Nkhondo ya Mawu itangotha, kutha kwa dziko limene kale linali Yugoslavia kunayambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Bosnia imene inapha anthu pafupifupi 100,000. [1] Nkhondoyo inapitirira kuyambira 1992 mpaka 1995. Omenyanawo anali Bosnia Croats, Serbs ndi Asilamu. Pazifukwa zake, NATO idatenga mbali ya atsogoleri achisilamu ndi aku Croat. Kupha achisilamu achimuna kunachitika kunja kwa tauni ya Srebrenica pomwe idagwa kwa Aserbia mu Julayi 1995. Kuphana kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa upandu woipitsitsa womwe wachitika ku Europe kuyambira Adolph Hitler. Nthawi zina, akatswiri amakampani achotsa ngakhale mawu akuti "ku Europe" pakuwunika kumeneku.[2] Malinga ndi zigamulo za International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) zomwe zidavomerezedwa ndi International Court of Justice (ICJ) (popanda kafukufuku wake), amuna ndi anyamata achisilamu 8,000 adaphedwa - mlandu womwe udagamulidwa kuti upha anthu. .
Olemba a "The Srebrenica Massacre: Umboni, Context, Politics" (Edward Herman ndi olemba ena osiyanasiyana) amatsutsa mokopa kuti chiลตerengero cha Asilamu omwe anaphedwa chinali chokokomeza kwambiri ndipo chiwerengero cha imfa "mwinamwake sichinapitirire chiwerengero cha Aserbia omwe anaphedwa. ku Srebrenica ndi madera ozungulira mโzaka za mโmbuyomo ndi Mtsogoleri Wankhondo wa ku Bosnia Naser Oric ndi magulu ake olusa.โ Malinga ndi kunena kwa wolemba mbiri wa ku Serb, Milivoje Ivanisevic, ophedwa ndi Naser Oric anali 3,287 kumapeto kwa nkhondoyo. [3]
Ena mwa osangalalira oipitsitsa pamilandu yaku Western afananiza kufunsa za nkhani yovomerezeka ya Srebrenica ndi "kukana kwa chipani cha Nazi" - mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza mikangano yodabwitsa komanso yosankhana mitundu pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko II yoperekedwa ndi a Neo Nazis.[4] "Kukana kuphedwa kwa mafuko" ndi mlandu woperekedwa kwa olemba monga Ed Herman chifukwa ICTY inapeza kuti atsogoleri a Serb ali ndi mlandu wopha anthu ku Srebrenica. Ndizosadabwitsa kuwona asitikali akumanja akukalipira olemba omwe akuwonetsa, osati kuti zolakwa za Serb mwina zakokomeza, koma kuti zolakwa za ogwirizana ndi NATO ku Bosnia zachotsedwa - osati "kukanidwa". Komabe, ndizodabwitsa kuwona wolemba wopita patsogolo ngati George Monbiot akuwonjezera mawu ake kwa omwe akudzudzula Ed Herman ndi anzawo.[5] Chifukwa chake, ambiri omwe akupita patsogolo angadabwe kwambiri ngati Herman ndi olemba anzake "akukana" zomwe zinachitika ku Srebrenica.
Nditawerenga bukhuli - makamaka pambuyo powerenga zotsutsa zomwe Ed Herman watenga zaka zambiri - ndizomveka bwino kwa ine kuposa kale lonse kuti Ed Herman ndi olemba anzake amatenga malo omwe ali omveka komanso ochirikizidwa bwino ndi zowona. Kutsogolo kwa bukuli kunalembedwa ndi Phillip Corwin, yemwe anali mkulu wa bungwe la UN ku Bosnia pa nthawi ya kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ena mwa "lingaliro lachiwembu" omwe olembawo akuimbidwa mlandu wogulitsa - mwachitsanzo, kunena kuti umboni wamphamvu umasonyeza kuti atsogoleri achisilamu aku Bosnia anali okonzeka kupereka nsembe anthu awo kuti athandize kampeni yabodza ya NATO - si zitsanzo za "malingaliro". โ konse. Olembawo amangonena zomwe anthu odziwika kwambiri mu UN ndi NATO amapeza. [6]
Mawu ofunikira kukumbukira pamalingaliro a bukuli ndi "kuphedwa". Kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica kunachitika pakati pa July 11 ndi July 19 wa 1995. Nkhondo yoopsa inali ikuchitika m'derali kwa zaka zambiri pakati pa Aserbia ndi Asilamu ndipo idzapitirira kwa miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake. Pamene Srebrenica inagwa, pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 15, m'tawuni ya Zepa, asilikali achisilamu analetsa kuukira kwa a Serbia kwa masiku khumi ndi awiri, ndipo pamapeto pake kunatha pa July 25. . Kusatsimikizika ponena za nthawi yeniyeni ndi kumene anthu anafera, makamaka ponena za ndani amene anafera kunkhondo ndi amene anaphedwa, zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri ngakhale mutaganiza kuti (mozizwitsa) panali tsankho lopanda pake, kusakhulupirika ndi kusadziลตa bwino m'mabungwe olamulidwa ndi azungu omwe anachita. wofufuza ndi wozenga milandu.
Bukuli limatsindika mfundo yofunika imeneyi mโnjira zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi ndi kukumbukira momwe chiลตerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa pa mabomba a 9/11 chinasinthidwa kuchoka pa mndandanda woyamba wa anthu 7000 omwe anasowa mpaka 2,749 omwe anaphedwa mpaka 2003. BBC TV News, yemwe adalemba Chaputala Chachinayi cha bukuli, adatero
"Mkwiyowu unachitika mumzinda wolemera kwambiri m'dziko lolemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndi zinthu zonse zofunika kuti thupi liwerengedwe bwino. Mosiyana ndi Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, silinali dziko losauka, losakazidwa ndi nkhondo lokhala ndi anthu othawa kwawo.โ
Olembawo atha kunenanso za chiwopsezo cha anthu omwe adaphedwa ndi ziwawa ku Iraq kuyambira kuwukira kwa 2003. Pali maphunziro awiri asayansi omwe adawunikiridwa ndi anzawo okhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe anamwalira ku Iraq kuyambira 2006. Kafukufuku wina, wofalitsidwa mu magazini yachipatala ya Lancet, akuti anthu ophedwa ndi chiwawa cha 600,000. Wina, wofalitsidwa mu New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), akuti anthu ophedwa chifukwa cha ziwawa ndi 150,000. Kumeneku ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu. Maphunziro awiriwa sanasiyanitse pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafa pazifukwa zonse. Kafukufuku wa Lancet akuti pafupifupi 650,000. Wolemba wa kafukufuku wa NEJM akuti pafupifupi 400,000 amafa kutengera zomwe adaphunzira. [7] Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'magazini asayansi amafuna kuti pakhale kuwonekera bwino komwe kumathandizira kuwunika kwambiri. Kafukufuku wa Lancet, makamaka, adachitidwa mochuluka kwambiri - mosiyana kwambiri ndi umboni wa sayansi womwe unasonkhanitsidwa za kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica monga olemba akuwululira.
Otsutsa nkhani yovomerezeka ya Srebrenica amalozera ku ntchito ya International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) yomwe yafanana ndi DNA kuchokera ku matupi otengedwa kudera la Srebrenica (m'manda mpaka makilomita 60 kuchokera ku Srebrenica malinga ndi Rooper) mndandanda wa anthu osowa wochokera kwa anthu amene amati achibale awo anali mโgulu la anthu a โmalo otetezekaโ a Srebrenica pa July 11, 1995.
Olembawo amatchula zifukwa zambiri zomveka zoganizira kuti umboni wa DNA ndi wosatsimikizika. Mndandanda wa zifukwazo ndi izi:
1) Umboni wa DNA sungathe kuyankha mafunso ofunikira a momwe anthu adafera (monga kunkhondo kapena kuphedwa) kapena liti. Umboni wa mkulu wachisilamu wa Bosnia Enver Hadzihasanovic ku ICTY ukunena kuti asitikali 2628 adaphedwa poyesa kumenya nkhondo kumeneko kudutsa mizere ya Serb kupita kuchitetezo.
