SZowopsa zitatha zokambirana zanyengo ku Copenhagen UN mu 2009 zidatha, James Lovelock, yemwe ndi kholo lazachilengedwe lamakono, adafunsidwa ndi Guardian mtolankhani Leo Hickman zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika potengera kulephera. Lovelock adapereka foni chifukwa cha zomwe tinganene kuti ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa nyengo.
Pokana lingaliro lakuti yankho la kusintha kwa nyengo likhoza kupezedwa muulamuliro wademokalase wamakono, Lovelock ananena mofuula kuti chimene chinali chofunika mโmalo mwake chinali โdziko laulamuliroโ mmene muli โanthu oลตerengeka okhala ndi ulamuliro amene mumawakhulupirira amene amawatsogolera.โ
"M'malo mwa demokalase ndi chiyani? Palibe mmodzi. Koma ngakhale maulamuliro abwino kwambiri a demokalase amavomereza kuti nkhondo yayikulu ikayandikira, demokalase iyenera kuyimitsidwa pakadali pano. Ndikumva kuti kusintha kwanyengo kungakhale vuto lalikulu ngati nkhondo. Zingakhale zofunikira kuyimitsa demokalase kwakanthawi. โ
Kuyitanira uku kwa mtundu wankhanza wankhanza wasayansi kukukulirakulira pamavuto osiyanasiyana omwe timakumana nawo padziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira kutayika kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe mpaka kukana maantibayotiki.
Kukana kwa maantibayotiki kwakhala pachiwopsezo ku thanzi la anthu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zomwe boma lachita zakhala zaulesi komanso zosakwanira, kotero kuti asayansi otsogola omwe sali oleza mtima pankhaniyi apempha bungwe latsopano padziko lonse lapansi kuti liziwongolera vutoli. Akufuna bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lofanana ndi lomwe lili ndi ntchito yoyang'anira zamoyo zathu pakusintha kwanyengo - makamaka gulu la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), koma la nsikidzi ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso olamulira ambiri.
Poganizira kukula kwa ngoziyo - "woopsa"Zochitika, malinga ndi Sally Davies, wamkulu wachipatala ku UK, ndikuti pasanathe zaka makumi awiri tikhala titatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othana ndi matenda wamba - zitha kuwoneka ngati masewera ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale opanda udindo, kudandaula chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa demokalase. suntha.
Komabe, poganizira kuti malingaliro amtundu woterewa amakhala kawirikawiri kawirikawiri pavuto lililonse lazasayansi lofuna kuitanitsa zinthu zambiri, a demokalase amayenera kuganizira ngati njira zina zili zofunika kwambiri.
"Smpaka pano, kuyankha kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwachepa, "analemba a Jeremy Farrar, director of the Wellcome Trust, bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lofufuza zachipatala ku UK, ndi Mark Woolhouse, pulofesa wa matenda opatsirana pa University of Edinburgh, m'mabuku ena. ndemanga ya tubthumping zosindikizidwa mumagazini asayansi Nature m'mwezi wa Meyi ndipo adaperekedwa pamsonkhano wa atolankhani ku Royal Society (popereka lingaliro la bungwe la sayansi la August).
Ndemangayi inapita makamaka bungwe la World Health Organization, lomwe mu April linapereka lipoti lake loyamba lotsata kusagwirizana ndi mabakiteriya padziko lonse, ndipo linapeza โmilingo yochititsa manthaโ ya kusagwirizana ndi mabakiteriya. "Chiwopsezo chachikuluchi sichinalinso kulosera zam'tsogolo, zikuchitika pakali pano m'madera onse a dziko lapansi ndipo zingathe kukhudza aliyense, wazaka zilizonse, m'dziko lililonse," olembawo anachenjeza.
Ngakhale kuti chiwopsezo chapadziko lonse chinali chitakulirakulira, bungwe la UN linayankha mongopempha kuti anthu aziwayang'anira bwino. "WHO idaphonya mwayi wopereka utsogoleri pazomwe zikufunika mwachangu kuti zisinthe," adalemba, akuvomereza kuti kuyang'anira ndikofunikira, koma kosakwanira.
Chiwopsezo chomwe chikukula kuchokera ku zomwe zimatchedwa "superbugs" ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo - ndi "njira yachilengedwe yomwe imakulitsidwa ndi zochita za anthu ndipo zochita za dziko limodzi zitha kukhala ndi vuto padziko lonse lapansi," malinga ndi zomwe ananena. mabungwe awiri a olemba.
Sikuti ndi okhawo ochita kafukufuku kapena madokotala omwe apanga kuyerekezera pakati pa kukana mankhwala ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Chaka chatha, Davies adafotokoza momwe zinthu ziliri zoopsa kwambiri chiopsezo kuposa uchigawenga, komanso chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa anthu kuposa kutentha kwa dziko, anauza BBC kuti, โNgati sitichitapo kanthu, ndiye kuti tonse titha kubwerera mโzaka za mโma 1900 kumene matenda amatipha chifukwa cha maopaleshoni achizolowezi. โ
Njira zambiri zachipatala zomwe zidayambika kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1940 zimadalira maziko oteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kupindula kwa moyo umene anthu akhala nawo panthawiyi kumadalira zinthu zambiri, koma zikanatheka popanda mankhwala opha tizilombo. Asanapangidwe maantibayotiki, matenda a bakiteriya anali chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa imfa.
Tiyenera kupitirizabe kupeza magulu atsopano a maantibayotiki chifukwa pakapita nthawi, nsikidzi zomwe zimagwidwa ndi mankhwalawa zimathetsedwa. Omwe amasinthika mwachisawawa omwe amawapangitsa kuti asagonje amapulumuka, amaberekana, ndipo pamapeto pake amalamulira. Ichi ndi chisinthiko chabe.
Ndipo komabe kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi atatu, pakhala pali "kupeza zopanda pake.โ Palibe gulu latsopano la maantibayotiki lomwe lapangidwa kuyambira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa lipopeptides mu 1987. Chifukwa cha izi ndi chomveka: makampani akuluakulu opanga mankhwala akana kuchita kafukufuku wa mabanja atsopano a antibiotic chifukwa mankhwalawa sali chabe opanda phindu, koma amatsutsana ndi capitalism. mfundo zoyendetsera ntchito. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono, amakhala ogwira mtima kwambiri.
Monga makampani awa amavomereza mosavuta, zimatheka palibe nzeru kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama zokwana $870 miliyoni pamankhwala omwe amavomerezedwa ndi owongolera pa chinthu chomwe anthu amangogwiritsa ntchito kangapo pamoyo wawo, poyerekeza ndi kuyika ndalama zomwezo popanga mankhwala opindulitsa kwambiri omwe odwala amayenera kumwa tsiku lililonse moyo wawo wonse.
Maboma ena ayamba kuzindikira pang'ono kulephera kwa msika uku. European Commission yayika pambali โฌ 600 miliyoni kuti ikhale pulogalamu ya "mankhwala otsogola" mosangalatsa dzina lake "Mankhwala Atsopano 4 Zoyipa Zoyipa." Koma kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe maboma apereka kuti athetse vutoli sikukwanira.
Chifukwa chake Farrar ndi Woolhouse akufuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi, lasayansi lomwe likulimbana ndi vutoli. Bungwe latsopano lapakati pa maboma lidzakhalapo kuti liwonetsere umboni wokhudzana ndi kukana mankhwala ndi kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa mfundo. Pogwira ntchito ndi maboma a mayiko ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse omwe ali ndi udindo wokwaniritsa malingaliro ake, idzakhazikitsa zolinga zolimba kuti athetse kutayika kwa mphamvu ya mankhwala ndikufulumizitsa chitukuko cha mankhwala atsopano.
Bungwe la Intergovernmental Panel on Antimicrobial Resistance lingalandilidwe ngati lingalole kuti zitheke kugawana zambiri, kuyang'anira, ndi kusanthula.
Koma kodi bungwe lopereka malangizo asayansi limeneli likanati liuze ndani? Ndi dongosolo lanji lomwe lingasankhe zomwe zikuyenera kuchitidwa ndikutsatira malingaliro amenewo?
Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto osiyanasiyana, munthu ayenera kuganiza kuti mofanana ndi ndondomeko ya nyengo, pangafunike kope la mapasa a IPCC, msonkhano wa zipani za UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). IPCC idakhazikitsidwa mu 1988 ndi UN Environment Programme ndi World Meteorological Organisation. Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, IPCC idachita gawo lalikulu pakukhazikitsa mgwirizano wawo, UNFCCC, malo opitilira zaka zinayi zogulitsa akavalo pakati pa maboma omwe adagwa mu 2009 ku Copenhagen ndipo sanasunthenso kuyambira pamenepo.
Ife monga zamoyo tikukumananso ndi vuto lovuta, lomwe lili ndi zovuta zandale ndi zachuma padziko lonse lapansi, komanso popanda bungwe lademokalase padziko lonse lapansi kuti lithane nalo. Ndipo njira yokhayo yomwe mungaganizire ndi njira yopangira zisankho mwaukadaulo komanso mwaukadaulo.
Kukana mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kusintha kwa nyengo si nkhani yokhayo ngati iyi. Monga momwe IPCC imanenera monyadira, ubale womwe ulipo pakati pake ndi UNFCCC wakhala chitsanzo cholumikizirana pakati pa sayansi ndi opanga zisankho, ndipo zoyesayesa zingapo zakhala zikuchitika m'zaka kuyambira pomwe adakhazikitsidwa kuti apange kuwunika kofananira ndi ndondomeko zamayiko ena padziko lonse lapansi. nkhani.
Mu 2012, motsatira ndondomeko ya UN Environmental Program (UNEP), bungwe la Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) linakhazikitsidwa, koma mogwirizana ndi magulu amene anasaina migwirizano yambiri ya UN, kuphatikizapo yokhudza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, zamoyo zomwe zatsala pangโono kutha, zamoyo zosamukasamuka. mitundu, zinthu zachibadwa za zomera, ndi madambo: โIPCC for biodiversity.โ Ndipo dongosolo lofanana ndi limeneli likukhazikitsidwa panopa kuti libweretse akatswiri ndi akuluakulu a bungwe lothandizira pa msonkhano wa zipani za UN Convention on Combating Drought and Desertification: โIPCC for deserts and dustbowls.โ
Kwa ena, ngakhale IPCC/UNFCCC ndi ndale kwambiri (werengani: demokalase). Johan Rockstrom, wamkulu wa Stockholm Resilience Center, ndi Will Steffen, mkulu wa Australian National University Climate Change Institute ndi awiri mwa akatswiri odziwa bwino za nyengo padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo amadziwika kwambiri ndi chitukuko chawo ndi ofufuza ena makumi awiri ndi asanu ndi limodzi a Earth- dongosolo la "malire a mapulaneti," chimango chomvetsetsa "malo ogwirira ntchito otetezeka kwa anthu" - osati monga momwe zimakhudzira kusintha kwa nyengo, koma acidification ya nyanja, kuipitsa, kuwonongeka kwa ozoni, ndi zina.
Rockstrom ndi Steffen kuyitanitsa "Woweruza wapadziko lonse lapansi" wopanda maboma osankhidwa kuti awonetsetse kuti anthu sadutsa malire awa: "Potsirizira pake, padzafunika kukhala bungwe (kapena mabungwe) omwe akugwira ntchito, ndi ulamuliro, pamwamba pa mlingo wa mayiko kuti awonetsetse kuti malire a mapulaneti ndi kulemekezedwa. M'malo mwake, bungwe loterolo, lothandizira anthu onse."
Iwo akupereka lingaliro la kukhazikitsidwa kwa Earth Atmospheric Trust, "yomwe ingawone mlengalenga ngati katundu wamba wapadziko lonse lapansi woyendetsedwa ngati chidaliro chopindulitsa mibadwo yapano ndi yamtsogolo." Koma kodi abwanamkubwa a udindo woterowo akanasankhidwa bwanji? Osankhidwa ndi anthu a Padziko Lapansi, kapena osankhidwa ndi technocrats?
Kunena zomveka: chodetsa nkhawa sichili pa ukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi pamutu wina. Ndani angatsutse kusonkhanitsa kofunikira koteroko kwa chidziwitso ndi nzeru? M'malo mwake, chodetsa nkhawa ndichakuti sitinafunse mafunso moyenera mtundu wa IPCC/UNFCCC kapena kulimbana mokwanira ndi momwe ukatswiri umayenderana ndi ulamuliro wapadziko lonse wotsutsana ndi demokalase ndikuchoka pamikhalidwe yoyankha pagulu, kutenga nawo mbali, komanso kupanga zisankho zotchuka.
Si onse omwe amafunsa mafunso okhudza IPCC ndi kuchepa kwa demokalase ya UNFCCC ndi okana nyengo. Zowonadi, ndi omwe ali ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi kutenthedwa kwa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi ndi anthropogenic omwe ayenera kuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi chizolowezi chothamanga cha anthu osankhika chochotsa kupanga zisankho kuchokera ku ulamuliro wachindunji wa demokalase ndi gawo la mpikisano wandale.
Kwa ofufuza a sayansi ndi ukadaulo wa Harvard Sheila Jasanoff, pali a nambala mafunso ofunikira: kodi malire apakati pakati pa mabungwe asayansi ndi ndale ndi ati? Kodi maboma amamanga bwanji zomwe amazitcha "nzeru zapagulu" - maumboni ndi mikangano yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zisankho za boma kuyankha kwa nzika? Kodi magulu atsopanowa ndi osagwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu onse, kapena amapereka chitetezo chosadziwika kwa magulu ena omwe zofuna zawo zimasemphana ndi anthu ena?
Potsutsana ndi lingaliroli, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Germany Silke Beck ndi anzakefunsani m'nkhani yaposachedwa yokhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka IPCC ndi IPBES yomwe timafufuza "mitundu yonse yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagulu m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito luso limodzi lokwanira."
โPakadali pano,โ akutero Beck, amene kafukufuku wake akugogomezera kwambiri za njira zatsopano zoyendetsera chilengedwe ndi sayansi, โpalibe mkangano umene wachitikapo wokhudza mgwirizano wa IPCC ndi mfundo za boma ndi โanthuโ ake osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi kapenanso za pangano lake lokhazikika pankhani ya malamulo a boma. kuyankha, kuyimilira ndale, ndi kuvomerezeka."
M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, pakhala pali zokambirana pakati pa okhudzidwa pa tsogolo la IPCC, koma otenga nawo mbali pamisonkhano yotsekedwayi amamangidwa ndi mapangano okhwima achinsinsi, ndipo atolankhani ndi ofufuza atsekedwa.
M'njira yofananirako, mikangano yayikulu yamalamulo monga mfundo zandalama, malonda, nzeru, usodzi, ndi zothandizira zaulimi zomwe kale zimakambidwa poyera m'mabwalo a demokalase tsopano zikukonzedwa, kusinthidwa, ndikuvomerezedwa m'mabwalo akumbuyo.
Ndi zomwe katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Colin Crouch mayitanidwe "Post democracy": pamene chiwonetsero cha zisankho chikuchitika, kupanga zisankho kumachitika osati m'mabungwe azamalamulo, koma pazitseko zotseka, zokambirana za mgwirizano pakati pa atsogoleri a boma kapena akazembe, molangizidwa ndi akatswiri.
Pankhani ya European Union, yomwe ndi gawo lotsogola kwambiri laulamuliro padziko lonse lapansi, titha kuwonjezera pamndandanda wankhani zomwe sizikutsutsana ndi demokalase: mfundo zandalama (ndiko kuti, zosankha zonse za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ndalama) ndi malamulo amsika wantchito, mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe , kupatula chitetezo ndi apolisi, mwina amatanthauzira kwambiri chomwe kukhala boma.
Chiyambireni vuto la Eurozone, mabungwe aku Europe akwanitsa kuletsa zisankho zachuma kuchokera kwa osankhidwa ndikusamutsira kwa akatswiri a European Commission, Council of Ministers, European Central Bank, European Court of Justice, kapena ngakhale magulu odzisankha okha mwadzidzidzi a osewera ofunika kwambiri mu European institutional mosaic.
Tsoka la Eurozone linali lalikulu kwambiri kotero kuti EU inalibenso nthawi ya "masewera a ndale" kapena "ndale," monga momwe pulezidenti wotuluka wa komiti Josรฉ Manuel Barroso ndi pulezidenti wa bungwe Herman Van Rompuy anatsindika mobwerezabwereza. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, analibenso nthawi ya demokalase.
Ndi malingaliro wamba pakati pa osankhika. Mkulu wa komiti yomwe ikubwera komanso mtsogoleri wakale wa Eurogroup of Nations pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama imodzi, Jean-Claude Juncker waku Luxembourg, ananena moyipa zaka zingapo zapitazo: โNdalama zandalama ndi nkhani yaikulu. Tiyenera kukambirana izi mobisa, mu Eurogroup, "adatero pamsonkhano wokhudza kayendetsedwe ka zachuma komwe bungwe la European Movement linanena, osazindikira kuti msonkhanowu unali wotseguka kwa atolankhani. "Ndine wokonzeka kunyozedwa ngati ndine demokalase yosakwanira, koma ndikufuna kukhala wotsimikiza. Ndine wa mikangano yachinsinsi, yakuda. "
Tiye IPCC/UNFCCC chitsanzo, EU, ndi mabungwe ofanana pambuyo pa demokalase amagwiranso ntchito mogwirizana pakati pa "okhudzidwa," m'malo molamulira ambiri mwa demokalase yotchuka. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kupanga ndondomeko kwakhala kukuchitika padziko lonse lapansi, koma demokalase sinatero.
Consensus imayika malire osiyanasiyana a mfundo zomwe zingapezeke kwa omwe akhoza kukhululukidwa kwa onse okhudzidwa, mwina osaphatikizapo ndondomeko zomwe zingathetsere vutolo ngati zingasokoneze zofuna za ena okhudzidwa. Kuthekera kwa kugonjetsa kapena kuchotsa wokhudzidwa kumaletsedwa ndi njira iyi yopangira zisankho. Zenera la ndondomekoyi ndilozungulira kwambiri, ndipo kusintha kowonjezereka kumakondedwa kuposa mphamvu ndi luso. Kutopa kotereku sikoyenera pankhani ya ziwopsezo zomwe zilipo.
Choncho, mkangano wa demokalase suli mfundo imodzi yokha. Mgwirizano wa UNFCCC pambuyo pa demokalase, mogwirizana ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zokambirana zanyengo zimayimitsidwa kosatha.
Ndipo kotero zikanakhala ndi chitsanzo chofananira cha ulamuliro wa kukana mankhwala. Farrar ndi Woolhouse akufotokoza kuti njira yoteroyo nโnjofunika chifukwa โzasayansi ndi zamalonda zimafuna zolimbikitsa ndi malo abwinoko oyendetsera zinthu kuti apange mankhwala ndi njira zatsopano.โ
Makampani opanga mankhwala amaonedwa kuti ndi okhudzidwa kuti alandilidwe patebulo, ogwira ntchito omwe amafunika kulimbikitsidwa kuti asinthe njira zawo kusiyana ndi chopinga chachikulu chomwe chiyenera kugonjetsedwa. Zolimbikitsa zotere zimaphatikizanso ndalama zamisonkho kapena ndalama zothandizira chitukuko choyambirira cha mankhwala opha maantibayotiki, "ma voucha obwereza" omwe amafulumizitsa kuwunikanso kwazinthu zina zomwe kampaniyo yasankha, kulonjeza kugulira pasadakhale, komanso kukulitsa moyo wapatent.
Lingaliro la kudzipereka kwa msika pasadakhale - makamaka, pamene boma likutsimikizira msika wamankhwala opangidwa bwino - limalimbikitsidwa ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse komanso malo oganiza zamisika yaulere monga Brookings Institution monga yankho limadzaza kusiyana komwe kumasiyidwa ndi kulephera kwa msika. kusiya phindu la likulu mosatsutsika.
Yankho loyambira komanso lotsika mtengo kwambiri lingakhale kuyanjana ndi gulu lazamankhwala, kulola kutumizidwanso kwa demokalase kuchokera kumankhwala opindulitsa kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira R&D m'malo osapindulitsa. Asanakhazikitsidwe kumayiko akumadzulo, njira yophatikizira yothandizirayi idalola kuti ntchito za positi, njanji, mabasi, ndi matelefoni ziperekedwe kumadera akutali, popeza ndalama zochokera m'matauni zimayenderana bwino ndi ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Koma chitsanzo chosavuta choterechi sichimangochitika chifukwa cha ndale. Izi sizikutheka chifukwa dongosolo lomwe lapanga zisankho mogwirizana ndi maboma ndi okhudzidwa sililola kuti mayankho otere abwere.
M'nkhani yaposachedwa pazambiri zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira m'madera ena pazomwe amatcha utsogoleri wachilengedwe, wofufuza za sayansi ndiukadaulo Andy Stirling. akulemba kuti โdemokalase imawonedwa mowonjezereka kukhala โkulephera,โ โmkhalidwe wapamwamba,โ kapena ngakhale โmdani wa chilengedwe.โ . . . Chotero, chidziลตitso chenicheni chikugogomezeredwa mowonjezereka ndi kudera nkhaลตa kwazakale za ulamuliro wokhala ndi ulamuliro ndi mawu olankhulirana olamulira. Zikuwoneka kuti palibe njira ina koma kumvera - kapena kukana mopanda nzeru komanso chiwonongeko chomwe chilipo. โ
M'malo mwake, Stirling akutsutsa, nkhondo yademokalase ndiyo njira yaikulu yomwe kukhazikika kumapangidwira poyamba - ndipo tiyenera kuona maantibayotiki ngati chinthu chamtengo wapatali choweta mosamala ndikusamalidwa. "[C] mphamvu zokhazikika ndi zolakwika pakuwongolera ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa zothetsera ...
Malingaliro angapo oyesa kutsindika mfundoyi: choyamba, katswiri wazachuma wa ku France a Thomas Piketty posachedwapa ananena kuti misonkho yachuma padziko lonse ilandidwe ngati njira yothetsera chizoloลตezi cha chikapitalist chofuna kusalingana kokulirapo. Iyenera kukhala yapadziko lonse, akutero moyenerera, kuti tipewe mpikisano wapakati pamayiko kuti apereke mitengo yotsika kwambiri yamisonkho.
Koma taganizirani ngati ndondomekoyi idatengedwa mozama kuti ikwaniritsidwe. Kodi ndimotani mmene msonkho woterowo ukanaperekedwa ndi bungwe lina lililonse kusiyapo boma losankhidwa, lapadziko lonse lapansi lokhala ndi mphamvu zochitira zimenezo? Chitsanzo chozikidwa pa UNFCCC kapena mabungwe a EU chitha kutha zaka kapena zaka zambiri za zokambirana zopanda phindu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu wopanda madzi womwe onse omwe ali nawo angavomereze - monganso kuyesayesa koyambitsa chidwi koyambitsa Tobin Tax ku Europe.
Kuyesera kwachiwiri: Ngati titazindikira mawa kuti asteroid yayikulu pafupi ndi Earth inali panjira ya dziko lapansi ndipo idafafaniza chitukuko cha anthu mzaka zisanu, yomwe ingakhale njira yanu yabwino yopangira chitetezo cha mapulaneti ndikukhazikitsa ntchito kuti apatutse izo?
Boma lapadziko lonse, losankhidwa mwademokalase lomwe patangotha โโmilungu ingapo litha kusankha njira yabwino kwambiri litalandira upangiri kuchokera kwa akatswiri ndikuwongolera mwachangu zothandizira komwe kuyesayesa kungachite bwino kwambiri komanso kuchita bwino?
Kapena mndandanda wa zokambirana za mayiko osiyanasiyana zomwe zimakambirana kwa zaka zambiri zomwe zingabweretse ndalama zambiri (Ngati mumadziwa mtsutso wa "ndalama ya nyengo", yesani "asteroid finance"); ndi dziko liti lomwe lingapeze ntchito zambiri kuchokera ku polojekitiyi; makampani omwe angapambane makontrakitala; momwe mungagawire deta, luso lamakono, ndi machitidwe abwino; ndi mzinda uti umene ungakhale wochititsa kalembera wa polojekiti?
Azaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazo, bungwe loona zachilungamo padziko lonse lapansi linadzudzula zisankho zamtundu woterezi mopanda demokalase, poyang'ana kwambiri kukhazikitsidwa kwake m'mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi monga WTO, World Bank, IMF, ndi G8, komanso โmuufulu wamabizinesi. โ mitu ndi zigamulo zothetsa mikangano ya osunga ndalama ndi boma mโmapangano a zamalonda omwe amalola kuti malamulo ovomerezedwa ndi demokalase athetsedwe ndi makhoti otsekera, osasankhidwa.
Momwemonso, kulimbana masiku ano motsutsana ndi kukhazikika kokhazikitsidwa ndi EU kumwera kwa Europe - komwe nthawi zambiri kumatsogozedwa ndi omenyera nkhondo zazaka chikwi za m'misewu - kumaphatikizanso kudzudzula kuchotsedwa kosasunthika kwa zigawo zazikulu zandalama kudera la demokalase.
Koma mbali zambiri, kudzudzula kwa pambuyo pa demokalase kwangokhala kungofuna kubwezeretsedwa kwa ulamuliro wadziko. Kudalirana kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi ndikwatsopano komanso kopanda demokalase; choncho, tikupangira ang'onoang'ono ndi am'deralo. Kuphatikizana kwa ku Ulaya ndi austerian ndi teknoloji; Chifukwa chake, tikupempha kutha kwa EU.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuzindikira kuti ziwopsezo zomwe zilipo monga kukana mankhwala ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ziyenera kukumana pamlingo wapadziko lonse nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zolinga zabwino avomereze kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayiko, koma pambuyo pa demokalase.
Komabe pali njira yachitatu yomwe ili yoyenera ntchitoyo komanso yabwino kwambiri kuposa momwe zilili pano: demokalase yeniyeni yapadziko lonse lapansi, pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso wapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikutanthauza kusiya zokambirana zaulemu koma zopanda demokalase pakati pa olamulira, akazembe, ndi akatswiri awo, komanso kubwereranso kwamphamvu kwa malingaliro otsutsana, maulamuliro ambiri, ndi mikangano yosokonekera yamalingaliro ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, omwe Stirling amachitcha "otseguka, osalamulirika. kulimbana kwandale" - demokalase.
Ziwopsezo zomwe zilipo sizovuta zasayansi, zamankhwala, kapena zachilengedwe zokha. Iwo alinso mavuto a chikhalidwe, ndale, ndi zachuma, ndipo chifukwa chake kulimbana kwa demokarasi ndilo yankho lomwe limawayenerera bwino.
Momwe izi zingawonekere ndizoposa zomwe zili munkhani iyi. Mwina Nyumba Yamalamulo ya UN komwe nduna yayikulu ndi nduna zapadziko lonse lapansi zidachokera, okhala ndi zitsanzo zofananira ku Europe (kutanthauza kutha kwa bungwe losasankhidwa komanso khonsolo yosankhidwa mwachisawawa) komanso kumayiko ena. Ma contours enieniwo siwoyenera kufotokoza: ngati ulamuliro wapadziko lonse uyenera kukhala wademokalase, ndiye kuti tanthauzo lake liyenera kumenyedwa ndi kumangidwa ndi magulu a demokalase. Sizingakhale kudzoza kwapamwamba kapena zomangamanga.
Koma yapita nthawi yayitali kuti tiyike pambali lingaliro lakuti boma lapadziko lonse lapansi ndi longopeka - kapena dystopian - longopeka. Zikuchitika kale, ndipo tikuzifuna kwambiri kuti tithane ndi zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe tikukumana nazo. Boma lapadziko lonse lafika. Tiyenera kupanga demokalase.
Demokalase ndi mchimwene wa Chidziwitso cha sayansi. Palibe cholepheretsa kuthetsa mavuto monga antibiotic resistance ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Mโmalo mwake, ndicho, monga momwe zakhalira nthaลตi zonse, chiyembekezo chabwino koposa chaumunthu.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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