Gwero, lomwe lagwira ntchito zobisika zankhondo zaku US kwazaka zambiri, kuphatikiza ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, likudziwa zakuchitapo kanthu kwa Blackwater. Adalankhula ndi The Nation kuti asatchulidwe chifukwa pulogalamuyo ndi yamagulu. Gwero linati pulogalamuyi ndi "yokhazikika" kotero kuti akuluakulu a Obama ndi akuluakulu a asilikali aku US sakudziwa kuti alipo.
A White House sanabwezere mafoni kapena maimelo omwe akufuna ndemanga pankhaniyi. Capt. John Kirby, wolankhulira Adm. Michael Mullen, Wapampando wa Joint Chiefs of Staff, anauza The Nation, "Sitikukambirana za ntchito zomwe zikuchitika m'njira imodzi kapena ina, mosasamala kanthu za chikhalidwe chawo." Woyang'anira chitetezo, kumbuyo, adakana kuti Blackwater imagwira ntchito pakumenya ma drone kapena nzeru za JSOC ku Pakistan. "Ife tiribe makontrakitala oti atichitire ntchitoyo. Sitipanga mgwirizano wamtunduwu, nthawi," adatero mkuluyo. "Sipanakhalepo, ndipo palibe pano, mapangano pakati pa JSOC ndi bungwe la mitundu ya mautumiki awa."
Woyambitsa Blackwater, Erik Prince, adatsutsa izi poyankhulana posachedwapa, akuwuza Vanity Fair kuti Blackwater ikugwira ntchito ndi US Special Forces pozindikira zolinga ndi ntchito zokonzekera, ponena za ntchito ku Syria. Magaziniyi idasindikizanso chithunzi cha Blackwater base pafupi ndi malire a Afghanistan-Pakistan.
Dongosolo lomwe silinanenedwepo kale, gwero laukadaulo wankhondo lidati, ndilosiyana ndi pulogalamu yakupha ya CIA yomwe mkulu wa bungweli, Leon Panetta, adalengeza kuti adaletsa mu June 2009. "Iyi ndi ntchito yofanana ndi CIA," adatero gwero. "Izo ndi zirombo ziwiri zosiyana." Pulogalamuyi imayika Blackwater pachimake chankhondo yaku US mkati mwa malire a dziko lomwe United States sinalengeze zankhondo zomwe zitha kusokoneza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa United States ndi Pakistan. Mu 2006, United States ndi Pakistan adachita mgwirizano womwe unaloleza JSOC kuti ilowe ku Pakistan kukasaka Osama bin Laden ndikumvetsetsa kuti Pakistan ikana kuti idapereka chilolezo. Mwalamulo, United States sikuyenera kukhala ndi ntchito zankhondo zogwira ntchito mdziko muno.
Blackwater, yomwe idasintha dzina lake posachedwa kukhala Xe Services ndi US Training Center, ikukana kuti kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito ku Pakistan. "Xe Services ili ndi wogwira ntchito m'modzi yekha ku Pakistan yemwe amayang'anira boma la US," Mneneri wa Blackwater a Mark Corallo adatero m'mawu ake ku The Nation, ndikuwonjezera kuti kampaniyo "ilibe ntchito zina zilizonse ku Pakistan."
Mkulu wakale wakale ku Blackwater adatsimikiza zonena za asitikali azamalamulo kuti kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito ku Pakistan ku CIA ndi JSOC, gulu lolimbana ndi uchigawenga komanso gulu lankhondo lobisala. Ananenanso kuti Blackwater ikugwiranso ntchito ku boma la Pakistani pachigwirizano ndi kampani yachitetezo yochokera ku Islamabad yomwe imayika US Blackwater ogwira ntchito pansi ndi asitikali aku Pakistani pothana ndi zigawenga, kuphatikiza zigawenga zanyumba ndi zoletsa malire, kumpoto chakumadzulo. Frontier Province ndi kwina ku Pakistan. Dongosololi, wamkulu wakale adati, limalola boma la Pakistani kugwiritsa ntchito magulu akale a US Special Operations omwe tsopano akugwira ntchito ku Blackwater pomwe akukana kukhalapo kwa asitikali aku US mdzikolo. Adatsimikiziranso kuti Blackwater ili ndi malo ku Karachi ndipo ogwira ntchito atumizidwa kwina ku Pakistan. Mkulu wakaleyo adalankhula kuti asatchulidwe.
Nkhani yake ndi ya gwero lazankhondo zankhondo zidatsimikiziridwa ndi asitikali aku US omwe amadziwa zochitika za Special Forces ku Pakistan ndi Afghanistan. Atafunsidwa za ntchito yobisala ya Blackwater ku JSOC ku Pakistan, gweroli, lomwe linafunsanso kuti tisatchulidwe, adauza The Nation, "Kuchokera pazomwe ndili nazo, ndizolondola," ndikuwonjezera, "Palibe funso lomwe likuchitika."
"Sizingadabwitsidwe chifukwa tatulutsa pafupifupi chilichonse," adatero Col. Lawrence Wilkerson, yemwe adatumikira monga Mlembi wa State Colin Powell wamkulu wa antchito kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2005, atauzidwa za ntchito ya Blackwater ku Pakistan. Wilkerson adanena kuti panthawi yomwe anali mu ulamuliro wa Bush, adawona kuyamba kwa Blackwater kukhudzidwa ndi ntchito zovuta za asilikali ndi CIA. "Mbali ina mwa izi, ndikuyesa kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe Congress idayika pa DoD. Ngati mulibe asilikali okwanira kuti muchite izi, mumalemba anthu wamba kuti achite. Ndikutanthauza, ndizosavuta. sizingandidabwitse.
Gulu la Counterterrorism Tag ku Karachi
Pulogalamu yachinsinsi ya JSOC yokhala ndi Blackwater ku Pakistan idayamba pafupifupi 2007, malinga ndi gwero lazankhondo. Mtsogoleri wapano wa JSOC ndi Vice Adm. William McRaven, yemwe adatenga udindo kuchokera kwa Gen. Stanley McChrystal, yemwe adatsogolera JSOC kuchokera ku 2003 mpaka 2008 asanatchulidwe kuti ndi mkulu wa asilikali a US ku Afghanistan. Kukhalapo kwa Blackwater ku Pakistan "sikukuwoneka kwenikweni, ndichifukwa chake palibe amene adatsutsa," adatero gwero. Ntchito za Blackwater ku Pakistan, adatero, sizimachitidwa ndi mapangano a Dipatimenti Yaboma kapena mapangano odziwika pagulu. "Ndi Blackwater kudzera pa JSOC, ndipo ndi gulu losatsatsa [mgwirizano] lomwe limavomerezedwa pang'onopang'ono." Malo akuluakulu a JSOC / Blackwater ku Karachi, malinga ndi gwero, ndi nondescript: ma trailer atatu okhala ndi ma jenereta osiyanasiyana, mafoni a satana ndi makina apakompyuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo opangira ntchito. "Ndi ntchito yachikale kwambiri," adatero gwero. "Ndingazifanizire ndi [CIA] ku Kurdistan kapena malo aliwonse a Special Forces. Ndi mafupa opanda kanthu, ndiye mfundo yake."
Ntchito ya Blackwater ku JSOC ku Karachi ikugwirizana ndi Task Force yomwe ili ku Bagram Air Base ku Afghanistan yoyandikana nayo, malinga ndi gwero la intelligence. Pomwe JSOC imayang'anira ntchito ku Karachi, adati, imakhala ndi asitikali apadera aku US omwe amagwira ntchito m'gulu la Blackwater, lomwe kale limadziwika kuti Blackwater SELECT, komanso akatswiri anzeru omwe amagwira ntchito ku Blackwater ogwirizana nawo, Total Intelligence Solutions (TIS) , yomwe ndi Erik Prince. Gwero lankhondo lati dzina lakuti Blackwater SELECT likhoza kusinthidwa posachedwa. Total Intelligence, yomwe imachotsedwa mu ofesi yomwe ili pansanjika yachisanu ndi chinayi ya nyumba yomwe ili m'dera la Ballston ku Arlington, Virginia, imakhala ndi akatswiri omwe kale anali ofufuza komanso ogwira ntchito ku CIA, DIA, FBI ndi mabungwe ena. Imatengera malo othana ndi uchigawenga a CIA. Ku Karachi, TIS imayendetsa "media-scouring/open-source network," malinga ndi gwero. Mpaka posachedwa, Total Intelligence idayendetsedwa ndi akuluakulu awiri akale a CIA, Cofer Black ndi Robert Richer, onse omwe adasiya kampaniyo. Ku Pakistan, Blackwater sikugwiritsa ntchito dzina lake loyambirira kapena moni yake yatsopano, Xe Services, malinga ndi mkulu wakale wa Blackwater. "Akuyendetsa ntchito zawo zambiri kudzera ku TIS chifukwa [mayina] ena awiriwo ali ndi banga," adatero. Corallo, wolankhulira Blackwater, adakana kuti TIS kapena gawo lina lililonse la Blackwater lili ndi antchito ku Pakistan.
Gwero lazamalamulo lankhondo ku US lati mapangano a Blackwater akupitilira kukonzedwanso malinga ndi pempho la JSOC. Blackwater, adatero, idakhazikika kale kwambiri kotero kuti yakhala gawo lalikulu lankhondo zaku US ku Pakistan. Malinga ndi mkulu wakale wa Blackwater, "Ndale zomwe zimayenda ndi mtundu wa BW zimayikidwa pambali chifukwa zomwe mukuchita ndi msilikali mmodzi kupita kwa wina." Mgwirizano woyamba wa Blackwater ndi CIA wogwirira ntchito ku Afghanistan unaperekedwa mu 2002 ndipo unali wogwira ntchito kumalire a Afghanistan-Pakistan.
Chimodzi mwazodetsa zomwe zidanenedwa ndi asitikali azamalamulo ndikuti ena ogwira ntchito ku Blackwater akupatsidwa zilolezo zachitetezo kuposa zomwe adavomerezeka. Pogwiritsa ntchito Njira Zina Zoyendetsera Ntchito (ACCMs), adati, ogwira ntchito ku Blackwater amapatsidwa chilolezo ku Special Access Programme, mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza ntchito za "zakuda". "Ndi ACCM, woyang'anira chitetezo atha kukupatsani mwayi woti muwonetsedwe ndikugwira ntchito m'mapulogalamu apamwamba kuposa 'chinsinsi' - ngakhale mulibe bizinesi yochita izi," adatero gwero. Zimalola ogwira ntchito ku Blackwater kuti "alibe chilolezo chofunikira chachitetezo kapena alibe chilolezo choti achite nawo ntchito zapadera chifukwa chokhulupirira," adatero. "Ganizirani za izo ngati mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri pamwamba pa chinsinsi chapamwamba. Ndizo ndendende zomwe zili: bwalo la chikondi." Chifukwa chake, Blackwater imatha kupeza malipoti a "magwero onse" omwe amachotsedwa m'magawo a JSOC m'munda. Umu ndi momwe zinthu zambiri zakhala zikuchitikira kwa zaka zambiri ndi makontrakitala,โ adatero gwero. "Tili ndi makontrakitala omwe nthawi zonse amawona zinthu zomwe opanga mfundo zapamwamba sachita pokhapokha atafunsa."
Malinga ndi gwero, Blackwater yadzigulitsa bwino ngati kampani yomwe ogwira nawo ntchito "achita ntchito zowononga mwachindunji ndipo tsopano, pamtengo, mukhoza kukhala ndi selo lanu lokonzekera. JSOC inangodya izo, "adatero, ndikuwonjezera. Ali ndi gulu lalikulu ku Pakistan - osati pazifukwa zilizonse zonyansa ngati mukufuna kuyang'ana momwemo - koma kuthandizira mgwirizano wovomerezeka wa JSOC. " Mapangano a Blackwater a Pakistan JSOC ndi achinsinsi ndipo amatetezedwa kuti asayang'anire anthu, adatero. Gwero silikutsimikiza kuti dongosololi ndi JSOC lidayamba liti, koma akuti kuthamangitsidwa kwa Blackwater SELECT "kunapatsidwa mgwirizano wosapereka chithandizo kwa owombera a JSOC Task Force ndipo adapitilizabe kukulitsa." Ena mwa ogwira ntchito ku Blackwater, adati, amagwira ntchito mobisa ngati othandizira. "Palibe amene amawaganiziranso."
Gwero lazamalamulo lankhondo lati ntchito ya Blackwater / JSOC Karachi imatchedwa "Qatar cubed," ponena za malo ogwirira ntchito aku US ku Qatar omwe adakhala ngati malo okonzekera ndikukhazikitsa kuukira kwa US ku Iraq. โIli liyenera kukhala dziko latsopano lolimba mtima,โ iye akutero. "Iyi ndi Jamestown ya Millennium yatsopano ndipo ikuyenera kukhala kakombo. Mutha kulumphira ku Uzbekistan, mutha kulumphira m'malire, mutha kulumpha cham'mbali, mutha kulumpha kumpoto chakumadzulo. Ili pamalo abwino kuti athe atengere anthu awo kulikonse kumene angafunikire popanda kukangana ndi gulu lankhondo la Afghanistan, lomwe lasokoneza.
Kuphatikiza pakukonzekera kumenyedwa ndi ma drone ndi ntchito zolimbana ndi omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ankhondo a Al Qaeda ndi Taliban ku Pakistan kwa JSOC ndi CIA, gulu la Blackwater ku Karachi limathandizanso kukonzekera mishoni za JSOC mkati mwa Uzbekistan motsutsana ndi Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, malinga ndi gwero lazankhondo. . Blackwater sichitadi ntchitozo, adatero, zomwe zimachitidwa pansi ndi magulu ankhondo a JSOC. "Izi zidakulitsa chidwi changa komanso zimandidetsa nkhawa chifukwa sindikudziwa ngati munazindikira koma sindinauzidwe kuti tili pankhondo ndi Uzbekistan," adatero. "Ndiye, ndaphonyapo kanthu, kodi Rumsfeld adabwereranso ku mphamvu?"
Pakistan's Military Contracting Maze
Blackwater, malinga ndi gwero lazankhondo, sikupha kwenikweni ngati gawo la ntchito yake ku Pakistan. "Ogwira ntchito a SELECT sapita kumalo omwe ali ndi ndege zapadera ndikutsatira zomwe akufuna," adatero. "Sizili ngati Blackwater SELECT anthu akuthamanga kupha anthu." M'malo mwake, magulu ankhondo apadera aku US amapanga mapulani omwe apangidwa ndi Blackwater. Ogwira ntchito zankhondo zaku Blackwater omwe amagwira ntchito ku Dipatimenti ya Boma, yomwe amawatcha "Blackwater Vanilla," ndi akatswiri akale a Special Forces omwe amagwira ntchito pa pulogalamu ya JSOC. Zabwino kapena zoyipa, pali anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuyimitsa opareshoni ngati imeneyi, mwina ndi chinthu chabwino, "adatero gwero. "Ndi Blackwater SELECT anthu omwe ali ndi kupitiriza kukonzekera mitundu iyi ya ntchito chifukwa ndi anthu okhawo omwe akudziwa momwe ndalamazo zinalili ndipo anapita kumene ndalamazo zinali. Sizinthu zowonongeka, monga ena a PSD [Personal Security Detail ] Anyamata. Awa si anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti Barack Obama ndi wa socialist, awa si anthu amene amapha anthu wamba osalakwa.
Mkulu wakale wa Blackwater, atafunsidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti magulu ankhondo aku Blackwater sanali kupha anthu ku Pakistan, adati, "si zolondola kwenikweni." Ngakhale adagwirizana ndi kufotokozera kwa asitikali azamalamulo pamapulogalamu a JSOC ndi CIA, adanenanso za gawo lina lomwe Blackwater akuti akuchita ku Pakistan, osati boma la US koma la Islamabad. Malinga ndi mkuluyo, Blackwater imagwira ntchito pakampani yaying'ono ya Kestral Logistics, kampani yamphamvu yaku Pakistani, yomwe imagwira ntchito zankhondo, chitetezo chachinsinsi komanso upangiri wanzeru. Ili ndi gulu lankhondo lapamwamba la Pakistani komanso akuluakulu aboma. Ngakhale kuti maofesi a Kestral ali ku Pakistan, alinso ndi nthambi mโmayiko ena angapo.
Mneneri wa US State Department's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC), yomwe ili ndi udindo wopereka ziphaso ku mabungwe aku US kuti apereke chithandizo chokhudzana ndi chitetezo kumaboma kapena mabungwe akunja, sangatsimikizire kapena kukana ku The Nation kuti Blackwater ili ndi layisensi. kugwira ntchito ku Pakistan kapena kugwira ntchito ndi Kestral. "Sitingakuthandizeni," adatero mneneri wa dipatimenti David McKeeby atakambirana ndi akuluakulu a DDTC. "Muyenera kulumikizana ndi makampani mwachindunji." Corallo waku Blackwater adati kampaniyo "ilibe ntchito zamtundu uliwonse" ku Pakistan kupatula wogwira ntchito m'modzi wa DoD. Kestral sanayankhe mafunso a The Nation.
Malinga ndi mbiri ya federal lobbying records, Kestral posachedwapa adalemba ntchito mlembi wakale wa boma ku Western Hemisphere Affairs Roger Noriega, yemwe adagwira ntchitoyi kuyambira 2003 mpaka 2005, kuti alimbikitse boma la US, kuphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya Boma, USAID ndi Congress, pa nkhani zakunja. "zokhudzana ndi kuthekera kwa [Kestral] kuchita zinthu zokondweretsa ku United States." Noriega adalembedwa ntchito kudzera mu kampani yake, Vision Americas, yomwe amayendetsa ndi Christina Rocca, yemwe kale anali wogwira ntchito ku CIA yemwe anali wothandizira mlembi wa boma ku South Asia kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2006 ndipo anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri pokonza ndondomeko ya US ku Pakistan. Mu Okutobala 2009, Kestral adalipira Vision Americas $15,000 ndikulipira kampani yogwirizana ndi Vision Americas, Firecreek Ltd., ndalama zofananira zokopa chidwi pazachitetezo ndi mfundo zakunja.
Kwa zaka zambiri, Kestral wakhala akuchita bizinesi yamphamvu yokhudzana ndi chitetezo ndi boma la Pakistani ndi mayiko ena, komanso makampani apamwamba a chitetezo ku US. Mwiniwake wa Blackwater Erik Prince ali pafupi ndi CEO wa Kestral Liaquat Ali Baig, malinga ndi mkulu wakale wa Blackwater. "Ali ndi Erik ali ndi ubale wapamtima," adatero. "Akumanapo nthawi zambiri ndikuchita mgwirizano, ndipo [amapereka] kuthandizana." Pogwira ntchito ndi Kestral, adati, Blackwater yapereka chitetezo cha convoy kwa zotumiza za Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo zopita ku Afghanistan zomwe zikafika padoko ku Karachi. Blackwater, malinga ndi mkulu wakale, amayang'anira katunduyo pamene amawanyamula kuchokera ku Karachi kupita ku Peshawar kenako kumadzulo kudutsa malire a Torkham, njira yofunikira kwambiri yothandizira asilikali a US ku Afghanistan.
Malinga ndi mkulu wakale, ogwira ntchito ku Blackwater amaphatikizanso ndi asitikali a Kestral pantchito zolimbana ndi zigawenga ku North-West Frontier Province, komwe amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi gulu lankhondo la Unduna wa Zamkati wa Pakistani, lomwe limadziwika kuti Frontier Corps (lomwe limatchedwa "malire". scouts"). Ogwira ntchito ku Blackwater ndi alangizi aukadaulo, koma wamkulu wakale adati mzerewu nthawi zambiri umasokonekera. Blackwater "akupereka chitsogozo chenicheni cha momwe angachitire [ntchito zolimbana ndi uchigawenga] ndipo anthu a Kestral akutenga zambiri, koma akukhala ndi chitsogozo komanso chiwongolero chochokera kwa anyamata ena a BW omwe amapita ndi magulu akamatuluka. "Tikugwira ntchito," adatero. "Mutha kuwona momwe izi zingathandizire kuzinthu zina m'madera amalire." Ananenanso kuti ogwira ntchito ku Blackwater akatuluka ndi magulu aku Pakistani, nthawi zina azibambo ake amachita nawo zigawenga zomwe akuwaganizira. "Muli ndi anyamata a BW omwe akukuthandizani ... ndipo onse akufuna kupita kuntchito - kotero apita nawo," adatero. "Chifukwa chake, zinthu zomwe mukuwona m'nkhani za momwe gulu lankhondo la Pakistani lidabwera ndikuwononga nyumba ino kapena kuchita izi kapena kuchita izi - nthawi zina, mudzakhala ndi anthu aku Western omwe ali komweko. mโnyumba, ngati si mโnyumba.โ Blackwater, adatero, amalipidwa ndi boma la Pakistani kudzera ku Kestral chifukwa cha ntchito zofunsira. "Izi zimapatsa boma la Pakistani chivundikiro kuti, 'Hey, ayi, tilibe anthu akumadzulo omwe akuchita izi. Zonse ndi zam'deralo ndipo anthu athu akuchita.' Koma zimawapatsa ukadaulo womwe aku Western amapereka pantchito yokhudzana ndi [zolimbana ndi uchigawenga]. "
Gwero lanzeru zankhondo linatsimikizira kuti Blackwater imagwira ntchito ndi Frontier Corps, ponena kuti, "Palibe kuyang'anira kwenikweni. Sikuti kwenikweni pazithunzi za radar ya anthu."
Mu October, poyankha nkhani za Pakistani kuti nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya Kestral ku Islamabad ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira zida zolemetsa za Blackwater, Embassy ya ku United States ku Pakistan inatulutsa mawu otsutsa kuti zidazo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi "kontrakitala wachinsinsi waku America." Mawuwo akuti, "Kestral Logistics ndi kampani yabizinesi yomwe imayang'anira kutumizidwa kwa zida ndi zinthu zoperekedwa ndi United States ku Boma la Pakistan. Zida ndi zinthu zonse zidatumizidwa kuchokera ku Boma la Pakistani, lomwe nalonso. adatsimikizira zotumizidwa."
Ndani Ali kumbuyo kwa Drone Attacks?
Kuyambira pomwe Purezidenti Barack Obama adakhazikitsidwa, dziko la United States lakulitsa ziwopsezo zakuphulitsa mabomba ku Pakistan. A Obama adalamula koyamba kuti drone iwononge zomwe zidachitika kumpoto ndi South Waziristan pa Januware 23, ndipo ziwonetserozi zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Boma la Obama tsopano laposa chiwerengero cha zigawenga zomwe zachitika mu nthawi ya Bush ku Pakistan ndipo zatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi Pakistan ndi aphungu ena a US pa imfa ya anthu wamba. Kuukira kwa drone mu June kunapha anthu pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi omwe anali nawo pamaliro a Taliban.
Mu Ogasiti, nyuzipepala ya New York Times inanena kuti Blackwater imagwira ntchito ku CIA "pamalo obisika ku Pakistan ndi Afghanistan, komwe makontrakitala a kampaniyo amasonkhana ndikunyamula zida zamoto za Hellfire ndi bomba lotsogozedwa ndi 500-pounds pa ndege zoyendetsa kutali za Predator." Mu February, The Times yaku London idapeza chithunzi cha satellite cha bwalo la ndege lachinsinsi la CIA ku Shamsi, m'chigawo chakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Pakistan ku Baluchistan, kuwonetsa ndege zitatu za drone. Nyuzipepala ya New York Times inanenanso kuti bungweli limagwiritsa ntchito malo achinsinsi ku Jalalabad, Afghanistan, kuti amenye ku Pakistan.
Bungwe lazankhondo lankhondo likuti kumenyedwa kwa drone komwe kunapha mtsogoleri wa Taliban waku Pakistani a Baitullah Mehsud, mkazi wake ndi omuteteza ku Waziristan mu Ogasiti kunali kumenyedwa kwa CIA, koma ena ambiri omwe amanenedwa m'manyuzipepala a CIA akumenyedwa ndi JSOC. "Zina mwa sitikiti izi zimachitika chifukwa cha OGA [Other Government Agency, intelligence parlance for CIA], koma kwenikweni ndi JSOC ndi pulogalamu yawo yofananira ya ma UAV [magalimoto apamtunda osayendetsedwa] chifukwa nawonso amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma UAV. Ndiye mukawona ena Mwa izi, makamaka zomwe zaphedwa ndi anthu wamba, pafupifupi nthawi zonse zimamenyedwa ndi JSOC. " Pentagon yanena mosapita m'mbali, "Palibe ntchito zankhondo zaku US zomwe zikuchitika ku Pakistan."
Gwero lanzeru zankhondo lidatsimikiziranso kuti Blackwater ikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito ku CIA pa pulogalamu yake yophulitsa mabomba ku drone ku Pakistan, monga momwe idanenedwera kale mu New York Times, koma idawonjezeranso kuti Blackwater ikugwiranso ntchito pakuphulitsa mabomba kwa JSOC. "Ndi Blackwater yomwe ikuyendetsa pulogalamu ya CIA ndi JSOC," adatero gwero. Anthu wamba akaphedwa, "anthu amapita kuti, 'O, ndi CIA yomwe ikuchitanso zopenga mosayang'aniridwa.' Chabwino, osachepera 50 peresenti ya nthawiyo, ndiye JSOC [kugunda] wina yemwe amuzindikira kudzera mwa HUMINT [luntha laumunthu] kapena adzipangira nzeru kapena adagawana nawo ndipo amamutulutsa ndipo ndi momwe zimakhalira. ntchito."
Gwero lazankhondo lankhondo likuti ntchito za CIA zimayang'aniridwa ndi DRM, mosiyana ndi kuphulika kwa bomba kwa JSOC. "Kupha anthu omwe amawaganizira si chinthu chodziwika kwambiri m'tawuni pano ndipo CIA ikudziwa zimenezo," akutero. "Makontrakitala makamaka ogwira ntchito ku JSOC omwe akugwira ntchito pansi pa udindo wawo sali [oyang'aniridwa ndi Congress], kotero iwo samasamala. Ngati pali munthu mmodzi yemwe akumutsatira ndipo pali anthu makumi atatu ndi anayi mnyumbamo, anthu makumi atatu ndi asanu. Adzafa. Ndiwo malingaliro ake. Iye anawonjezera kuti, "Sali ndi mlandu kwa aliyense ndipo amadziwa zimenezo. Ndi chinsinsi chotseguka, koma mudzachita chiyani, kutseka JSOC?"
Kuphatikiza pakugwira ntchito yokonzekera zochitika zobisika ndi kumenyedwa kwa ma drone, Blackwater SELECT imaperekanso alonda apadera kuti agwire ntchito yovuta yachitetezo chachinsinsi cha US drone, misasa ya JSOC ndi misasa ya Defense Intelligence Agency mkati mwa Pakistan, malinga ndi gwero lazankhondo.
Mosharraf Zaidi, mtolankhani wodziwika bwino waku Pakistani yemwe adagwirapo ntchito ngati mlangizi wa UN ndi European Union ku Pakistan ndi Afghanistan, akuti pulogalamu ya Blackwater/JSOC imadzutsa mafunso ozama pazachikhalidwe cha ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi. "Funso laposachedwa ndilakuti, Kodi mumatanthawuza bwanji kutsata zolinga zankhondo m'dziko lomwe simunangolengeza zankhondo koma lomwe likuwoneka kuti ndi gulu lankhondo lomwe silili a NATO pankhondo yaku US yolimbana ndi ziwawa zowopsa zomwe zikubwera. wa Afghanistan ndi madera akumalire a Afghanistan ndi Pakistan?" akufunsa Zaidi, yemwe panopa ndi wolemba nkhani mโmagazini a The News, omwe amafalitsidwa kwambiri tsiku lililonse mโChingelezi ku Pakistan. "Tiyeni tiyiwale Blackwater kwa mphindi imodzi. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti pali asilikali a US ku Pakistan omwe sali okhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. "
JSOC: Rumsfeld ndi Cheney's Extra Special Force
Colonel Wilkerson adati ali ndi nkhawa kuti General McChrystal adakwera ngati wamkulu wankhondo wa Afghanistan - yomwe ikukulirakulira ku Pakistan - pali kukwera kofanana kwa mphamvu ndi chikoka cha JSOC mkati mwa gulu lankhondo. "Sindikuwona momwe mungathawire izi; ndi nkhani ya momwe ulamuliro umayendera komanso mphamvu zimayenda, ndipo ndizosapeweka, ndikuganiza," Wilkerson adauza The Nation. Ananenanso kuti, "Ndimachita mantha ndikawona kulamula ndi kumenya nkhondo zomwe zikutuluka kuti gulu lothandizira ndi Central Command ndipo gulu lothandizira ndi Special Operations Command," yomwe JSOC imagwira ntchito. "Ndizo m'mbuyo. Koma ndizo zomwe tili nazo lero."
Kuyambira 2003 mpaka 2008 McChrystal adatsogolera JSOC, yomwe ili ku Papa Air Force Base ndi Fort Bragg ku North Carolina, komwe kuli malo opangira maekala 7,000 a Blackwater. JSOC imayang'anira Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo la Delta, Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Lankhondo 6, komanso Gulu Lankhondo la 75th Ranger Regiment ndi Gulu la 160 la Special Operations Aviation Regiment, ndi Gulu Lankhondo Lapadera la 24 la Air Force. JSOC imagwira ntchito zomenyera, kuwunikiranso m'malo okanidwa komanso mishoni zapadera zanzeru. Blackwater, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi omwe kale anali a Navy SEALs, amagwiritsa ntchito akatswiri ambiri ankhondo a Special Forces - omwe akuluakulu angapo akale ankhondo adanenanso kuti ndiwo maziko a mapangano a Blackwater ndi JSOC.
Kuyambira pa 9/11, akadaulo ambiri apamwamba a Special Forces adagwira ntchito kumakampani azinsinsi, komwe amatha kupanga ndalama zambiri pogwira ntchito yapaderadera yomwe adachita atavala yunifolomu. "Anthu a Blackwater ali ndi chidziwitso. Ambiri mwa anthuwa ndi asilikali opuma pantchito, ndipo akhala akukhala zaka makumi awiri kapena makumi atatu ndipo akudziwa kuti anyamata aang'ono a Green Beret alibe," adatero Army Lieut wopuma pantchito. Col. Jeffrey Addicott, loya wolumikizana bwino ndi usilikali yemwe anali phungu wamkulu wazamalamulo ku US Army Special Forces. "Iwo ndi mabungwe odziwika. Aliyense amadziwa zomwe iwo ali, zomwe ali nazo, ndipo ali ndi chidziwitso. Iwo ndi ofunika kwambiri."
"Amapeza ndalama zambiri pokhala anzeru pantchitozi, kukonzekera kumenya mayiko osiyanasiyana ndikutengera zomwe adakumana nazo ku Chechnya, Bosnia, Somalia, Ethiopia," watero gwero lazankhondo. "Iwo analipo chifukwa cha zinthu zonsezi, akudziwa zomwe akunena. Ndipo JSOC mwatsoka yataya luso lokonzekera mkati mwawo, choncho amabwereka anthu omwe ankawagwirira ntchito ndipo anali atakonzekera kale ndi kuwapha. [mitundu] ya maopareshoni amenewa. Anabwerekanso anthu amene analumphira ku Blackwater SELECT ndiyeno n'kuwalipira ndalama zochulukira kwambiri kuti akonzekere maopaleshoni amtsogolo.
Ngakhale JSOC yakhala ikugwira ntchito yayikulu pakuthana ndi uchigawenga komanso ntchito zobisika za US, akuluakulu ankhondo ndi anthu wamba omwe amagwira ntchito ku Defense and State departments panthawi yaulamuliro wa Bush adafotokoza poyankhulana ndi The Nation ubale wabwino kwambiri womwe udayamba pakati pa nthambi yayikulu (makamaka Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Dick Cheney ndi Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld) ndi JSOC. Munthawi ya Bush, Special Forces idakhala ntchito yodziyimira yokha yomwe idachita kunja kwa gulu lankhondo komanso mogwirizana ndi White House. Muzaka zonse za Bush, anali General McChrystal yemwe adayendetsa JSOC. "Zomwe ndimawona ndikukula kwa zomwe ndikanaziwona pambuyo pake ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, komwe gulu la Special Operations limagwira ntchito m'mabwalo onse awiri popanda mkulu wankhondo kudziwa zomwe akuchita," adatero Colonel Wilkerson. "Zimenezi ndizoopsa, ndizoopsa kwambiri. Mumakhala ndi zosokoneza zamtundu uliwonse mukapanda kuwuza mkulu wa zisudzo zomwe mukuchita."
Wilkerson adanena kuti pafupifupi atangotenga udindo wake ku Dipatimenti ya Boma pansi pa Colin Powell, adawona JSOC ikuchita ndale ndikupanga ubale wapamtima ndi nthambi yaikulu. Adawona izi zikuyamba, adatero, pambuyo pamwambo wake woyamba wa Delta Force ku Fort Bragg. "Ndikuganiza kuti Cheney ndi Rumsfeld adapita mwachindunji ku JSOC. Ndikuganiza kuti adapita ku JSOC nthawi zina, mwina kawirikawiri, popanda mtsogoleri wa SOCOM [Special Operations] panthawiyo ngakhale akudziwa. Kulandira ku JSOC kunali kwabwino kwambiri, "akutero Wilkerson. . "Ndikuganiza kuti Cheney anali kupereka malangizo a McChrystal, ndipo McChrystal anali kumufunsa malangizo." Anati ubale pakati pa JSOC ndi Cheney ndi Rumsfeld "unamangidwa poyambirira chifukwa Rumsfeld sanayankhe. Sanatenge maganizo amtundu wa SOCOM kuchokera kwa mkulu wa SOCOM, ndipo monga momwe Rumsfeld ankachitira, adamudula ndikupita kukamwa kwa kavaloyo.Panthawiyo mudali ndi JSOC ikugwira ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha [ulamuliro] kuchita zinthu zomwe nthambi yayikulu-yowerenga: Cheney ndi Rumsfeldโimafuna kuti ichite. Uyenera kutero, chitani. Zinali zowopsa kwa ine monga msilikali wamba."
Wilkerson adati magulu a JSOC adayambitsa mavuto akazembe ku United States padziko lonse lapansi. "Maguluwa atayamba kugunda mizinda ikuluikulu ndi malo ena padziko lonse lapansi, [Rumsfeld] sanauzenso Dipatimenti ya Boma. Njira yokhayo yomwe tidadziwira za izi ndi akazembe athu adayamba kutiyitana ndikuti, 'Ndani gehena. kodi amuna oyera otalika mapazi asanu ndi limodzi ndi anayi akuyenda mozungulira mizinda yathu yaikulu?' Chifukwa chake tidazindikira izi, tidapeza wina ku South America, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa adaphadi dalaivala wa taxi, ndipo tidamutulutsa mwachangu.
Monga gawo la njira zawo, a Rumsfeld ndi Cheney adapanganso Strategic Support Branch (SSB), yomwe idatulutsa zidziwitso kuchokera ku Defense Intelligence Agency ndi CIA kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazovuta za JSOC. Bungwe la SSB linapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama "zokonzedwanso" "popanda chilolezo chovomerezeka cha congressional kapena kugawa," malinga ndi Washington Post. A SSB adagwira ntchito kunja kwa gulu lankhondo ndikuphwanya ulamuliro wa CIA pazochita zachinsinsi. Rumsfeld adapanga ngati gawo la nkhondo yake kuti athetse "pafupi ndi kudalira kwathunthu kwa CIA." Pansi pa malamulo aku US, dipatimenti ya Chitetezo imayenera kufotokozera zonse zomwe zatumizidwa ku Congress. Koma malangizo omwe adaperekedwa mu Januwale 2005 ndi omwe kale anali Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Stephen Cambone adati magulu ankhondo a Special Operations atha "kuchita ntchito zachinsinsi za HUMINT ... Izi zidapangitsa kuti Rumsfeld azilamulira mobisa.
Gwero lazankhondo lankhondo linanena kuti pomwe Rumsfeld anali mlembi wa chitetezo, JSOC idatumizidwa kuti ichite zina mwa "zakuda kwambiri" mwa zina kuti zibisike ku Congress. "Chilichonse chikhoza kulungamitsidwa ngati ntchito yankhondo motsutsana ndi nzeru zachinsinsi zomwe CIA imachita, zomwe ziyenera kudziwitsidwa ku Congress," adatero gwero. "Iwo ankadziwa za izo ndipo ankadziwa izo, ndipo iwo amazigwiritsa ntchito nthawi iliyonse ndipo amapindula nazo zonse. Iwo ankadziwa kuti akhoza kuchita mowonjezera mwalamulo ndipo palibe chomwe chingachitike chifukwa A, adavomerezedwa ndi DoD pamwambamwamba. ma level, ndi B, ndani ati awaletse? Iwo anali kukonzekera bwalo la nkhondo, lomwe linali pa PowerPoints zonse: 'Kukonzekera Nkhondo.
Kufunika kwa kusinthasintha kwa machitidwe a JSOC mkati mwa Pakistan motsutsana ndi CIA akufotokozedwa bwino ndi Senator Dianne Feinstein, wapampando wa Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. "Zochita zanzeru zilizonse komanso zobisika ziyenera kudziwitsidwa ku Congress," adatero. "Ngati sali, ndiko kuphwanya lamulo."
Blackwater: Kampani Yopanda Grata ku Pakistan
Kwa miyezi ingapo, atolankhani aku Pakistani akhala akudzaza ndi nkhani zakuti Blackwater ikukula mdzikolo. Kwa mbali zambiri, nkhanizi zanyalanyazidwa ndi atolankhani aku US ndikudzudzula ngati zabodza kapena zabodza ndi akuluakulu aku US ku Pakistan. Koma zoona zake nโzakuti, ngakhale nkhani zambiri zikuoneka kuti nโzokokomeza kwambiri, anthu aku Pakistani ali ndi zifukwa zomveka zodera nkhawa zochita za Blackwater mโdziko lawo. Si chinsinsi ku Washington kapena Islamabad kuti Blackwater yakhala gawo lapakati pankhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan komanso kuti kampaniyo yakhala ikukhudzidwa - pafupifupi kuyambira chiyambi cha "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga" - ndi ntchito zachinsinsi zaku US. Zowonadi, Blackwater ikuvomera zofunsira makontrakitala odziwa bwino Chiurdu ndi Chipunjabi. Kazembe wa US ku Pakistan, Anne Patterson, wakana kukhalapo kwa Blackwater m'dzikolo, akunena mosapita m'mbali mu September, "Blackwater sikugwira ntchito ku Pakistan." Paulendo wake wopita ku Pakistan mu Okutobala, mlembi wa boma a Hillary Clinton adazemba mafunso kuchokera ku atolankhani aku Pakistani okhudza mphekesera zomwe Blackwater zimachita ku Pakistani. Nduna ya Zamkati ku Pakistan, Rehman Malik, adati pa Novembara 21 asiya ntchito ngati Blackwater ipezeka ikugwira ntchito kulikonse ku Pakistan.
The Christian Science Monitor posachedwapa inanena kuti Blackwater "imapereka chitetezo ku ntchito yothandizira yothandizidwa ndi US" ku Peshawar, ponena kuti kampaniyo ikhoza kukhala kuchokera ku Pearl Continental, hotelo yapamwamba yomwe United States akuti ikuganiza zogula kuti igwiritse ntchito ngati kazembe ku United States. mzinda. "Tilibe mapangano ku Pakistan," Mneneri wa Blackwater a Stacey DeLuke adatero posachedwa. "Takhala tikuimbidwa mlandu pazonse zomwe zalakwika ku Peshawar, palibe chomwe chili chowona, popeza kulibe komweko."
Malipoti oti Blackwater akupezeka ku Karachi ndi kwina m'dzikolo akhala akuyandama mozungulira atolankhani aku Pakistan kwa miyezi ingapo. Hamid Mir, mtolankhani wotchuka waku Pakistani yemwe adayamba kutchuka pambuyo pa kuyankhulana kwake ndi Osama bin Laden mu 1997, adanena poyankhulana posachedwa kuti Blackwater ali ku Karachi. "Mabungwe aku US [anzeru] akuganiza kuti atsogoleri angapo a Al-Qaeda ndi Taliban akubisala ku Karachi ndi Peshawar," adatero. "Ndicho chifukwa chake othandizira [Blackwater] akugwira ntchito m'mizinda iwiriyi." Kazembe Patterson wanena kuti zomwe a Mir ndi atolankhani ena aku Pakistani "ndizolakwika," ponena kuti zidasokoneza chitetezo cha anthu aku US ku Pakistan. Pa November 20 Washington Times, ponena za akuluakulu atatu omwe alipo komanso omwe kale anali anzeru ku US, adanena kuti Mullah Mohammed Omar, mtsogoleri wa Afghanistani Taliban, "adapeza pothawira ku zigawenga zomwe zingatheke ku US" ku Karachi "mothandizidwa ndi apolisi a Pakistani."
Mu Seputembala, atolankhani aku Pakistani adalemba lipoti la Blackwater lomwe lidaperekedwa ndi mabungwe azamalamulo ku Pakistan ku unduna wa zamkati. Mu lipotili, mabungwe azamalamulo akuti akuti Blackwater idapatsidwa nyumba ndi nduna ya boma yomwe ikuwathandizanso kutumiza zida ndi magalimoto kudzera ku Port Qasim ya Karachi yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arabian. Gwero lanzeru zankhondo silinatsimikizire izi koma lidati, "Doko likuyenda chifukwa ali ndi ZINSINSI zambiri [zakale] ndipo amabwerera ku zomwe akudziwa: nyanja, m'malo mowulukira."
The Nation silingathe kutsimikizira izi paokha ndipo silinawone lipoti la intelligence la Pakistani. Koma malinga ndi zomwe atolankhani aku Pakistani adalemba, lipoti lazanzeru linanenanso kuti Blackwater yapeza "bungalows" mu Defense Housing Authority mumzinda. Malinga ndi tsamba la DHA, ndi nyumba yayikulu yokhalamo yomwe idakhazikitsidwa poyambirira "kuti zithandizire akuluakulu aboma komanso opuma pantchito a Gulu Lankhondo laku Pakistan." Mawu ake ndi akuti: "Kunyumba kwa Oteteza." Lipotilo likuti a Blackwater akulandira thandizo kuchokera kwa akuluakulu aboma ku Karachi ndipo akugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto okhala ndi ziphaso zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa mamembala amisonkhano yadziko lonse ndi zigawo, kutanthauza kuti oyang'anira malamulo sawaletsa.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa makampani achinsinsi monga Blackwater pazochitika zovuta monga kumenyedwa ndi ma drone kapena ntchito zina zobisika mosakayikira kumabwera ndi phindu la kukana kovomerezeka komwe kumayika chotchinga china mu dongosolo lolakwa kale loyankha. Zinthu zikavuta, vuto ndi la makontrakitala, osati la boma. Koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa makontrakitala kumadzutsanso mafunso akulu azamalamulo, makamaka akakhala mbali yakupha, mobisa. "Tikugwiritsa ntchito makontrakitala pazinthu zomwe m'mbuyomu zinkawoneka kuti zikuphwanya Mgwirizano wa Geneva," adatero Lt. Col. Addicott, yemwe tsopano akuyendetsa Center for Terrorism Law pa St. Mary's University School of Law ku San. Antonio, Texas. "M'malingaliro mwanga, takakamiza envelopuyo kuti iwonongeke, ndipo ndi nthano chabe kuti anyamatawa sali m'gulu lankhondo lokhumudwitsa." Addicott anawonjezera kuti, "Tikadakhala ku Khoti Loona za Upandu Padziko Lonse, ena mwa anyamatawa akhoza kutengedwa mosavuta, kuimbidwa milandu yankhondo ndi kuimbidwa mlandu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe sitili mamembala a International Criminal Court."
Ngati pali mtundu umodzi womwe wafotokozera Blackwater pazaka khumi zapitazi, ndikutha kukhala ndi moyo motsutsana ndi zovuta zomwe zingachitike panthawi imodzimodzi ndikudzipanganso. Izi zikuwonekera kwambiri ku Afghanistan, komwe kampaniyo ikupitirizabe kugwira ntchito kwa asilikali a US, CIA ndi Dipatimenti ya Boma ngakhale akutsutsidwa kwambiri komanso pafupifupi sabata iliyonse. Zochita za Blackwater zomwe akuganiza ku Pakistan, ati gwero lazankhondo lankhondo, ndikuwonetsa malire ake atsopano. "Nditaphunzira zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pachitetezo chachitetezo chachinsinsi ku Iraq, Blackwater yasintha ntchito zake m'malo awiri: kuteteza zinthu zomwe zili pachiwopsezo komanso kuyembekezera malo ena omwe tikupita ngati dziko lowopsa," adatero. . "Ndizophweka monga choncho."
Jeremy Scahill, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow ku The Nation Institute, ndiye mlembi wa Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army, yofalitsidwa ndi Nation Books. Iye ndi mtolankhani wofufuza wopambana mphoto komanso mtolankhani wa pulogalamu yapawayilesi yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi TV ya Demokalase Tsopano!.
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