"... mlembi wabwino kwambiri wa chitetezo m'dziko lino." - Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Dick Cheney
"Zam'mbuyo sizinadziwike pomwe zidayamba." -Donald Rumsfeld
Paulendo wotsanzikana wopita ku Baghdad koyambirira kwa Disembala 2006, Secretary of Defense yemwe adachoka adakumbukira za chiyambi chake pazandale zaka zopitilira makumi anayi m'mbuyomu. Othandizira adatsamira kuti amvetsere mwachidwi, koma adachoka popanda mavumbulutso osaiwalika. Zinalibe kanthu. Monga mwachizolowezi ndi munthu uyu yemwe adalamulira boma ngati palibe mkulu wa nduna asanakhalepo - kuphatikiza Henry Kissinger wokonda mphamvu yemwe adanyozedwa komanso wodabwitsa, ngati si anthu otchuka - mbiri yowona komanso mawonekedwe a Don Rumsfeld anali ofanana pang'ono.
Panali zodabwitsa m'mayambiriro amenewo. Anatuluka m'dera lolemera la Chicago m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ali ndi chidaliro chambiri komanso olumikizana nawo ku Princeton, pakati pawo a Frank Carlucci, Mlembi wachitetezo wamtsogolo wamalingaliro apakati, komabe kudzikuza kwachitsulo komanso kuchita zinthu mwanzeru kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri m'boma kuposa luntha kapena kulingalira. Pambuyo pa koleji komanso zaka ziwiri ngati woyendetsa ndege wa Navy, Rumsfeld adachita zandale ngati Capitol Hill intern komanso wothandizira kampeni waku Republican, ndipo pofika makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zinayi, kubwerera ku Chicago kumabanki azachuma, anali kuthamangira ku Congress.
Monga momwe zilili ndi zambiri zomwe zikubwera, ulusi wakuda kwambiri umakhala pansi pamtunda kuyambira pachiyambi. Pachiyambi cha Republican chofanana ndi zisankho, anali wachinyamata, wosalankhula zoipa, wopanda ndalama zambiri, wotsutsa wachipani chachikale yemwe adzalandira mpando wotseguka. M'malo mwake, adalipidwa mowolowa manja ndi abwenzi olemera, pomwe ogwira nawo ntchito - kuphatikiza Jeb Stuart Magruder wa mbiri yapamadzi ya Watergate - adamunyanyira ndikumupaka mdani wake, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe sizinapezeke ku Rumsfeld.
Adapita ku Washington mu Disembala 1962 kazembe wokongola, wokhala ndi nsagwada, wokhala pampando wotetezeka kuchokera kunyanja ya North Shore, yojambulidwa ndi masamba a masamba a Winnetka ndi Evanston. Chigawo chakale chakhumi ndi chitatu ku Illinois chinali chimodzi mwa anthu olemera kwambiri mdzikolo ndipo anali atagwira bwino ku Republican kwa zaka zana. M'Nyumbayo, Rumsfeld posakhalitsa adawonedwa ndi ena monga momwe amadzikondera nthawi zonse - wochita chidwi pagulu lachipani chake.
Kenako, monga pambuyo pake, analibe ziyeneretso zotsimikizirika kapena zipambano zodziimira payekha. Koma izi nthawi zonse zimabisidwa ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu, aukali omwe adakwera pamphasa ngati wolimbana ndi Ivy League - "zigono zakuthwa," mnzake wofatsa, wansanje adazitcha - komanso kuletsa koyipa kwa ambiri a GOP mu 1960s. Chipani cha Republican Party Rumsfeld chomwe chidalowamo chidagwidwa kale pakati pa kufa kwa Eisenhower kudziko lapansi komanso kudziletsa (ndikutsatizana kwa Richard Nixon m'mapiko) komanso chikhumbo chakumanja chofuna kulanda ulamuliro womwe, pakadutsa zaka khumi, upereka Reagan Reaction.
Malingaliro ake olondola a Rumsfeld, New Deal-phobic corporatist cant ndi Cold War chauvinism, adabwera atavala mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa zinthu zodziwika bwino - ndipo adakopeka kale ndi changu cha munthu wamba yemwe anali woganiza mozama pakukonza pang'onopang'ono kwanthawiyo koma akuyenda bwino. luso lankhondo. Monga ambiri a m'badwo wake wobadwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, ana ankhondo ankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse omwe adabwera kudzalamulira dziko lapansi pambuyo pa nkhondoyo ndipo akakhala akulu otsimikiza pambuyo pa 9/11, sanakayikire. za kulemekezeka kwachilengedwe kwa ulamuliro wa America kapena kusagonja kwa mikono yake; zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zowoneka bwino, zosatsutsika kwambiri ndi milungu iwiri yowoneka bwino ya capitalism yaku America - ukadaulo ndi kasamalidwe ka "masiku ano".
Chimenecho, pambuyo pa zonse, chinali chikhulupiriro chosakayikitsa, chosakayikitsa cha abambo aku North Shore ndi kupambana kwina monga iwo ku fuko lonselo. Limenelo linali dziko, malinga ndi pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Princeton, komanso Harvard Business School. Umu ndiye anali wanzeru wa Mlembi Wachitetezo wamtsogolo a Robert McNamara's Ford Motor Company komanso Pentagon yake yanthawi ya Vietnam "kusanthula machitidwe", ndi zina zambiri.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, dziko lolandiridwalo linatha kupitirira ma suites ndi midzi. Popeza kuti America ndi wamphamvuyonse pamakhalidwe ndi zinthu zakuthupi, kupambana kwake kwachitsanzo (komwe kukuwonekera ku North Shore), dziko lonse lapansi silinafunikire kufufuza kwina, chidziwitso, kapena kumvetsetsa zandale, komanso amuna oterowo sanafunikire kuzindikirika pang'ono za America. zakale zopanda nthano. Opanga zisankho atcheru, otanganidwa ndi zotsatira zowerengeka, analibe nthawi ya "maphunziro" oterowo.
Ndalama kapena mphamvu zikafunika kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Asiya, Aarabu, Achilatini, kapena Achiafirika, nkhani yachidule yolembedwa ndi anthu ena apansi omwe adawerenga ma memo ofunikira imachitika nthawi zonse. Kutengedwa momwe tonse takhala tikukhalira Rumsfeld's kinetic, churlish kutsika mu chipwirikiti chamagazi ku Iraq kwake, zakhala zosavuta kunyalanyaza kuchuluka kwake. chikhalidwe zonse zidali kuyambira pachiyambi - kunyada kwa America kwazaka makumi asanu ndi atatu zamphamvu zazikulu komanso kudzikuza komwe kumayikidwa pambali pa umbuli wathu wokulirapo komanso kusasamala kwathu. Munali mu 1963, m'miyezi yoyamba ya Don Rumsfeld ku Congress, pomwe gulu la Iraq Ba'ath Party - kuyambira 1959 lidalemba ntchito, kulipirira ndalama, kuyendetsedwa ndi kuwongolera ndi CIA, ndikutsata chigawenga chazaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi cha ku Tikriti dzina lake Saddam Hussein. (yekha ndi wakupha wolipidwa ndi CIA) pamodzi ndi mindandanda ya mazana a anthu aku Iraq omwe akutsamira kumanzere ndi akatswiri kuti aphedwe pambuyo pa kulanda - adalanda mphamvu ku Baghdad.
Ku Capitol Hill, woyimira malamulo wachinyamata waku Republican yemwe anali wolimba mtima adatengeka kwambiri ndikupereka ndalama zatsopano pazamlengalenga ndi zida. Chizindikiro chake chinasokoneza chidwi ndi kunyodola koopsa m'mafunso ndi zolankhula zomwe zidali kale ndi lingaliro la Pentagon E-Ring zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pake: gulu lankhondo lamphamvu kwambiri ngati wrestler wakale - lithe, wokhala ndi zida zamphamvu, wothamanga kukankha mdani wothedwa nzeru, wopambana mosakayikira, ndi okhala ndi nkhata kuzungulira. Zinali chabe nkhani - anayamba kuphunzira mofulumira kuchokera ku ndemanga zothandiza ndi umboni wa akuluakulu a asilikali-mafakitale - kupanga akuluakulu (oyang'anira nthambi, pambuyo pake) kusintha njira zawo zakale zaulesi. Liwu lachidule lingakhale: Pezani kuti mupambane. Ukadaulo watsopano udali wapamwamba kwambiri komanso kasamalidwe komwe kamayenda nawo kotero kuti zinalibe kanthu kuti wopikisana naye angakhale ndani. Mโmasiku apitawo, mโmawu obisika a Washington omwe sanamveke, mโmacheza pamaso pa zipinda zopanda kanthu, munali ngโoma zoyamba zosalimba za tsoka lakutali ku Hindu Kush, Mesopotamiya, ndi kupitirira apo.
Zoonadi, m'zaka za m'ma 1960, chilakolako cha Rumsfeld pa usilikali wapamwamba kwambiri chinali cholimbikitsa, nkhondo yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi kutanganidwa kwake ndi kupita patsogolo. Ngakhale kuti ochepa ankawoneka kuti akuwona, mnyamata watsopanoyo adathamanga modabwitsa pa Nyumba yomanga matabwa. Mu 1964, asanafike kumapeto kwa nthawi yake yoyamba, adagonjetsa Mtsogoleri wa GOP Charles Halleck, Dwight D. Eisenhower wokhulupilika wokonda kukhala ndi bipartisanship ndi kukayikira za bajeti zonse za Pentagon ndi kulowererapo kwa mayiko akunja. Ndi mavoti asanu ndi limodzi okha mu Republican Caucus, Rumsfeld adatha kulowetsa m'malo mwa folksy Indianan ndi Gerald Ford waku Michigan.
Mu ndale zamkati za Nyumbayi, Ford yowoneka bwino, yovomerezeka, yosasinthika nthawi zonse inali yolondola kuposa Nixon wake wapambuyo pa Nixon, ndipo tsopano atamwalira, chifaniziro cha pulezidenti chikanakhala nacho. Richard Nixon adatcha Ford "woyang'ana maso komanso wongogwedeza mutu," yemwe kusachita bwino kwake komanso kukhulupirika kwake sikunamupangitse kukhala wofanana kwenikweni ndi ziwonetsero zachitsulo, zochenjera kwambiri zomuzungulira. Kukankhira Ford inali imodzi mwazomwe zikuyenda mkati mwa Capitol Hill zomwe zinkawoneka, panthawiyo, kuti apambane mphoto za Rumsfeld zochepa chabe, zotsalira - mipando ya komiti yosankhidwa, mpikisano pamakwerero a utsogoleri, othandizana nawo.
Otengedwa ndi kalembedwe ka Rumsfeld chaka chimenecho anali Congressman waku Kansas Robert Ellsworth, loya wa tauni yaing'ono yolima tirigu yemwe anali ndi mphatso zamtengo wapatali koma zolakalaka zazikulu komanso kulumikizana kwapafupi ndi Nixon. "Chinthu chinanso cha Achinyamata a ku Turkey," m'modzi mwa gulu lawo la House adatcha kugwa kwa Halleck.
Zikuwoneka zovuta tsopano kukokomeza zotsatizana zosatha za kachitidwe kakang'ono koma kotsimikizika. Kukwezedwa kwa Ford yowona mtima koma yocheperako kuti ikhale wachiwiri kwa purezidenti pakati pa kuwonongeka kwa Purezidenti Richard Nixon ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti, Spiro Agnew; Kuperewera kwa Ford, ngati kuli kopanda vuto, nthawi yayitali mu Oval Office ndipo pambuyo pake ngati mtsogoleri wa chipani ndikudutsa koyipa kwa GOP kwa Ronald Reagan mu 1980; Kukulitsa kwa Ellsworth kwa Rumsfeld kukhala malo otchuka koma onyoza-oteteza chitetezo pansi pa Nixon; ndiyeno, pautsogoleri wa Ford, mphotho ya Rumsfeld, kukwezedwa kwake kukhala Chief of Staff ku White House, komanso kukwera kwa m'modzi wa othandizira ake kuchokera mu nthawi ya Nixon, wotsutsa wachichepere wa Wyoming yemwe sanadziwikepo dzina lake Dick Cheney; chotsatira, mu 1975-1976, Rumsfeld woyamba kukhala pa Pentagon yonyazitsidwa koma yosalapa yomwe ingasinthe nthawi yake yachiwiri pambuyo pa 2001; ndipo potsirizira pake, ndithudi, ulamuliro wa Rumsfeld-Cheney wokhala ndi mphamvu mu George W. Bush White House wotsatiridwa ndi ndondomeko zawo zoopsa pambuyo pa 9/11 - zonsezo zinachokera pakupanga Gerry Ford Minority Leader wabwino, wosagwirizana yemwe anaiwala nyengo yachisanu ya 1964.
Chipani cha Maliro
Iwo anali amuna a Nixon. Rumsfeld ndi Cheney adadzuka kudzera mwa bambo wandale yemwe amanyansidwa ndi theka la purezidenti wonyoza yemwe adakhala ndikugwiritsa ntchito ena omwe sakuwakhulupirira, adabweranso kudzakhumudwa. Kubweretsedwa mu kampeni ya purezidenti wa Nixon mu 1968 kudzera muchikoka cha Ellsworth, Rumsfeld adakhala paudindo woyenera - akazonde pa Democratic Convention ku Chicago, yomwe idaphulika mu "chipwirikiti chapolisi" chotsutsana ndi ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi nkhondo zomwe zidang'amba ma Democrats ndikubwereketsa kazitapeyo malipoti osayembekezereka. (Pakati pa anthu omwe anali kuonerera chiwonongekocho panali munthu wina woonerera kuchokera mโdera labwino kwambiri la Republican, wophunzira wa Wellesley wa zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi wa ku Park Ridge dzina lake Hillary Rodham.) motsutsana ndi Nixon, yemwe anali woyang'anira kampeni, Bob Haldeman, ngakhale atapambana chisankho, adabwerera ku Congress mu 1969 popanda mphotho.
Kugwirizana kwa mayiko awiriwa kunamupulumutsa. Pofika mchaka cha 1968, Ofesi ya Purezidenti Lyndon Johnson yazaka zinayi ya Economic Opportunity (OEO), yomwe idalengeza pulogalamu yolimbana ndi umphawi ndi "Community Action" ndi ma Legal Services for the osauka, idakhala nkhani yopambana - motero idatemberera ma Democrat amphamvu. komanso aku Republican. Anakanidwa msonkho wa ndudu wa 1964 (umene ukanati upereke ndalama motetezeka) ndi malo olandirira fodya, kenako ndi njala chifukwa cha kumira kwa chuma mu maw.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama