Zimene zimaphunziridwa m’nkhani zamakono za chinenero zatiphunzitsa mmene mawu angakhalire onyenga.
Poyamba, palibe mgwirizano pakati pa mawu ndi chinthu chomwe chimatanthauza.
Mwachitsanzo, amatiuza kuti mawu oti “galu” sangafanane ndi agalu. Komanso palibe chilichonse chofiira chojambulidwa mwamitundumitundu ngati mawu oti “wofiira”. Zoonadi!
Choncho matanthauzo ndi nkhani ya mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu.
Kalanga, si zokhazo.
Zovuta zina zimabuka zikaganiziridwa kuti zinthu zomwe mawu amaziwonetsa (galu, zofiira) sizitanthauza nthawi zonse kapena sizitanthauza zomwezo kwa onse ogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chimodzi, ngakhale m'madera otsekedwa.
Thus “dog” may to one person suggest something low and derogatory, but to another bring thoughts of loyalty and affection. Just as the word “red” may equally variously suggest any of the following: blood, wine, a traffic light, a communist, or, in the context of the current troubles in the global economy, just plain indebtedness (being in the red).
II
Malingaliro odetsa nkhawa awa anali kundiukira mwamphamvu tsiku lina lomwe ndikumvetsera kanema wamkulu wachingelezi wa TV.
Chimene chinandichititsa kukhumudwa chinali mawu akuti “kupha” ndiponso “kukhetsa magazi.”
Mofanana ndi anthu ambiri obwerera m’mbuyo olankhula Chingelezi, nthawi zonse ndinkaganiza kuti mawuwa akutanthauza chinthu chimodzi chokha, chomwe ndi kuwonongedwa koopsa kwa anthu ambirimbiri.
Kotero kuti ife amene timapenyerera zochitika za dziko kaŵirikaŵiri tagwiritsira ntchito mawu ameneŵa kufotokoza zotulukapo zakupha za misala ya anthu pamodzi nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ndi malo ndi malo—mwachitsanzo, mogwirizana ndi zimene mbiri imatiuza kuti zinachitika. pamene Ashoka anaukira Kalinga, kapena m’kati mwa ndawala za Alexander, kapena kuphana m’zaka mazana a Nkhondo Zamtanda, kapena kuwonongedwa kwa Ghengez Khan, kapena nkhani zina zosaŵerengeka za nkhondo za m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, kapena kupha anthu m’ngalande za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, kapena chiwonongeko cha anthu, kapena Hiroshima, kapena zigawenga za ku Iraq, Rwanda, Bosnia, kapena zigawenga zapakati pa anthu zomwe zidatsagana ndi kugawikana kwa India, kapena zigawenga zambiri zomwe zidatsata chochitikacho, zomwe zidatsogolera ku "kupha" kwa Gujarat mu 2002.
Kapenanso opha nyama osadziwika bwino amapita ku India a Dalits, akazi, mafuko ndi zipembedzo zazing'ono, ndi zina zotero.
III
Thinking of all that, it struck me that one has but rarely, if not never, heard India’s corporate print and electronic media use the words “carnage” or “bloodbath” to describe either the killings executed upon India’s “weaker sections” by diverse dominant groups or by uniformed branches of the state-apparatus. Although, one must quickly qualify that killings executed by what are called India’s Maoists or Naxals are often so designated—“carnage”, “bloodbath” etc.,
Komabe, mwachizolowezi, zoulutsira nkhani zamakampani zimagwiritsa ntchito mawu ofotokozera a chilankhulo omwe amachoka ku "kusokoneza anthu" kupita ku "nkhanza zapakati pamagulu" kapena "chiwawa chapakati pamagulu" mpaka, "chipwirikiti".
As to the millions who die from malnutrition, preventible diseases, and such like, when did you ever hear any strong words used that might raise concrete visions of the horrors thus perpetrated by a social order that thinks the best way to govern is to look after the elect. Surely who has ever heard a TV channel define a hundred thousand or so suicides by India’s imperiled farmers as a “carnage”? I certainly haven’t.
IV
Chifukwa chake, lingalirani kudabwitsidwa kwanga (I anali mphunzitsi wachingelezi kwa zaka makumi anayi kapena kuposerapo) atamva ndikuwona mawu oti “kupha” ndi “kukhetsa magazi” akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu, ndi mphamvu mobwerezabwereza, ndi ma TV ndi manyuzipepala amakampani kuti afotokoze zomwe zikuchitika pamsika wamasheya. sabata yatha kapena apo!
Ndikuyang'ana kuti ndione magazi ofiira akutsika pazenera, ndinangowona timivi tating'ono tofiira pazithunzi zolozera pansi.
Kenako mukamawerenga mawu ofotokozera akuda omwe adalengeza "dzuwa" Lolemba pomwe kutayika kunachitika, mwina mudada nkhawa kuti chifukwa chiyani masiku atatu ophera nyama ku Delhi mu 1984, ku Mumbai mu 1992-93, kenako ku Gujarat mu 2002. sanatchulidwepo mawu akuti "mourndas."
Which is when, some apprenticeship coming to my aid, I recalled the modern theorists of language. I reminded myself how the same words need not mean the same things to all users of the same language.
Further reflection brought home the lesson how the profoundest transformation wrought by the Capitalist way of life has been to make the inanimate animate, and the animate inanimate. “Transferred epithet” the grammarians call this.
Thus, where you and I might, upon reading news of the stock market crash, think of dwindling currency notes, bank bonds and such-like, the Capitalists see reserve armies of investment and profit that keep in place the states they command in high order. And where you and I might see oppressed, imperiled and massacred millions of the human race, the Capitalist only sees annoying sods that merely clutter the high road to the globalised summit.
Thus “carnage” and “bloodbath” are but inaccurately used to define the liquidation of human subjects. Their proper use lies in describing the liquidation of bank credits, housing markets, FDIs, FIIs and the like. For the best human beings to the Capitalists are the crispest of currency notes and share certificates; and those that we call human beings are canon for the fodder.
Zoonadi, amene ali nacho ndi amene alibe a padziko lapansi amalankhula Chingelezi chosiyana.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama