. Mosasamala kanthu za mbiri ya Lozada, kusankha kwa Brown kunamupindulira, ndipo Lozada adakhala Purezidenti wa Bolivia kuyambira 1993 mpaka 1997 komanso kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2003. Zolemba zabwino kwambiri za Rachel Boynton, zomwe zikuwonetsa kampeni ya Purezidenti wa 2002 ya Lozada.)
Charles Trueheart (1991) Komanso limasonyeza kuti, pamene ndi Sawyer-Miller Gulu, Brown anachita ngati mlangizi TV Mario Vargas Llosa analephera 1990 kuthamanga pa utsogoleri wa Peru. Monga munthu waku US ku Bolivia, Vargas Llosa adafotokozedwa kuti "wotsatsa wopanda manyazi"omwe "adafuna utsogoleri ndi kampeni yachi America mothandizidwa ndi kampani yazandale ya Washington, DC ya Sawyer Miller". Nzosadabwitsa kuti mu 2005, Vargas Llosa analandira American Enterprise Institute's Mphotho ya Irving Kristol, ndipo wakhalanso membala wa Komiti Yadziko Lonse ya Demokalase ku Cuba, komanso pa gulu laupangiri a New Tactics in Human Rights omwe amathandizidwa ndi NED (komwe amakhala pambali pa 'demokalase'-okakamiza ngati Morton I. Abramowitz).
Gulu la Sawyer-Miller laperekanso ntchito zabodza zamtengo wapatali ku boma la Columbian (lomwe limalandira chithandizo champhamvu cha US chifukwa cha ndondomeko zake zapakhomo zopondereza kwambiri). Doug Stokes (2002) akuwonetsa kuti, pamene "[o] mavoti omwe adachitika mu 1987 adapeza kuti 76% ya anthu onse aku America amaganiza kuti boma la Colombia linali lachinyengo", boma lidasungabe ntchito za:
Gulu la Sawyer/Miller, lomwe lidapeza ndalama zokwana pafupifupi madola miliyoni imodzi mu theka loyamba la 1991 lokha. Ntchito ya katswiri wa PR inali kusintha maganizo a dziko la Colombia ngati wowononga komanso wozunza mwankhanza ufulu wa anthu, kukhala wogwirizana kwambiri ndi US mu zomwe zimatchedwa 'nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo'. Woyangโanira nkhani ya ku Colombia ya Sawyer/Miller anafotokoza kuti โntchito yaikulu ndiyo kuphunzitsa atolankhani a ku America ponena za Colombia, kupeza nkhani zabwino, ndi kulimbikitsana ndi atolankhani, olemba nkhani, ndi oganiza bwino. Uthengawu ndi wakuti ku Colombia kuli anthu 'oipa' ndi 'abwino' komanso kuti boma ndi munthu wabwino.' Polimbikitsa malingalirowa gulu la Sawyer/Miller lidachita kafukufuku wamaganizidwe ndi magawo amagulu kuti awunike malingaliro a anthu. Mu 1991 mokha, Colombia anapereka ndalama zoposa $3.1 miliyoni ku ndawala yotsatsa malonda. Kampeniyi idayika zowonjezera zamanyuzipepala komanso zotsatsa zapa TV zomwe zimayang'ana opanga mfundo zaku America ku Washington. Zotsatsa zonse zinali ndi mutu wofanana. Anapempha anthu aku America kuti akumbukire kulimba mtima kwa asitikali aku Colombia pankhondo yake yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo anayesa kusintha malingaliro a Colombia kuti akhale ogulitsa mankhwala ku US ngati ogula mankhwala osokoneza bongo. โ[7]
Poyamikira, Stokes akumaliza kuti "Ntchito ya PR" ya Sawyer-Miller Group "ikuwoneka kuti yagwira ntchito monga US tsopano yapangitsa Colombia kukhala wachitatu wolandira thandizo lankhondo la US padziko lonse lapansi lero."
