"Pezani, konzani, malizani, ndikutsatirani" ndi momwe Pentagon imafotokozera ntchito ya magulu ankhondo achinsinsi ku Afghanistan omwe apatsidwa udindo wotsatira omwe amati ndi mamembala a Taliban kapena al-Qaeda kulikonse komwe angapezeke. Ena amawatcha "manhunting" opareshoni ndi magawo omwe amapatsidwa "kulanda / kupha" magulu.
Kaya mumasankha mawu otani, tsatanetsatane wa ntchito zawo zambiri - komanso momwe amalakwira nthawi zonse - zawululidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba muunyinji wa zikalata zachinsinsi zankhondo zaku US ndi zidziwitso zofalitsidwa ndi webusayiti ya Wikileaks. mu July kwa mphepo yamkuntho yofalitsa nkhani ndi zionetsero za boma. Zomwe zikuyimira nkhondo zachinsinsi zaku US zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, maguluwa nthawi zonse amapanga adani ambiri kuposa abwenzi ndikusokoneza chidwi chilichonse chopangidwa ndi ntchito zomanganso zaku US.
Danny Hall ndi Gordon Phillips, oyang'anira anthu wamba komanso asitikali a gulu lomanganso chigawo cha US m'chigawo cha Nangarhar, Afghanistan, adafika kudzakumana ndi Gul Agha Sherzai, bwanamkubwa wakuderalo, pakati pa June 2007, adadziwa kuti ali ndi zambiri. kupepesa kuchita. Philips adayenera kufotokoza chifukwa chake gulu lankhondo laku US "kulanda / kupha" lotchedwa Task Force 373, kusaka kwa Qari Ur-Rahman, yemwe akunenedwa kuti wamkulu wa Taliban yemwe adapatsidwa dzina loti "Carbon," adayimba mfuti ya AC-130 Specter ndikupha mosadziwa apolisi asanu ndi awiri aku Afghanistan pakati pausiku.
Chochitikacho chinawonetseratu mkangano womwe ulipo pakati pa ziphunzitso ziwiri za nkhondo ya US ku Afghanistan - counterinsurgency ("kuteteza anthu") ndi zotsutsana ndi zigawenga (kupha zigawenga). Ngakhale olamulira a Obama adapereka milomo kwa akale, omalizawa akhala, ndipo akupitilizabe kukhala, mphamvu yoyendetsera nkhondo yake ku Afghanistan.
Kwa Hall, ofisala wa Utumiki Wachilendo Wachilendo amene anali atatsala pangโono kutha miyezi iลตiri kuti akagwire ntchito yapamwamba ku London, kugwira ntchito ndi usilikali kunali kale kovuta kwambiri kuposa mmene ankayembekezera. M'nkhani ya Foreign Service Journal adasindikiza miyezi ingapo msonkhano usanachitike, iye analemba, โNdinkaona ngati sindinkadziwa kwenikweni zimene zikuchitika, kumene ndinayenera kukhala, udindo wanga, kapena ngati ndinali nawo. Makamaka, sindinkalankhula chinenero chilichonse chimene ndinkafuna: Pastu kapena asilikali.โ
Zinali zovuta kwambiri kwa Phillips. Patangotha โโโโmwezi umodzi m'mbuyomu, adapereka yekha ndalama za "solatia" - ndalama zachipepeso zakufa kwa anthu wamba molakwika chifukwa cha asitikali aku US - pamaso pa Bwanamkubwa Sherzai, pomwe akudzudzula zomwe waphulitsa wa Taliban yemwe adapha anthu wamba 19, ndikuyambitsa chochitikacho. mu funso. โTabwera kuno monga alendo anu,โ iye anatero adanena achibale a omwe anaphedwa, "oitanidwa kuti athandize kumanganso ndi kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo ndi utsogoleri wa Nangarhar, kuti akubweretsereni moyo wabwino komanso tsogolo labwino kwa inu ndi ana anu. Lero, ndikamaona anthu amene anakhudzidwa ndi ngoziyo ndi mabanja awo, ndikugwirizana nanu kulira chifukwa cha okondedwa anu.โ
Hall ndi Phillips anali kuyang'anira ntchito zomanganso zokwana 33 zaku US zokwana $ 11 miliyoni ku Nangarhar, zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri zomanga misewu, zida zapasukulu, komanso pulogalamu yaulimi yomwe cholinga chake ndi kutumiza zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba m'chigawochi.
Komabe ntchito ya "gulu lawo lomanganso zigawo" lotsogozedwa ndi asitikali (lopangidwa ndi akatswiri a anthu wamba, akuluakulu a dipatimenti ya Boma, ndi asitikali) adawoneka kuti akutsutsana kwambiri ndi gulu la "kulanda / kupha" gulu lankhondo lapadera (Navy Seals). , Army Rangers, ndi Green Berets, pamodzi ndi ogwira ntchito ku Central Intelligence Agency's Special Activities Division) omwe udindo wawo unali wotsatira anthu a ku Afghanistan omwe amati ndi zigawenga komanso atsogoleri a zigawenga. Gululi likusiya mitembo ya anthu wamba ndikudzudzula pambuyo pake.
Tsatanetsatane wa mautumiki ena a Task Force 373 adayamba kudziwika chifukwa cha malipoti opitilira 76,000. yathyoka kwa anthu ndi Wikileaks, tsamba la whistleblower, komanso kusanthula kwa zolembazo Der Spiegel, ndi GuardianNdipo New York Times. Kuwerengera kwathunthu zakuwonongeka kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito kutha kukhala nthawi ikubwera, komabe, pomwe oyang'anira a Obama akukana kuyankhapo pa zomwe zikuchitika ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan. Mbiri yayifupi ya gululi imatha kupezeka pakuwerenga mosamala zolemba za Wikileaks komanso malipoti okhudzana ndi Afghanistan komanso malipoti a Special Forces omwe sanatchulidwe.
Deta ya Wikileaks imasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a 2,058 omwe ali pamndandanda wachinsinsi wotchedwa "Joint Prioritized Effects List" (JPEL) ankaonedwa kuti ndi "kulanda / kupha" zolinga ku Afghanistan. Pafupifupi akaidi 757 - omwe mwina anali pamndandandawu - anali kusungidwa ku Bagram Theatre Internment Facility (BTIF), ndende yoyendetsedwa ndi US ku Bagram Air Base kumapeto kwa Disembala 2009.
Capture/Iphani ntchito
Lingaliro la magulu "ophatikizana" ochokera m'nthambi zosiyanasiyana za asitikali akugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi CIA idapangidwa koyamba mu 1980 pambuyo pa ngozi ya Operation Eagle Claw, pomwe ogwira ntchito ku Air Force, Asitikali, ndi Navy adalowa mumpando wowopsa. - mathalauza amayesa kupulumutsa ogwidwa ku US ku Iran mothandizidwa ndi Agency. Asilikali asanu ndi atatu afa pomwe helikoputala inagunda ndege ya C-130 m'chipululu cha Iran. Pambuyo pake, bungwe lapamwamba, la mamembala asanu ndi limodzi lotsogozedwa ndi Admiral James L. Holloway, III. analimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la Joint Special Forces kuti liwonetsetse kuti nthambi zosiyanasiyana za asitikali ndi CIA zikuyenera kuchita zambiri zokonzekera mtsogolo.
Izi zinakula kwambiri pambuyo pa September 11, 2001. Mwezi umenewo, gulu la CIA linayitana. Wosindikiza adapita ku Afghanistan kuti akonzekere kuukira dzikolo motsogozedwa ndi US. Posakhalitsa, gulu la Gulu Lankhondo la Green Beret linakhazikitsa Task Force Dagger kuti ikwaniritse ntchito yomweyi. Ngakhale kuti panali mkangano woyamba pakati pa akuluakulu a magulu awiriwa, pamapeto pake anagwirizana.
Choyamba gulu lobisika "logwirizana". CIA ndi magulu ankhondo apadera kuti agwire ntchito limodzi ku Afghanistan inali Task Force 5, yomwe inali ndi cholinga chogwira kapena kupha "zamtengo wapatali" monga Osama bin Laden, atsogoleri akuluakulu a al-Qaeda, ndi Mullah Mohammed Omar, mtsogoleri wa gulu la Taliban. Bungwe la alongo lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku Iraq linatchedwa Task Force 20. Awiriwo adaphatikizidwa mu Task Force 121 ndi General John Abizaid, mkulu wa US Central Command.
Mโbuku latsopano limene lidzatulutsidwa mwezi uno, Operation Darkheart, Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Shaffer akufotokoza ntchito ya Task Force 121 mu 2003, pamene anali kutumikira monga gulu la gulu lotchedwa Jedi Knights. Kugwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi Major Christopher Stryker, adayendetsa ntchito ku Defense Intelligence Agency (gulu lankhondo lofanana ndi CIA) kuchokera ku Bagram Air Base.
Usiku wina wa Okutobala, Shaffer adatsitsidwa m'mudzi pafupi ndi Asadabad m'chigawo cha Kunar ndi helikopita ya MH-47 Chinook kuti atsogolere gulu "logwirizana", kuphatikiza Army Rangers (gawo la Special Forces) ndi 10th Mountain Division asitikali. Iwo anali pa ntchito yogwira lieutenant wa Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, msilikali wodziwika bwino wogwirizana ndi a Taliban, malinga ndi zomwe CIA yapereka.
Sizinali zophweka. "Adachita bwino kumenya pakati pa a Taliban ndi malo awo otetezeka kumalire a Pakistan. Kwa kanthawi Shaffer adatiwona tikupambana pankhondoyi, "adatero buku lotsatsa. "Kenako ankhondo ankhondo adalowa nawo. Mfundo zomwe akuluakulu a boma ankadalira zinali zolakwika kwambiri. Shaffer ndi gulu lake adakakamizika kukhala ndikuwona zigawenga zikukula - kudutsa malire a Pakistan. "
Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pa Operation Eagle Claw, Shaffer, yemwe anali m'gulu la Able Danger lomwe lidathamangitsa Al Qaeda m'ma 1990, akufotokoza za nkhondo zowawa pakati pa CIA ndi magulu a Special Forces momwe dziko lamdima lakupha mwachinsinsi ku Afghanistan. ndipo Pakistan iyenera kuyendetsedwa.
Ntchito ya 373
Mofulumira ku 2007, nthawi yoyamba Task Force 373 imatchulidwa m'mabuku a Wikileaks. Sitikudziwa ngati nambala yake ikutanthauza chilichonse, koma mwangozi kapena ayi, mutu 373 wa US Code 10, mchitidwe wa Congress womwe umafotokoza zomwe asitikali aku US amaloledwa kuchita, chilolezo Mlembi wa Chitetezo kuti apatse mphamvu "wantchito" aliyense wankhondo "kuti apereke zilolezo ndikumanga popanda chilolezo" pankhani zaupandu. Kaya kapena ayi ndiye maziko a "373" akadali nkhani yodziwika - monga momwedi, mpaka kutayidwa kwa zikalata za Wikileaks kunachitika, kunali kukhalapo kwa gululo.
Akatswiri amanena kuti Task Force 373 imathandizira Task Force 121 pogwiritsa ntchito "mphamvu zoyera" monga Rangers ndi Green Berets, kusiyana ndi Delta Force yobisika kwambiri. Task Force 373 ikuyembekezeka amathamanga m'malo atatu ankhondo - ku Kabul, likulu la Afghanistan; Kandahar, mzinda wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri m'dzikoli; ndi Khost City pafupi ndi maiko a fuko la Pakistani. Ndizotheka kuti ntchito zake zina zimatulukanso Camp Marmal, malo achijeremani omwe ali kumpoto kwa mzinda wa Mazar-e-Sharif. Omwe akudziwa bwino pulogalamuyi akuti gululi lili ndi ma helikopita ndi ndege zawo, makamaka zida zamfuti za AC-130 Specter, zomwe zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mtsogoleri wake akuwoneka kuti anali Brigadier General Raymond Palumbo, yochokera ku Special Operations Command ku Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Palumbo, anasiya Fort Bragg mkatikati mwa Julayi, atangotsala pang'ono kuti General Stanley McChrystal atsitsimutsidwe monga mtsogoleri wankhondo waku Afghanistan ndi Purezidenti Obama. Dzina la mkulu watsopano wa gulu logwira ntchito silikudziwika.
M'makalata opitilira 100 m'mafayilo a Wikileaks, Task Force 373 ikufotokozedwa kuti ikutsogolera zoyeserera zambiri "zolanda / kupha", makamaka m'maboma a Khost, Paktika, ndi Nangarhar, omwe ali m'malire a Federally Administered Tribal Areas kumpoto kwa Pakistan. Ena akuti adagwira bwino, pomwe ena adapha apolisi akumaloko kapena ana ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu akumidzi okwiya kuchita ziwonetsero ndi kuwukira asitikali otsogozedwa ndi US.
Mu Epulo 2007, David Adams, wamkulu wa gulu lomanganso chigawo cha Khost, anali anaitanidwa kukumana ndi akulu a mโmudzi wa Gurbuz mโchigawo cha Khost, omwe anakwiya ndi ntchito ya Task Force 373 mโdera lawo. Lipoti la zochitika pa Wikileaks silikusonyeza zomwe Task Force 373 inachita kukhumudwitsa akuluakulu a Gurbuz, koma bwanamkubwa wa Khost, Arsala Jamal, wakhala akudandaula poyera za ntchito za Special Forces ndi imfa za anthu wamba m'chigawo chake kuyambira December 2006, pamene anthu wamba asanu anali. anaphedwa pakuukira mudzi wa Darnami.
โIli ndi dziko lathu,โ iye anati ndiye. "Ndakhala ndikufunsa mwamphamvu kwambiri: Tiyeni tikhale limodzi, tikudziwa abale athu aku Afghanistan, timadziwa bwino chikhalidwe chathu. Ndi ntchito izi sitiyenera kupanga adani ambiri. Titha kuchepetsa zolakwa."
Monga Adams pambuyo pake timakumbukira mu op-ed iye analemba nawo kwa Wall Street Journal, โKuchuluka kwa zigawenga zowononga nyumba za anthu a ku Afghanistani kunachititsa kuti akuluakulu a mafuko a Khost asokonezeke kwambiri.โ
Pa Juni 12, 2007, a Danny Hall ndi a Gordon Philips, omwe amagwira ntchito m'chigawo cha Nangarhar kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Khost, adaitanidwa kumsonkhanowu ndi Bwanamkubwa Sherzai kuti afotokoze momwe Task Force 373 idapha apolisi asanu ndi awiri aku Afghanistan. Monga Jamal, Sherzai adanenanso za Hall ndi Philips kuti "amalimbikitsa mgwirizano wabwino ... ndipo adatsindikanso kuti sakufuna kuti izi zichitikenso."
Pasanathe sabata imodzi, gulu la Task Force 373 athamangitsidwa maroketi asanu ku Nangar Khel m'chigawo cha Paktika kumwera kwa Khost, pofuna kupha Abu Laith al-Libi, yemwe akuti membala wa al-Qaeda waku Libya. Asitikali aku US atafika kumudzi, adapeza kuti Task Force 373 idawononga a madrassa (kapena sukulu yachisilamu), kupha ana asanu ndi mmodzi ndi kuvulaza momvetsa chisoni wachisanu ndi chiwiri yemwe, mosasamala kanthu za zoyesayesa za gulu lachipatala la United States, akanamwalira posachedwa. (Chakumapeto kwa Januware 2008, al-Libi anali akuti aphedwa ndi mzinga wa Hellfire kuchokera ku Predator drone m'mudzi pafupi ndi Mir Ali ku North Waziristan ku Pakistan.)
Bwanamkubwa wa Paktika Akram Khapalwak adakumana ndi asitikali aku US tsiku lotsatira. Mosiyana ndi anzawo ku Khost ndi Nangarhar, Khapalwak adavomera kuthandizira "zokambirana" zomwe zidapangidwa kuti Task Force 373 ifotokoze zomwe zidachitika kwa atolankhani. Malinga ndi lipoti la Wikileaks, bwanamkubwayo "adanenanso za tsoka la kuphedwa kwa ana, koma adanenetsa kuti izi zikanapewedwa ngati anthuwo adawulula za zigawenga mderali."
Komabe, palibe zolankhula zankhondo, ngakhale zili mkamwa mwa ndani, zitha kuletsa kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba bola ngati Task Force 373 ikuukira.
Pa October 4, 2007, mamembala ake wotchedwa pakuwombera kwa ndege - mabomba a Paveway mapaundi 500 - panyumba m'mudzi wa Laswanday, makilomita asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera ku Nangar Khel m'chigawo cha Paktika (kumene ana asanu ndi awiriwo adamwalira kale). Panthaลตiyi, amuna anayi, mkazi mmodzi, ndi mtsikanaโonse anthu wambaโkomanso bulu, galu, ndi nkhuku zingapo. Asilikali khumi ndi awiri a US anavulala, koma asilikaliwo adanena kuti palibe "mdani" mmodzi yemwe anamangidwa kapena kuphedwa.
Nkhani Yaku Afghan Yosowa
Sikuti zigawenga zonse zinapha anthu wamba. Malipoti ankhondo aku US omwe adatulutsidwa ndi Wikileaks akuwonetsa kuti Task Force 373 idakhala ndi mwayi wogwira "zolinga" zamoyo ndikupewa kufa kwa anthu wamba pa Disembala 14, 2007. Gulu la 503rd Infantry Regiment (Airborne) adafunsidwa tsiku lomwelo kuti athandizire Task Force 373 mu fufuzani m'chigawo cha Paktika kwa Bitonai ndi Nadr, atsogoleri awiri omwe amati ndi al-Qaeda omwe adalembedwa pa JPEL. Opaleshoniyi idachitika kunja kwa tawuni ya Orgun, pafupi ndi US Forward Operating Base (FOB) Harriman. Ili pamtunda wa mamita 7,000 pamwamba pa nyanja ndipo itazunguliridwa ndi mapiri, imakhala ndi asilikali pafupifupi 300 komanso kanyumba kakang'ono ka CIA, ndipo nthawi zambiri amayendera ma helikopita ankhondo komanso magulu a ngamila akugona a Pashtuns.
Gulu lolimbana ndi ndege latchulidwa "Operation Spartan" adatsikira pamagulu omwe Bitonai ndi Nadr amayenera kukhala, koma adalephera kuwapeza. Pamene wofalitsa wina waku Afghanistan adauza asitikali a Special Forces kuti omwe akuwakayikirawo anali pamalo otalikirana ndi makilomita awiri, Task Force 373 idagwira amuna onse awiri komanso ena 33 omwe adatsekeredwa ku FOB Harriman kuti akawafunse mafunso ndikusamutsira kundende ku Bagram.
Koma pamene Task Force 373 inali paulendo, anthu wamba anali, zikuoneka, nthawi zonse pangozi, ndipo pamene Wikileaks zikalata zimasonyeza zimene asilikali US anali okonzeka kufotokoza, mbali Afghan nkhani nthawi zambiri anasiyidwa mu dzenje. Mwachitsanzo, Lolemba usiku pakati pa mwezi wa November 2009, Task Force 373 inachita ntchito yogwira kapena kupha munthu yemwe amamuganizira kuti ndi wankhondo. "Ballentine" m'chigawo cha Ghazni. Lipoti lachidziwitso lachidziwitso linalengeza kuti mayi mmodzi wa ku Afghanistani ndi "zigawenga" zinayi aphedwa. M'mawa mwake, Task Force White Eagle, gulu la ku Poland lolamulidwa ndi US 82nd Airborne Division, linanena kuti anthu pafupifupi 80 anasonkhana kutsutsa kuphana. Zenera la galimoto yokhala ndi zida linawonongeka ndi anthu okwiya a m'mudzimo, koma zikalatazo sizikutiuza momwe zinachitikira.
Mwachidziwitso chodabwitsa, chimodzi mwa zochitika zotsiriza za Task Force 373 zomwe zinalembedwa m'mabuku a Wikileaks zinali pafupifupi kubwereza kwa tsoka lapachiyambi la Operation Eagle Claw lomwe linayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu "ogwirizana" olanda / kupha. Dzuwa lisanatuluke pa Okutobala 26, 2009, ma helikoputala awiri aku US, UH-1 Huey ndi AH-1 Cobra, zidagundana pafupi ndi tauni ya Garmsir mโchigawo chakumwera cha Helmand, kupha asilikali anayi apamadzi.
Ogwirizana kwambiri ndi Task Force 373 ndi gulu la Britain, Ntchito ya 42, yopangidwa ndi Special Air Service, Special Boat Service, ndi Special Reconnaissance Regiment commandos omwe amagwira ntchito m'chigawo cha Helmand ndipo amatchulidwa m'mabuku angapo a zochitika za Wikileaks.
Kusaka
"Kulanda / kupha" ndi gawo lofunikira la "chiphunzitso" chatsopano chankhondo chopangidwa ndi Special Forces Command yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pakulephera kwa Operation Eagle Claw. Pansi pa utsogoleri wa General Bryan D. Brown, yemwe adatenga ulamuliro wa Special Forces Command mu September 2003, chiphunzitsocho chinadzadziwika kuti F4, chomwe anayimira "pezani, konzani, malizani, ndi tsatirani" - uthenga wongopeka pang'ono koma wosavuta kumvetsetsa za momwe zigawenga zomwe akuti zigawenga ndi zigawenga ziyenera kutsatiridwa.
Pansi pa Secretary of Defense a Donald Rumsfeld m'zaka za Bush, a Brown adayamba kukhazikitsa magulu a "Joint Special Forces" kuti achite mautumiki a F4 kunja kwa madera ankhondo. Awa adapatsidwa dzina la anodyne "Military Liaison Elements." Kupha kumodzi kokha kochitidwa ndi gulu lotere ku Paraguay (kwa wachifwamba yemwe sanakhalepo pamndandanda wazomwe akufuna) anali zolembedwa by New York Times atolankhani Scott Shane ndi Thom Shanker. Gululo, lomwe kupezeka kwake sikunadziwike kwa kazembe wa US komweko, adalamulidwa kuchoka mdzikolo.
"Chofunikira choyamba ndikuteteza dziko lawo. Ndipo nthawi zina zimafunikira kuti mupeze ndikugwira kapena kupha zigawenga padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zikufuna kuvulaza dziko lino, "Brown. adanena Komiti Yanyumba Yoyang'anira Zida Zankhondo mu March 2006. "Othandizira athu akunja ... ndi mayiko ofunitsitsa koma osatha omwe akufuna thandizo kuti athe kuteteza malire awo ndi kuthetsa uchigawenga m'mayiko awo kapena m'madera awo." Mu Epulo 2007, Purezidenti Bush adadalitsa mapulani a Brown ndi kulenga ofesi yapadera yapamwamba ku Pentagon kwa mlembi wothandizira wa chitetezo cha ntchito zapadera / mikangano yotsika kwambiri komanso kuthekera kodalirana.
Michael G. Vickers, adatchuka m'buku ndi filimu Nkhondo ya Charlie Wilson monga mmisiri wa njira zobisika zankhondo ndi ndalama ku mujaheedin mu kampeni ya CIA yotsutsana ndi Soviet Afghan ya zaka za m'ma 1980, adasankhidwa kuti akwaniritse udindowu. Pansi pa utsogoleri wake, a malangizo atsopano idaperekedwa mu Disembala 2008 "kukulitsa luso lokulitsa mwayi wofikira ku US kumadera oletsedwa ndi malo osatsimikizika pogwira ntchito ndi magulu ankhondo akunja kapena kuchita zinthu zocheperako." Mwanjira iyi, pulogalamu ya "kulanda / kupha" idakhazikitsidwa ku Washington.
"Nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga kwenikweni ndi nkhondo yosadziwika bwino ... Ndi nkhondo ya zibwenzi ... komanso ndi nkhondo yomwe ili m'malo, mwina chifukwa chokhudzidwa ndi ndale kapena vuto lopeza zigawenga," Vickers. adanena ndi Washington Post monga 2007 inatha. "Ndicho chifukwa chake Central Intelligence Agency ndiyofunika kwambiri ... ndipo magulu athu a Special Operations amatenga gawo lalikulu."
Kuchoka kwa George W. Bush ku White House sikunachepetse chidwi cha F4. M'malo mwake: ngakhale fomula ya F4 yakhalapo posachedwa cheza ndi, monga zankhondo, ndipo tsopano zakhala "kupeza, kukonza, kutsiriza, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kusanthula," kapena F3EA, Purezidenti Obama, mwa njira zonse, akuwonjezera kusonkhanitsa anzeru zankhondo ndi "kulanda / kupha" mapulogalamu padziko lonse lapansi mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito za drone-strike ndi CIA.
Pali ochepa omwe amachirikiza chiphunzitso cha "kulanda / kupha". Pulofesa wa University of Columbia Austin Long ndi m'modzi mwa ophunzira omwe adachitapo kanthu adalumphira gulu la F3EA. Pozindikira kufanana kwake ndi pulogalamu yakupha ku Phoenix, yomwe idapha anthu masauzande ambiri pankhondo yaku US ku Vietnam (yomwe amaiteteza), adayitanitsa kuti "malo" ankhondo aku US ku Afghanistan achepetse asitikali ankhondo a 13,000 omwe angafune. imayang'ana kwambiri za zigawenga, makamaka zakupha. "Phoenix akuwonetsa kuti kulumikizana kwanzeru ndi kuphatikiza kwanzeru ndi mkono wochitapo kanthu kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zamphamvu ngakhale magulu ankhondo akuluakulu komanso okhoza," iye ndi wolemba mnzake William Rosenau. analemba mu Julayi 2009 Rand Institute monograph yotchedwa "The Phoenix Programme and Contemporary Counterinsurgency."
Ena amakhala aukali kwambiri. Lieutenant George Crawford, yemwe adapuma pantchito ngati "katswiri wotsogola" wa Special Forces Command kuti apite kukagwira ntchito ku Archimedes Global, Inc., kampani yofunsira ku Washington, wati F3EA ilowe m'malo ndi mawu amodzi: "Kufufuza." Mu a zojambula lofalitsidwa ndi Joint Special Operations University mu September 2009, "Kusaka: Counter-Network Organisation for Irregular Warfare," Crawford akufotokoza "momwe angathetsere bwino udindo wopanga kusaka anthu ngati kuthekera kwachitetezo cha dziko la America."
Kupha Anthu Olakwika
Kusintha kwachilendo kwamalingaliro awa, kupangidwa kwa magulu opha anthu opha anthu padziko lonse lapansi omwe cholinga chawo m'moyo ndi kupha 24/7, ndipo anthu wamba magulu awa "ankhondo apadera" amapha nthawi zonse m'magulu awo. chiwonongeko pa โzolingaโ zomwe akuganiza zasokoneza ngakhale akatswiri ankhondo.
Mwachitsanzo, Christopher Mwanawankhosa, wotsogolera wamkulu wa Institute for National Strategic Studies ku National Defense University, ndi Martin Cinnamond, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa bungwe la UN ku Afghanistan, analemba nkhani pa nkhani ya Spring 2010. Joint Forces Quarterly momwe iwo analemba: "Pali mgwirizano waukulu ... kuti njira yosalunjika yotsutsana ndi zigawenga iyenera kukhala patsogolo pa kupha / kugwira ntchito. Komabe, zosiyana zachitika.โ
Mitundu ina yankhondo imanena kuti njira yopha mlenje ndi yachidule komanso yosagwirizana. "Kutenga kwanga pa Task Force 373 ndi magulu ena ogwira ntchito, kuli ndi cholinga chifukwa kumapangitsa kuti mdani asamayende bwino. Koma sindikumvetsa chomwe chimayambitsa mikangano, chifukwa chake anthu akuchirikiza a Taliban, "atero a Matthew Hoh, yemwe kale anali kontrakitala wa Marine ndi State Department yemwe adasiya ntchito m'boma September watha. Hoh, yemwe nthawi zambiri ankagwira ntchito ndi Task Force 373 komanso mapulogalamu ena a Special Forces "kulanda / kupha" ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, akuwonjezera kuti: "Tikupha anthu olakwika, a Taliban apakati omwe akungomenyana nafe chifukwa tili mkati. zigwa zawo. Ngati sitinakhalepo, sakadamenyana ndi US "
Task Force 373 ikhoza kukhala yowopsa kwa anthu aku Afghan. Kwa ife tonse - tsopano kuti Wikileaks yatulutsa poyera - iyenera kuwonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha masoka ozama. Kupatula apo, zimadzutsa funso lofunikira: Kodi dziko lino lidziwika kuti Manhunters, Inc.?
Pratap Chatterjee ndi mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha, TomDispatch nthawi zonse, ndi mkonzi wamkulu wa CorpWatch yemwe wagwira ntchito kwambiri ku Middle East ndi Central Asia, kuphatikizapo maulendo asanu ndi anayi opita ku Afghanistan, Pakistan, ndi Iraq. Walemba mabuku awiri onena za nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga: Malingaliro a kampani Iraq, Inc. (Seven Stories Press, 2004) ndi Halliburton Army (Nation Books, 2009). Amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito DiaryDig kuti mumvetse bwino WikiLeaks Afghan War Diary. Mawu abwino a zilembo zankhondo atha kupezeka podina Pano. Mutha kulumikizana naye kudzera pa imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
[Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba Tomdispatch.com. Woyambitsa Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project, Mlembi wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga wa novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndilo The American Way of War: Momwe Bush'Nkhondo Zakhala Obama's (Mabuku a Haymarket).]
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