2) Mtengo wa umboni wa DNA umadalira kulondola kwa mndandanda wa munthu wosowa womwe umafanana nawo. Kusowa komveka kwa zolemba zodalirika za anthu ku Srebrenica mu 1995 kumapereka chikayikiro chachikulu pa kulondola kwa mndandandawo. Mndandanda wa anthu ovota kuyambira 1996, malinga ndi kafukufuku wosiyana wochitidwa ndi Milivoje Ivanisevic ndi Jonathan Rooper, adatchula anthu ambiri monga ovota omwe adatchulidwanso kuti ndi ozunzidwa ndi Srebrenica. Palinso kukana kapena kulephera kwa akuluakulu achisilamu a ku Bosnia kupereka mndandanda wa asilikali omwe anathawa bwino ku Srebrenica pomenyana ndi mizere ya Serb.[8]
3) Ntchito ya ICMP sinawunikidwe kuti ntchito zina zasayansi (mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa Lancet wokhudza kufa kwa Iraq) adachitidwapo. Mlingo wowunikira mwachiwonekere umadalira momwe anthu apamwamba akumadzulo amapezera ntchito zothandiza kapena zochititsa manyazi. Jonathan Rooper adayankhapo
"Gulu la chitetezo la Radovan Karadzic silinathe kupeza umboni wa DNA wa ICMP, ndipo ngakhale woimira milandu wa ICTY Hildegarde Uertz-Retzlaff adavomereza ku khoti kuti 'ICMP sinapereke DNA kwa ife.' Chivomerezo chimenechi nโchochititsa chidwi kwambiri: ICTY sinaonepo kapena kuyesa umboni wa DNA woperekedwa ndi gulu lochita chidwi, ICMP yolamulidwa ndi Asilamu a ku Bosnia, popereka zigamulo zazikulu ponena za โkupha anthu.โโ
Atsogoleri akale a ICMP adaphatikizapo Mlembi wa boma wa US Cyrus Vance ndi Senator wakale wa Republican ku US Bob Dole - ndale omwe adadzipereka kuteteza zofuna za boma la US ndi mabungwe ake.
Kusintha kwa ICTY
Bukuli likuphwanya kukhulupirika kwa ICTY. Khotilo likuwoneka kuti likukondera momveka bwino mokomera maboma aku Western omwe adakhazikitsa ndikuteteza ogwirizana nawo aku Western. Mfundo imodzi yomwe ili yodziwika bwino ndi yakuti ICTY inamasula mtsogoleri wachisilamu wa ku Bosnia Naser Oric, yemwe khotilo silinamutsutse nkomwe mpaka 2003 (komanso pamilandu yaying'ono yomwe adapatsidwa). ICTY poyamba idaweruza Oric ndikumuweruza kuti akakhale m'ndende zaka ziwiri. Pambuyo pake a ICTY adamumasula.
Naser Oric adajambula zachiwawa zake pamidzi ya Aserbia ndipo, mu 1994, adazisewera monyadira atolankhani awiri aku Western - Bill Schiller wa Toronto Star ndi John Pomfret wa Washington Post. [9] Bill Schiller, yemwe adzakhala mkonzi wakunja wa Star, adalongosola Oric ngati "waludzu lamagazi" ndipo adalemba.
"Ndidakhala m'chipinda chake chochezera ndikuwonera kanema wodabwitsa wa zomwe mwina zimatchedwa Greatest Hits za Nasir Oric. Panali nyumba zoyaka moto, mitembo, mitu yodukaduka, komanso anthu akuthawa. Oric anaseka mosangalala, akusirira ntchito ya manja ake.โ Oric adalongosola kudulidwa kwa m'modzi mwa omwe adazunzidwa pozindikira kuti amuna ake nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito "zida zozizira".
Oric adauzanso Schiller kuti anthu wamba sanaphedwe "mwadala" pakuwukira kumeneku koma adavomereza kuti nthawi zina "amasokoneza". Mneneri wa ICTY ananena mawu odabwitsa akuti โsanapeze umboni wosonyeza kuti panali anthu wamba omwe anavulala pa kuukira kwa midzi ya Aserbia mโbwalo lake la zisudzo [la Oric].โ
ICTY sinanenepo mlandu Purezidenti wachisilamu waku Bosnia Alija Izetbegovic kapena Purezidenti waku Croatia Franjo Tudjman. Poyesera kudziletsa, bungwe la ICTY lidachita kafukufuku wamseri kwa anthuwa kwa zaka zambiri ndipo linanena kuti likadawaimba mlandu ngati onse awiri sanamwalire. Monga momwe adafotokozera mlembi wa Chaputala XNUMX cha bukuli, George Szamuely, izi sizinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zidachitika ndi atsogoleri a Serb "Mladic ndi Karadzic, omwe adatsutsidwa m'masiku ochepa atagwidwa Srebrenica, ndi Milosevic, omwe adatsutsidwa pomwe NATO idakali kuphulitsa Yugoslavia."
ICTY idagwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zodandaula kuti akakamize komanso kunyengerera omwe akuimbidwa mlandu kuti anene zomwe iwo - ndi mabwana awo aku US ndi Europe - akufuna kunena. Poganizira momwe WWII idatchulidwira polankhula za Srebrenica, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kudandaula sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito ku Nuremberg. Chifukwa chiyani oweruza a Nuremberg akanafunikira? Woimbidwa mlandu aliyense ku Nuremberg adavomereza kuti "osalakwa" pamlandu uliwonse. Oimbidwa mlandu analibe mwayi wosankha "wolakwa" kapena "wopanda mlandu" pamilandu inayake.[10]
Panthawi ya Operation Storm mu 1995, dziko la Croatia linathamangitsa Asebu pafupifupi 250,000 m'dera la Krajina mothandizidwa ndi asilikali a US. Kumeneku kunali mchitidwe waukulu kwambiri wa kuyeretsa fuko mโnkhondoyo. George Bogdanich, amene analemba Mutu XNUMX wa bukulo, anafotokoza
"Operation Storm, yomwe inayambika pasanathe mwezi umodzi kuchokera pamene Srebrenica inagwidwa, inathandizidwa ndi US ndipo inachitidwa ndi asilikali a ku Croatia ophunzitsidwa ndi okonzeka ndi akatswiri a usilikali a US ochokera ku Military Professional Resources Inc. (MPRI), wogwira ntchito payekha. Akuluakulu a US 'opuma pantchito' monga Carl Vuono ndi Richard Griffiths anali okhudzidwa kwambiri pokonzekera ntchitoyi, ndipo MPRI inalandira thandizo la ndege kuchokera ku ndege zapamadzi zaku US kuchokera ku ndege ya Aviano, yomwe inagwetsa mauthenga a chitetezo chamagetsi a Serbs pa mfundo yofunika kwambiri. โ
Mu 2004, bungwe la NGO Veritas lidayerekeza kuti ma Serbs a 1960 adaphedwa panthawi ya Operation Storm - 1205 mwa iwo anali anthu wamba. [11]
ICTY mochedwa kwambiri (pambuyo pa zaka za zionetsero kuchokera kwa omenyera ufulu) adadzudzula anthu osiyanasiyana aku Croatia (koma osati nzika zaku US) chifukwa cha gawo lawo mu Operation Storm, koma silinanene za "kupha anthu" monga momwe adachitira pa kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica.
Chifukwa Chiyani Mukutsutsa ICTY Pa Srebrenica?
Kuchokera pakuwona kuti akuluakulu a NATO ndi ogwirizana nawo adzayankha mlandu, kodi zikanakhala zanzeru mwanzeru kungoganiza kuti ICTY ya kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica inali yolondola? Kodi izi sizikanalepheretsa kampeni yonyoza olemba yomwe idasokoneza zolakwa zina zomwe amakambirana? Otsutsa nthaลตi zonse amanyalanyaza zimene olembawo amanena ponena za anthu a ku Serb. Komabe, pali mtengo wokwera mtengo wolipira ngati miyezo ya umboni pamilandu ya adani a NATO ikuloledwa kutsika pansi, pomwe amakwezedwa pamwamba pamapiri ku US ndi othandizira ake. Palinso mtengo wokwera woti tilipire, ngati tisankha kukana kampeni yonyoza anthu yomwe ikufuna kutseka zokambirana zomveka pofuula "kukana kupha anthu".
Omwe akupita patsogolo sayenera kukhala chete pamene akatswiri amakampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana akuchita kampeni yamtunduwu.
zolemba
[1] Jonathan Rooper akufotokoza mu Chaputala Chachinayi cha "Kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica: Umboni, Context, Politics" kuti chiwerengero cha 100,000 chinachokera ku magwero ofalitsa nkhani, malinga ndi miyezo yake, sakanatha kutsutsa. Komabe, mfundo yoti atolankhani anali ndi ziwerengero zopitilira 200,000-300,000 kwazaka zopitilira XNUMX-XNUMX pafupipafupi "sichinadzetse chipwirikiti chimene chikanayembekezeredwa pa kupezedwa kwa chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zoipitsitsa za malipoti olakwika posachedwapaโ
Bukuli mukhoza kulitsitsa kwaulere
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=25112
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zaposachedwa komanso zatsatanetsatane zakufa munkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Bosnia onani
http://www.hicn.org/research_design/rdn5.pdf
[2] Mwachitsanzo, Jon Snow, wofalitsa nkhani ku Channel 4 News ku UKK analemba kuti โUsiku uno kuphedwa kwa anthu ku Srebrenica ndi kuzingidwa kwa Sarajevo ndi ziwiri mwazochitika zoipitsitsa za kuzunzika ndi imfa ya anthu wamba zomwe zachitika kuyambira pomwe Adolph Hitler adadziwombera. nyumba yakeyake ku Berlin zaka zoposa 65 zapitazo.โ
Posinthana ndi ine imelo, Snow adavomereza kuti mawu oti "ku Europe" amayenera kuyikidwa.
[3] onani tsamba 289 la โThe Srebrenica Massacre: Evidence, Context, Politicsโ;
Onaninso Khadi la ID la Srebrenica lolemba Milivoje Ivaniลกevic
http://serbianna.com/analysis/?p=496
[4] Kuvina pamanda ambiri - Oliver Kamm wa Times Smears Medialens
http://www.medialens.org/alerts/09/091125_dancing_on_a.php
George Monbiot adalemba pa Twitter kuti ntchito ya Kamm idawulula bwino "kukana kupha anthu" kwa Medialens.
[5] Kutchula Otsutsa Genocide Wolemba George Monbiot
http://www.monbiot.com/2011/06/13/naming-the-genocide-deniers/
Onaninso "More Monbiot and the Left Wing Genocide Belittlers"
https://znetwork.org/more-monbiot-and-the-left-wing-genocide-belittlers-by-joe-emersberger
[6] Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mawu otsatirawa a patsamba 235
Boutros-Ghali adapereka chilolezo kwa gulu lankhondo la UN kuti achitepo kanthu, koma m'mawu ake. Osagonjetsedwa, akukumbukira kukambirana ndi Mlembi wa Boma la United States Warren Christopher pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa msika:
Ndidauza Christopher kuti [Woimira Wapadera wa UN Yasushi] Akashi adanenanso kuti matopewo adathamangitsidwa ndi Asilamu aku Bosnia kuti apangitse NATO kulowererapo. Christopher
adayankha kuti adawona malipoti ambiri anzeru ndipo adapita 'njira zonse ziwiri.'
Omwe akukhulupirira kuti asitikali achisilamu ndiwo adayambitsa kupha anthu ku Markale Marketplace akuphatikizapo mkulu wa NATO wa intelligence wa US General Charles Boyd.... "
Ndime ina kuchokera patsamba 236
โโฆMwachitsanzo, a New York Times lipoti mu August wa 1995 kuti magulu ankhondo a United Nations a ku France ananena kuti โkufikira pakati pa June chaka chimenecho, kuwomberana mfuti kunabwera kuchokera kwa asilikali a Boma kuwombera mwadala anthu wamba awo. Pambuyo pa kafukufuku amene adaitcha kuti ndi "chotsimikizika", gulu lankhondo la ku France lomwe limayang'anira zigawenga lidati lidatsata zigawenga zomwe zidawombera nyumba yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala asitikali aku Bosnia [Asilamu] ndi asitikali ena achitetezo. Msilikali wina wa ku France anati: โTimaona kuti nโzosatheka kukhulupirira, koma tikukhulupirira kuti nโzoona.โโ
[7] Mohamed Ali, anapanga chiwerengero cha imfa kuchokera ku zifukwa zonse ku Iraq zochokera ku phunziro lake (NEJM) pamsonkhano ku Denver ku 2008. Ananenedwa ndi Miother Jones.
http://motherjones.com/politics/2008/11/iraq-math-war
[8] Jonathan Rooper analemba mu Chaputala XNUMX kuti kuchokera โchitsanzo chaching'ono kwambiri cha 1996
mndandanda wa ovota" iye "adatha kudutsa mayina oposa 100 pakati pa mndandanda wa anthu omwe akusowa a Red Cross ndi mndandanda wa voti".
Milivoje Ivaniลกevic (mosaloledwa) adapeza mndandanda wonse ndipo adapeza "anthu 3,106 pamndandanda wa omwe adasowa pamndandanda wa ovota a Srebrenica pazisankho za 1996"
Onani Khadi la ID la Srebrenica lolemba Milivoje Ivaniลกevic
http://serbianna.com/analysis/?p=496
Malinga ndi Mtsogoleri wachisilamu waku Bosnia Hadzihasanovic, pafupifupi 3000 Asilamu asilikali anathyola bwinobwino kuti atetezeke.
http://www.icty.org/x/cases/krstic/trans/en/010406ed.htm
[9] Nkhani zomwe zatchulidwazi ndi
Bill Schiller, "ngwazi ya Asilamu adalumbira kuti amenya nkhondo mpaka munthu womaliza," Toronto Star, January
31, 1994.
Bill Shiller, "Msilikali woopsa wachisilamu akuthawa asilikali a Serb a Bosnia", July 16, 1995
John Pomfret, Washington Post, "Zida, Cash ndi Chisokonezo Zimapereka Mphamvu kwa Mnyamata Wovuta wa Srebrenica", Feb 16, 1994
[10] Pansipa patsamba la "Inside Justice".
http://www.insidejustice.com/law/index.php/intl/2005/11/11/nuremberg_birth_of_international_law
โAnthu XNUMX ndi mabungwe asanu ndi awiri anaimbidwa mlandu wofanana ndi wakupha anthu. Onse amene ankazengedwa mlanduwo ananena kuti 'alibe mlandu.' โ
Anthu ambiri amanena kuti Albert Speer anali Nazi yekhayo ku Nuremberg kudandaula "wolakwa" koma sizowona monga momwe webusaiti ya Inside Justice ikufotokozera.
"Albert Speer, woimbidwa mlandu, adauza Mfumu [woimira boma ku Nuremberg] kuti mlanduwo unali wokulirapo komanso wosasinthika. Chotero, Speer anadzimva kuti anafunikira kuvomereza kuti โalibe liwongoโ pa milandu yonseyo kapena kuimbidwa mlandu wabodza pa milandu ina. Speer akadakonda mwayi wokana kukana milandu ina komanso milandu ina. โ
[11] Agence France Presse, "Chikumbukiro cha 9th anniversary of Serb Eksodos from Croatia", August 4, 2004
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