Poganizira kuti a Brown ali ndi malumikizano achitsanzo a "demokalase", sizodabwitsa kudziwa kuti anzawo akale a Sawyer-Miller Group nawonso ali ndi ubale wosokoneza demokalase. Zowonadi, Purezidenti woyambitsa wa Sawyer-Miller Gulu, Scott Miller, adalembedwa kuti "wosewera wamkuluโ ku strategic and communication consultancy, Malingaliro a kampani David Morey Group, Inc. (DMG) - wothandizira yemwe cholinga chake ndi kupereka "kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa mauthenga onse a kampani, kampeni kapena boma". Ulalo wa Miller ku DMG ndiwosangalatsa chifukwa atatu mwa osewera asanu ndi atatu a DMG amalumikizidwa ndi 'demokalase'. Thumba Lamtendere: awa akuphatikizapo woyambitsa ndi pulezidenti wa DMG, David E. Morey, wachiwiri kwa tcheyamani wa Fund for Peace, [8] ndi abwenzi a DMG Mark L. Mawrence ndi Joel McCleary, omwe onse ndi a Fund for Peace trustees. Mwina osati mwangozi, McCleary ndi purezidenti wakale wa Sawyer-Miller Group, ndipo kuphatikiza apo ndi director of the Kampeni Yapadziko Lonse Yothandizidwa ndi NED ku Tibet (ICT), ndi wakale pulezidenti wa Zogwirizana ndi NED Institute for Asian Democracy (onani mawu a m'munsi [9] kuti mumve zambiri). Pomaliza, mmodzi womaliza wa 'demokalase' Sawyer-Miller Group aficionado ndi Gyorgy Banlaki, yemwe mu 1989 adayambitsa "njira zogwirira ntchito limodzi kampani yolumikizirana ndi American Sawyer-Miller Group". Pambuyo pake:
"... mutu wa Sawyer-Miller Hungary adakonza ndikuyendetsa ntchito zofufuza malingaliro ndi mauthenga ku Poland, Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine, Slovakia ndi Albania. Iye ndi kampani yake anagwira ntchito ya consortium pa ntchito ya USAID ku Hungarian Privatization Agency mu 1991-93. Mu 1994 adasankhidwa kuchokera ku mabungwe achinsinsi kupita ku kazembe wa Washington, komwe adayenera kuphatikiza zomwe adakumana nazo m'maboma ndi mabungwe azoyimira msika watsopano, wosintha komanso wotuluka ku Hungary.
Posachedwapa, mu 2003 (osachepera), Banlaki adatumikira monga mlangizi wapadziko lonse lapansi kupita ku Integrated Control Systems, Inc. (IMPAC). Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa wapampando wa IMPAC, a James B. Irwin, sanangogwirapo ntchito ngati msungichuma wa International Democratic Union (โmgwirizano wa zipani zopitilira 70โ), komanso ndi mkulu wakale wa Center for Democracy, yemwe pulezidenti wake kuyambira 1985 mpaka 2003 anali Allen Weinstein - pulezidenti woyamba wa NED. Momwemonso, Purezidenti wapano wa IMPAC, Colm B. Hendrick, wakhalanso mkulu wa bungwe loona za ufulu wa anthu lomwe tsopano latha.
Kubwereranso kwa munthu wamkulu wa nkhaniyi, Mark Malloch Brown: pamene akulemekeza mano ake a "demokalase" ndi Sawyer-Miller Group, adatumikira mwachidule monga wachiwiri wapampando wa Refugees International (mu 1993 osachepera).[10] Komanso, mkazi wa Brown, Trish Malloch Brown, posachedwapa adatsika paudindo wake monga wachiwiri kwa wapampando wa Refugees International, ndipo ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti adagwira ntchito ku Sawyer-Miller Group (kuyambira 1986 kupita mtsogolo), komanso adakhala ngati woyang'anira mapulogalamu a Soros Foundation ku Eastern Europe kuyambira. 1989 mpaka 1992.
mu 1994, Mark Malloch Brown analoลตa ku Banki Yadziko Lonse monga mkulu woona za nkhani zakunja, ndipo anakhala wachiลตiri kwa pulezidenti wawo woona za nkhani zakunja ndi wachiลตiri kwa pulezidenti wa United Nations wokhudza nkhani za United Nations kuyambira 1996 mpaka 1999. Pambuyo pake, mu 1999, UN Development Programme inamโpatsa mphoto. kumupanga kukhala woyang'anira woyamba wosakhala waku America wa UN yemwe adasankhidwa zaka makumi angapo: komabe, ngati Betsy Pisik (1999) ananena, ngakhale kuti si Amereka, โUbale wa Brown ku United States ndiwotsimikizika komanso wozama.โ Zowonadi Pisik akupitiliza kunena mawu a Brown, akuti: "Ndinakwatiwa ndi waku America ndipo ndimagwira ntchito ku States, simupeza Americanphile wamphamvu kuposa ine". Zodabwitsa ndizakuti ngakhale Brown nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati a wodzudzula mwamphamvu mfundo zakunja za US, zosiyana zikuwoneka kuti ndizo: Perry Anderson (2007) amawona kuti:
"Panthawi yaulamuliro wake wachiwiri, akusokonekera muvuto la Mafuta a Chakudya, [Kofi] Annan adayitanidwa ndi Richard Holbrooke kunyumba kwake ku Upper West Side ku msonkhano wachinsinsi [kumapeto kwa 2004], wopezeka ndi [Robert] Orr, [John. ] Ruggie ndi [Nader] Mousavizadeh, ndi ena atatu omwe ali mkati mwa Democratic. Kumeneko Annan analamulidwa kuthamangitsa anzake omwe sakuwafuna, ndikuvomereza malingaliro oyenerera, mu mawonekedwe a Mark Malloch Brownโฆ Popanda kungโungโudza, Annan anamulandira monga mphamvu patsogolo pa mpando wachifumu. Holbrooke zinawawidwa mtima kuti nkhani za dongosololi zidatuluka. 'Cholinga chake chinali kusunga chinsinsi. Palibe amene ankafuna kupereka chithunzi cha gulu la anthu akunja, onse a ku Amereka, kulamula chochita kwa mlembi wamkulu.' Mawonekedwe, mwachiwonekere, ndi chilichonse. โ
Kwa owerenga omwe sakudziwa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za demokalase zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zinayi zomwe tatchulazi chidule chachidule chotsatira:
(1) Richard C. Holbrooke adakhala ngati kazembe wa US ku UN kuyambira 1999 mpaka 2001: pano ndi director wa NED, Refugees International, ndi Humpty Dumpty Institute, akutumikira pa advisory board of the Chiyanjano cha Secure America, ndipo ndi mkulu wakale wa bungwe la Komiti Yopulumutsa Yadziko Lonse.
(2) Robert C. Orr adasankhidwa kukhala wothandizira mlembi wamkulu wa UN mu Ogasiti 2004: m'mbuyomu adagwira ntchito ngati "wachiwiri ku Washington kwa Richard C. Holbrooke, kazembe wa United States ku United Nations ", ndipo izi zisanachitike adakhala "Mtsogoleri wa Global and Multilateral Affairs ku National Security Council, komwe anali ndi udindo woyang'anira mtendere ndi nkhani zothandiza anthu", komanso ku International Peace Academy ndi USAID. Pakati pa 2001 ndi 2003 Orr โadatsogolera komiti yamagulu awiri pakumanganso pambuyo pa mikangano mothandizidwa ndi a Chigawo cha Strategic and International Studies ku Washington ndi Association of the United States Army โ. Mu July 2002, Orr anasaina a Nyumba yaufulu kalata yopita kwa Purezidenti Bush, yomwe inali osayinidwa ndi zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa kuti ndi ndani omwe ali mgulu la 'demokalase yolimbikitsa'.
(3) John G. Ruggie adakhala wothandizira mlembi wamkulu komanso mlangizi wamkulu pakukonzekera bwino kwa mlembi wamkulu wa UN Kofi Annan pakati pa 1997 ndi 2001, kenako adakhala mlangizi wapadera wa mlembi wamkulu wa Global Compact, ndipo mu 2005 adasankhidwa kukhala wapadera wa UN. woyimilira pa nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi mabungwe akunja ndi mabizinesi ena. Ruggie ndi advisory council ya Kuzindikira Ufulu.
(4) Nader Mousavizadeh wosungira ndalama ndi Goldman Sachs, ndipo adagwirapo ntchito ngati "United Nations ndale ku Bosnia mu 1996 ndipo adatumikira mu ofesi ya Secretary General Kofi Annan kuyambira 1997 mpaka 2003. Pamene ankagwira ntchito kwa Kofi Annan anakhala ngati wolemba mawu wa Annan, ndipo โadalangiza Secretary-General pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana za ndale, kuphatikizapo mayiko a ku Balkan, Middle East, Africa, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ndale za kulowererapoโ.
Mousavizadeh ndi membala wa International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), gulu lomwe imadzifotokozera yokha monga "otsogolera padziko lonse lapansi pankhondo zandale ndi zankhondo". Mwachidziwitso, IISS idathandizira kwambiri kulimbikitsa nkhondo ya Iraq pamene idapereka "dossier pa zida zaku Iraq zowononga anthu ambiriโ pa Seputembara 9, 2002, lomwe โnthawi yomweyo maulamuliro a Bush ndi a Blair adawagwira ngati akupereka 'umboni' woti Saddam idatsala ndi miyezi ingapo kuti ayambitse kuukira kwa mankhwala ndi zamoyo, kapenanso nyukiliya". Mousavizadeh ndi membala wa komiti ya alangizi ya Human Rights Watch ku Middle East: kuti muwunikire mwatsatanetsatane Human Rights Watch onani nkhani yanga yaposachedwa. Kubera Ufulu Wachibadwidwe.
Perry Anderson (2007) akulemba kuti anthu awiri ofunikira "omwe adalemba zolankhulidwa ndi zolemba zofotokozera mlembi wamkulu ndi chithunzi chake" anali Edward Mortimer [11] ndi Nader Mousavizadeh. Anderson akupitiriza kuzindikira kuti Mortimer ndi Mousavizadeh:
"... adachokera ku Financial Times ndi New Republic motsatana, zofalitsa ziwiri zomwe mbiri yake pandale sizifunikira kufotokozedwa. Nzosadabwitsa kuti zilengezo zosiyanasiyana za Annan, zoyamikiridwa kaamba ka kulankhula kwawo bwino ndi anzake amalingaliro ofananawo kumaiko a Kumadzulo, zinali zongowonjezereka chabe za nkhani za mkonzi mโmabuku aลตiri ameneลตa. Mortimer, wochokera kusukulu zapamwamba, adayambitsa Komiti ya International Committee for a Free Iraq pamodzi ndi Ahmed Chalabi. Ubale pakati pawo udapitilirabe, Meisler akutiuza, kuti Chalabi amuuziretu nkhani ya Mafuta a Chakudya isanathe ...
โNdi nkhani zochepa chabe zimene zikusonyeza mbali imene awiriwa a ku Britain ndi America anachita kuposa mmene dziko linadzadziwira kuti nkhondo ya Nato pa Yugoslavia mu 1999 inali yovomerezeka. Annan, osadziลตa momwe angachitire, anayenera kuyendetsedwa ndi alangizi ake kuti apereke mawu okhululukira. Pokana chikalata choyamba chomwe chidaperekedwa kwa iye chomwe chidawonetsa chisoni pakuyambika kwa nkhondo, a Mortimer ndi Mousavizadeh adamupatsa chikalata chawo, kuyamikira chiwembuchi, kuti asaine. Malinga ndi Traub, 'Mortimer akunena kuti pamene ankapereka Baibulo latsopanoli, Annan anayang'anitsitsa ndipo potsirizira pake anati: 'Awa ndi mawu ovuta kwambiri omwe ndinayenera kunena monga mlembi wamkulu.' Kenako adavomera kuti apereke statement. โ
Kubwerera ku zotsatira za msonkhano wa Annan ndi Holbrooke ndi kampani, Oliver Burkeman (2006) "Pakati pa sabata" Annan "anakonza zokumana ndi Condoleezza Rice" ndipo "mwamsanga pambuyo pake, adawulula mkulu wina watsopano, Mngelezi wodziwika bwino dzina lake Mark Malloch Brown." Choncho mu January 2005, atakhala zaka 2006 monga woyangโanira bungwe la UN Development Programme, Brown anakhala woyangโanira nduna za mlembi wamkulu. Mu April XNUMX, anakwezedwa kukhala wachiwiri kwa mlembi wamkulu wa UN, udindo umene anaugwira mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka.
Atachoka ku UN, mnzake wakale wa Brown, George Soros, adapereka mphotho kudzipereka kwake kwa demokalase pomulemba ntchito (mu Meyi 2007) ngati mtsogoleri. wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti watsopano thumba lake la hedge fund, Quantum Fund. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, Brown adasankhidwanso kukhala mlendo wodziwika ku Yale Center for the Study of Globalization: [12] likulu lomwe mtsogoleri wake, Ernesto Zedillo, amagwira ntchito pa board of directors a International Crisis Group ndi a Institute for International Economics, ndi pa ma advisory board a onse a Realizing Rights ndi the Center for Global Development. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti Brown nayenso adagwirapo ntchito posachedwa (kumayambiriro kwa 2007) ngati director wa Center for Global Development, ndipo pano ndi director wa NetAid - bungwe lomwe purezidenti wake, Kimberly A. Hamilton, ndi mlangizi wa Achimereka a Demokalase Yodziwitsa, ndi yemwe kale anali wothandizana nawo pazachikhalidwe cha anthu ku Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Brown panonso akutumikira pa advisory board a Global Public Policy Institute - tank yoganiza yomwe "mission ndi ku khazikitsani njira zatsopano zoyendetsera ulamuliro wabwino komanso wodalirika komanso kuti mukwaniritse bwino ntchito zamagulu aboma, mabizinesi ndi mabungwe aboma kudzera mu kafukufuku, kufunsana ndi kukambiranaโ. Izi posachedwapa Institute's Cholinga chake ndi kutengera ntchito yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Global Public Policy Project mu 1999, pulojekiti yomwe zotsatira zake zidasindikizidwa koyambirira kwa 2000 ndi a. International Development Research Center. Anthu omwe akusokoneza demokalase, akukhala pa alangizi a Global Public Policy Institute, akuphatikizapo Kemal Dervis (yemwe ndi mutu watsopano wa UN Development Program, ndipo akutumikira m'gulu la alangizi la Center for Global Development), Moises Naim (yemwe ndi director. a NED, amagwira ntchito pa Executive Board Institute for Global Leadership, anali mkulu wa bungwe la World Bank, ndipo wakhala mtsogoleri wa ntchito zokonzanso zachuma ku Latin America Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceMary Robinson (yemwe anali UN High Commissioner for Human Rights kuyambira 1997 mpaka 2002, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti. Club ya Madrid, woyambitsa Kuzindikira Ufulu, Commissioner wa International Commission of Jurists, ndi membala wa bungwe la International Council on Human Rights Policy, wapampando wa Fund for Global Human Rights, ndipo amagwira ntchito pa advisory board of Transparency Internationalndipo Zosokoneza), Adele S. Simmons (yemwe ali a pulezidenti wakale a MacArthur Foundation - imodzi mwamaziko akulu kwambiri achifundo ku US - amatumikira ku bungwe la advisory la Realizing Rights, monga wapampando wa Fair Labor Association, pa komiti ya ndondomeko ya Project on Justice mu Times of Transition), ndi Anne-Marie Slaughter (yemwe ndi wapampando wa Secretary of State's Komiti Yolangiza pa Kukwezeleza Demokalase, wotsogolera wa New America Foundation, trustee wa World Peace Foundation, akutumikira mu komiti ya ndondomeko ya Project on Justice in Times of Transition, ndipo ndi membala wa Inter-American Dialogue ndi Task Force pa United Nations). Mamembala ena awiri odziwika a advisory board a Global Public Policy Institute ndi mkulu wa bungwe la UN Environment Programme, Achim Steiner, ndi Bjorn Stigson, yemwe ndi pulezidenti wa bungwe la UN Environment Programme. Bungwe la World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
Pomaliza, a Mark Malloch Brown anali posachedwa adapatsidwa mwayi mu House of Lords ndipo adasankhidwa ndi Prime Minister waku Britain Gordon Brown kukhala nduna yakunja ya Africa, Asia ndi United Nations. Gawoli lafotokoza mbiri ya m'modzi mwa anthu omwe akugwedeza kwambiri 'demokalase' mu UN, a Mark Malloch Brown, gawo lotsatirali lifotokoza zambiri za udindo wa UN Democracy Fund yomwe yangokhazikitsidwa kumene pakulimbikitsa demokalase yapadziko lonse lapansi. .
Magawo awiri oyambilira a magawo anayi awa adawonetsa mutu watsopano wa UN Democracy Fund, Roland Rich, womwe udatsatiridwa ndikuwunika mozama za "demokalase" ya yemwe kale anali wogwira ntchito ku UN, Mark Malloch Brown. Gawo lachitatu la mndandandawu tsopano liwunika mbiri ya UN Democracy Fund palokha, ndikuwonetsa ena mwa anthu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi Fund.
