Kugwa kwaposachedwa kwa Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) ndi Signature Bank - yachiwiri ndi yachitatu kulephera kwa banki yayikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya US motsatana - kwawonetsa chiwopsezo cha banki wamba.
Ndi 563 yoposa mabanki a federally insured kugwetsa pakati pa 2001 ndi 2023, ndizosatheka kunyalanyaza: momwe zinthu ziliri ndizosakhazikika. Pakati pamavuto azachuma, kufunikira kwa mabanki aboma sikunakhale kovutirapo. Yakwana nthawi yoti tiganizire mozama mabanki aboma ngati njira yokhazikika, yowonekera, komanso yodalirika yomwe ingalimbikitse chidwi cha anthu pakatikati pa kayendetsedwe kazachuma. Kupatula apo, kubanki iyenera kukhala chida chapagulu chomwe chimapindulitsa aliyense, osati masewera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu omwe amabanki amayesa kupeza phindu lalikulu.
Kulephera kwa mabanki a SVB, Signature ndi Silvergate kumatha kutsatiridwa ndi zisankho zoyipa za kasamalidwe ndi njira zowopsa kwambiri. SVB idayika ndalama pazitetezo zaboma zanthawi yayitali pakati pa nkhawa za kukwera kwa chiwongola dzanja komanso bizinesi yosasinthika, pomwe mabanki a Signature ndi Silvergate adalowa m'malo ongoyerekeza. Mabanki onse atatu adagawana vuto limodzi: ma depositi ambiri opanda inshuwaransi kuchokera kwa makasitomala ochepa olemera kwambiri.
Mabanki atatsala pang'ono kugwa, oyang'anira a Biden, FDIC, ndi Treasury adalowamo molimba mtima. Adapanga "chiwopsezo chadongosolo" kuti ateteze ma depositi onse, ngakhale omwe amapitilira $250,000. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti onse osunga ndalama anali "kukhala wamphumphuโ kuchokera ku Deposit Insurance Fund - thumba lomwe Silicon Valley Bank anali nalo m'mbuyomu kukakamiza motsutsana, akumatsutsa kuti zopereka zowonjezera zingawononge tanthauzo lawo.
Izi zikubweretsa funso lofunika kwambiri: Ngati boma lili ndi udindo wowonetsetsa kuti mabanki akhazikika, bwanji osasankha mabanki aboma kuti athandize anthu kuyambira pachiyambi?
Federal Reserve yaposachedwa Kutuluka ya Bank Term Funding Programme ikuwonetsa momwe chuma chathu chimadalira kwambiri thandizo la boma. Popereka ngongole kumabanki posinthana ndi chikole chamtengo wapatali - katundu wamtengo wapatali monga katundu kapena ma bond okwera kwambiri - boma likuponya njira yopezera ndalama kubanki wamba. Njira yotetezera imeneyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino kwambiri ngati ikanakhala yolunjika ku mabanki a boma m'malo mwake.
Posakhalitsa pomwe kugwa kwa SVB kudagunda mitu yankhani zisanachitike zovuta zake kufalikira m'misika yazachuma yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikusiya Credit Suisse, imodzi mwa 33. padziko lonse mwadongosolo zofunika mabanki, pamtunda wosasunthika. Swiss Central Bank idalowa ndikulengeza $ 54 biliyoni kumbuyo kwa Credit Suisse, kutsimikiziranso kuti ngakhale mabanki amphamvu kwambiri sangathe kudziyimira okha popanda kulowererapo kwa boma.
Tsopano, taganizirani dziko limene mabanki aboma, omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi maboma ndi maboma, amaika patsogolo bata ndi ntchito zaboma kuposa phindu la zakuthambo. Mabanki aboma amasiya zolinga zokulitsa phindu, m'malo mwake amayang'ana kwambiri kudzipereka pazabwino zaboma komanso mfundo zoyendetsera bwino zachuma. Momwemonso, kuvomereza kwaposachedwa kwa California kwa mabanki okhala ndi mizinda ndi madera kumatanthauza kuti mabanki aboma azigwira. ndalama za boma m'malo mosunga ndalama zachinsinsi, ndikuyika chidwi chawo pakupanga zabwino kwa anthu amdera lonse.
Mosiyana kwambiri ndi mabanki abizinesi, mabanki aboma samayendetsedwa ndi kufunafuna phindu kosalekeza kwa eni ake omwe ali ndi masheya, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa ngozi. Chotsatira chake, mabankiwa amatenga njira zomveka komanso zodalirika, zomwe zimatsimikizira ndondomeko yachuma yotetezeka. Tengani Bank of North Dakota, mwachitsanzo, banki yaboma yoyendetsedwa ndi boma yomwe idapanga phindu la $ 144.2 miliyoni mu 2021, kutulutsa 15% yochititsa chidwi. bweretsani ndalama za boma. Malamulo aboma aku California amafuna kuti mabanki aboma azisunga 100% chikole. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mabanki aboma akuyenera kulonjeza kupereka chinthu chamtengo wapatali kuboma ngati sangathe kubweza ndalama zomwe ali nazo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ndalama zaboma zisungike bwino.
Pamwamba pa izi, mabanki aboma olamulidwa ndi demokalase amayang'anizana ndi kuyang'anira kokulirapo ndipo amakhala ndi miyezo yapamwamba yoyankhira ndi magawo atatu oyang'anira: olamulira Federal, olamulira maboma ndi ma board olamulira am'deralo. Poganizira kuti Wall Street ndi mabanki apadziko lonse lapansi adalipira ndalama zoposa $36 biliyoni chabwino kuyambira kuwonongeka kwachuma kwa 2008 pomwe tikupitilizabe kuchita zinthu zomwe zingawopsezedwe kwambiri, zikuwonekeratu kuti malamulo omwe adalipo kale adalephera - dongosolo lathu lapano silikuchepetsa.
Kupatula kupereka bata ndi kuwonekera, mabanki aboma alinso ndi mwayi wapadera wopezera ndalama zomwe anthu amapeza kuti anthu apite patsogolo. Pogogomezera kukonzanso zachuma m'deralo, mabanki aboma ali ndi kuthekera koyendetsa ntchito zogulira nyumba zotsika mtengo, kukulitsa ngongole zabizinesi yaying'ono kumadera omwe sali oimiridwa, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zida zamagetsi zokhazikika, komanso kutenga gawo lalikulu pazomangamanga monga misewu, masukulu ndi anthu. mayendedwe. Kudzera m'mabanki aboma, mphamvu zandalama zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza madera ndikuthana ndi zovuta zomwe mizinda yathu ikukumana nayo.
Ngakhale mabanki aboma ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kokankhira patsogolo ntchito zabwino za anthu, sakhala ndi zovuta zoyendetsa ma cycle-bom-and-bust cycles zomwe zimachitika mu capitalist system. Mabungwewa akuyenera kukhala ogwirizana pakati pa kuyang'anira zoopsa zazachuma ndikuchita zomwe akufuna kuthandiza anthu. Kuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo amphamvu ndi kuyang'anira ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mgwirizanowu. Mabanki aboma atha kuthana ndi kusinthasintha kwachuma pokhazikitsa malamulo monga kuyika pambali ndalama zogwirira ntchito zakomweko, kuwunika pafupipafupi mabizinesi, kukhala ndi kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha, ndikusunga ndalama zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo kapena pakagwa mwadzidzidzi. Kugwirizana kwa okhudzidwa kudzera m'misonkhano yamagulu ndi kupanga zisankho momveka bwino kumathandizanso kuyankha ndikugwirizana ndi zosowa za anthu.
Pakadali pano, matauni kuchokera kugombe kupita kugombe akuwunika malamulo amabanki aboma, kuphatikiza malo awiri akulu azachuma mdziko muno. New York's Public Banking Act idakhazikitsidwanso posachedwa ku Senate ya Boma, pomwe Los Angeles idatulutsa a Funsani Pempho kubweretsa alangizi kuti apange kafukufuku wotheka komanso dongosolo la bizinesi la banki yawo. Ndizoyenera kunena kuti New York City idatenga $ 60 miliyoni mkati Signature Bank akaunti pamene banki idalowa pansi ndipo kenako idagwidwa ndi FDIC.
California ili patsogolo pagululi, itadutsa kale 2019 California Public Banking Act, yokhala ndi malamulo okhazikika pansi pa bungwe loyang'anira boma, department of Financial Protection and Innovation (DFPI), kuyambira Januware 2022. San Francisco ndi East Bay Dera akupanganso mapulani abizinesi a mabanki awo am'tsogolo. Maloto a mabanki aboma akuzika mizu, dera limodzi panthawi.
Pamene maboma ndi maboma akuwunika zomwe angasankhe, tili ndi mwayi wofunikira wokonzanso dongosolo lathu lazachuma kuti aliyense apindule. Kusankha mabanki aboma kumatanthauza kuika patsogolo bata, kuwonekera poyera ndi ubwino wa anthu kuposa phindu lochepa. Mlandu wamabanki aboma sunakhalepo wamphamvu, ndipo nthawi yoti tichitepo kanthu yatsala pang'ono kubweretsa nthawi yosintha mabanki - yomwe imalimbikitsa madera, imalimbitsa chilimbikitso pazachuma ndikupanga tsogolo labwino komanso logwirizana lazachuma kwa aliyense. Ndi chithandizo chomwe chikukula m'dziko lonselo, ino ndi nthawi yoti tigwirizane ndi mabanki aboma ndikusintha momwe chuma chaku America chikuyendera m'mibadwomibadwo.
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