Michael Barker ndi dokotala pa yunivesite ya Griffith, Australia. Atha kufikiridwa ku Michael.J.Barker [ku] griffith.edu.au, ndi ena ake nkhani zina zitha kupezeka pano.
Malemba omveka
[1] Mbiri ya Brown ikunena kuti panthawi yomwe anali ku UNDP: "Zoyesayesa zake zidaphatikizapo kukakamiza kwakukulu kukulitsa thandizo la UN kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene m'magawo monga ulamuliro wademokalase, njira yatsopano yolimbikitsira monga ikuwonekera m'mabuku oyambitsa upainiya, kuphatikiza Arab Human Development. Malipoti, komanso kulimbikitsa utsogoleri wa UNDP pakagwa masoka achilengedwe komanso pakagwa mikangano. โ
[2] Carola Hoyos, Kumanganso Afghanistan, Financial TimesNovembala 21, 2001.
[3] Diane Johnstone (2000) amatchula mtsogoleri wa NED Morton Abramowitz ngati "m eminence grise za ndondomeko yatsopano ya NATO ya 'kuthandiza anthu'". M'buku lake Fool Crusade (2002, p. 9) Johnstone analembanso kuti: โAnathandiza kupeza anthu apamwamba International Crisis Group, wokonza mfundo zazikulu kuchokera ku Bosnia ndi Kosovo. Anali ponseponse kumbuyo kwa sewero la Kosovo, popanga mfundo komanso kupanga mabizinesi osankhika, boma, komanso malingaliro azama TV. Anakhala ngati mlangizi wa nthumwi za ku Kosovo Albania pa zokambirana za ku Rambouillet, zomwe kusokonezeka kwawo kunapereka chifukwa chowombera mabomba a NATO. "
[4] mu 2002, Jeffrey Sachs โanasankhidwa kukhala mlangizi wapadera wa mlembi wamkulu wa United Nations pa zolinga za UN za Millennium Development Goals.โ Mโmalo amenewa Sach โanagwira ntchito limodziโ ndi bwenzi lake lakale la โUN Development Program Administrator Mark Malloch Brown yemwe wapatsidwa udindo wogwirizanitsa ntchito yokwaniritsa zolinga zachitukuko cha millennium mโdongosolo lonse la UN.โ
[5] Jill Abramson, Otsatira Ofunitsitsa a US, Lobbyists ndi Alangizi Safuna Upangiri Wonse Kuti Apite Kummawa, Mnyamata Wachichepere, Wall Street Journal, Januari 12, 1990.
[6] Eduardo A. Gammara, 'Hybrid Presidentialism ndi Democratization: Nkhani ya Bolivia', Mu: S. Mainwaring & MS Shugart (eds) Purezidenti ndi Demokalase ku Latin America, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p.378.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa ntchito ya Sawyer-Miller Group ku Bolivia onani Eduardo A. Gamarra, ndi James M. Malloy, 'Bolivia: Revolution and Reaction', Mu: HJ Wiarda ndi HF Kline, Latin America Politics ndi Development. Kusindikiza kwachitatu (Boulder: Westview Press, 3).
[7] Doug Stokes (2002) akuwonjezera kuti: โZopempha zoulutsidwa za ofalitsa nkhani zofunsidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma la Colombia zinapita kudzera kwa Sawyer/Miller. Iwo adatsogolera atolankhani achifundo ku maunduna akuluakulu aboma ndikuwonetsetsa kuti otsutsa mbiri yoyipa ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Colombia asungidwa. Mโchochitika china, pambuyo pa msonkhano ndi Warren Hoge, mkonzi wa New York Times Magazine, Times inasindikiza nkhani yaitali ndi yosalondola yolemekeza Purezidenti wa Colombia panthaลตiyo, Cesar Trujillo, amene ndawala yake inathandizidwa kwambiri ndi ndalama za mankhwala. Boma la Colombia lidagula ufulu wosindikizanso nkhaniyo ndikutumiza masauzande a makope kwa Atolankhani ndi ma Embassy aku US. Gulu la Sawyer/Miller nthawi zonse limagwiritsa ntchito atolankhani aku America kufalitsa zabodza za boma la Colombia ndi kupanga timapepala, makalata opita kwa akonzi osainidwa ndi akuluakulu aku Colombia, ndi zotsatsa zomwe zimayikidwa mu The New York Times ndi The Washington Post. Komabe, ndikusintha kwa omenyera zida pankhondo yaku Colombia komwe kwakhudza kwambiri. Posachedwapa, kazembe wa US ku Colombia ku 1996, Myle Frechette, adavomereza kuti lingaliro la FARC ngati zigawenga zankhondo, "lidaphatikizidwa ndi asitikali aku Colombia, omwe adawona ngati njira yopezera thandizo la US polimbana ndi zigawenga. 'โ
[8] Malingana ndi iye yonena: โKwa zaka zambiri, a Morey agwira ntchito ndi anthu angapo ochokera kunja, zipani ndi maboma kuphatikizapo: Purezidenti wa Colombia Virgilio Barco; Purezidenti wa Philippines Corazon Aquino; Purezidenti wa Russia Boris Yeltsin ndi The Dalai Lama. Mu 1997, adalangiza kampeni yopambana yapurezidenti ya Kim Dae Jung, mtsogoleri woyamba wotsutsa kusankhidwa m'mbiri yaku Korea. Pambuyo pake, adakhala mlangizi ku Boma la Korea panthawi yamavuto azachuma komanso kuchira. Posachedwapa, Bambo Morey analangiza kampeni yopambana ya Chen Shui-bian, yomwe kupambana kwake kunayimira kupititsa patsogolo kwamtendere kwa chipani chotsutsa m'mbiri ya China, Vicente Fox, mtsogoleri woyamba wotsutsa ku Mexico zaka 70 ndi Roh Moo Hyun waku South Korea. .โ
[9] Institute for Asia Democracy idakhazikitsidwa mu 1991 ndipo "amafuna kulimbikitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu zodzilamulira okha ku Asiaโฆ ntchito[ku] ntchito makamaka pakubwezeretsa demokalase ku Burma. โ Anthu ena a 'demokalase' omwe amagwirizana ndi Institute for Asian Democracy (IAD) akuphatikizapo Michele Bohana (yemwe ndi wotsogolera wa IAD, ndipo anali woyambitsa wa ICT), Robert AF Thurman (yemwe ndi trustee woyambitsa IAD, ndipo akutumikira pa advisory board of ICT), Gare A. Smith (yemwe ndi trustee wa IAD, ndi mkulu wa ICT, ndi membala wa Fund for Peace's Human Rights ndipo Business Roundtable, ndipo adatumikirapo kale "monga Wachiwiri kwa Principal Mlembi Wothandizira ku US State Department's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor"), ndi Chris Beyrer (yemwe ndi trustee wa IAD, ndipo "amagwira ntchito ngati membala wa Global Health Advisory Council of the Open Society Instituteโฆ ndi [monga] mlangizi ku Mbiri ya Asia Society Pulogalamu ya Social Issues".
[10] Annon, Soros Humanitarian Fund for Bosnia-Hercegovina Apempha Purezidenti Clinton Kuti Anyamule Arms Embargo ku Bosnia, Alengeze Malo Osungirako Anthu Monga Malo Otetezedwa, Miyambo Newswire, April 19, 1993.
[11] Mortimer "ntchito mu Ofesi Yoyang'anira Mlembi Wamkulu wa United Nations kuyambira 1998, monga mutu wa Speechwriting Unit komanso, kuyambira 2001, [monga] Director of Communications ", udindo womwe adakhala nawo mpaka December 2006. Atachoka ku UN, Mortimer wakhala. wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wamkulu komanso wamkulu wa pulogalamu ya Salzburg Seminar.
[12] Malinga ndi Mbiri ya Brown pa intaneti: "Ambuye Malloch Brown adakhala kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2007 ku Center akulemba buku lotchedwa 'The Unfinished Global Revolution,' lomwe limafotokoza kusintha kwa utsogoleri m'dziko ladziko lonse lapansi momwe mabungwe akale sakupambana. Bukuli likunena za kuyesetsa kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wogwira mtima wa maboma ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kuti athetse mavuto padziko lonse lapansi. "
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama