Chidziwitso cha Mkonzi wa Choonadi: Kuukira kwa ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito ndi mfuti a Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) komwe kudapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri amangidwe ndipo nthawi zina mazana a antchito asiya pansi pa ulamuliro wa Obama. Koma โkuukira mwakachetechete,โ kapena kufufuzidwa kwa mbiri yamakampani ndi maofesala, omwe adalowa m'malo mwawo, kwachititsa kuti anthu masauzande ambiri opanda zikalata athamangitsidwe. Oyang'anira amateteza ntchito "zofewa, zofatsa", komabe zotsatira zake ndi zofanana: ogwira ntchito omwe ali pano kuti azisamalira mabanja awo alibe ntchito.
M'nkhaniyi, a David Bacon ndi a Bill Ong Hing akunena kuti zigawenga za ICE - zikhale za Bush kapena mtundu wa Obama-ziyenera kusiya. Maziko a zilango za ogwira ntchitowa-ayenera kuthetsedwa, ndipo kusintha kowona komwe kumavomereza ufulu wa ogwira ntchito onse kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa.
David Bacon ndi Mkonzi Wothandizira ku Pacific News Service. Bill Ong Hing ndi Pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku yunivesite ya San Francisco.
Introduction
Ana Contreras akanakhala wopikisana nawo mu timu ya dziko la tai kwon do mu 2009. Anali ndi zaka 2009. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi anapita kukayeserera mโmalo mwa mapwando akubadwa, kusiya mabwenzi amene achinyamata ambiri amakhala nawo. Kenako mu October XNUMX, panachitika ngozi. Amayi ake a Dolores adachotsedwa ntchito. Ndalama zamakalasi zinali zitapita, osati zokhazo. โNdinkangomugulira zovala kamodzi kokha pachaka, pamene cheke changa chobwezera msonkho chinabwera,โ akufotokoza motero Dolores Contreras. Akupitiriza kuti:
Tsopano akufunika nsapato, ndipo ndinayenera kumuuza kuti tilibe ndalama. Ndinayimitsa chingwe ndi intaneti yomwe akufuna kusukulu. Pamene mgwirizano wanga wa foni yam'manja udzatha mwezi wamawa, inenso ndisiya. Sindinakhalepo ndi ndalama zokwanira galimoto, ndipo tsopano takhala miyezi itatu osalipira ngongole yamagetsi.
Dolores Contreras adagawana zachisoni chake ndi mabanja ena mazana khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu. Onse anachotsedwa ntchito pamene abwana awo, American Apparel, anawachotsa ntchito chifukwa chosowa chiyeneretso cha kusamuka. Kwa miyezi ingapo ankasunga kalata yochokera ku Dipatimenti Yoona za Chitetezo cha Dziko (DHS), imene loya wa kampaniyo anamโpatsa. Ikuti zikalata zomwe adapereka atalembedwa ntchito sizinali zabwino, ndipo popanda chilolezo chantchito, moyo wake wantchito udatha.
Ndithudi, sizinali kutha kwenikweni. Contreras anafunikabe kupitirizabe kugwira ntchito ngati iye ndi mwana wake wamkazi anayenera kudya ndi kulipira lendi. Choncho mโmalo mogwira ntchito imene inkangomโpatsa ndalama zochepa, anakakamizika kupeza ina imene sikanakwanitsa nโkomwe kuchita zimenezo.
Contreras ndi katswiri wogwiritsa ntchito makina osokera. Anabwera ku United States zaka khumi ndi zitatu m'mbuyomo, atagwira ntchito zaka zambiri m'mafakitale opanga zovala ku Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico. Kumeneko, makampani ngati a Levis amapanga ma jinzi opaka miyala ambiri kotero kuti mphekesera zimati madzi amtawuniyi asanduka buluu. Ku Los Angeles, Contreras ankayembekezera kuti adzapeza ndalama zotumizira kunyumba kwa mlongo wake kuti akamuchiritsire dialysis mlungu uliwonse, ndi kulipirira abale ena anayi. Kwa zaka zisanu ankasamuka mโsitolo ndi mโsitolo. Mofanana ndi antchito ambiri ovala zovala, sanali kulipidwa pa ovataimu, malipiro ake kaลตirikaลตiri anali ochepa, ndipo nthaลตi zina abwana ake ankasowa usiku wonse, ali ndi malipiro obwezeredwa kwa milungu ingapo.
Pomaliza Contreras adapeza ntchito ku American Apparel, yotchuka chifukwa cha zovala zake zokongola, zopangidwa ku Los Angeles m'malo mwa kutsidya kwa nyanja. Anayenerabe kugwira ntchito ngati chiwanda. Gulu lake la osoka odziwa khumi adatulutsa malaya makumi atatu pa ola limodzi. Atawagawaniza mtengowo mofanana, ankabwera kunyumba ndi $400 kwa sabata la masiku anayi, pambuyo pa msonkho. Analipiranso Social Security, ngakhale kuti sadzawonapo phindu chifukwa zopereka zake zidawerengedwa ku nambala yopangidwa.
Tsopano Contreras akugwiranso ntchito mu thukuta pa theka la zomwe amapeza kale. Pakadali pano, American Apparel idachitapo kanthu m'malo mwa omwe adachotsedwa ntchito. Contreras akuti nthawi zambiri amakhala azimayi achikulire omwe ali ndi zikalata, omwe sangathe kugwira ntchito mwachangu. "Mwina amasoka khumi ndi awiri patsiku," akutero. "Ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi mapepala ndi akuluakulu okhawo." Ogwira ntchito achichepere, achangu mwina alibe mapepala, kapena ngati ali nawo, amapeza ntchito za malipiro abwinoko zikuchita zinthu zosavuta. "Purezidenti Obama ndiye ali ndi udindo wotiyika mumkhalidwewu," akutero mokwiya. "Izi nzoipa kuposa kuukira kwa anthu olowa m'mayiko ena. Akufuna kutilepheretsa kugwira ntchito nkomwe."
Contreras akulondola. Webusaiti ya White House ikuti, "Purezidenti Obama achotsa zolimbikitsa zolowa m'dzikolo mosaloledwa poletsa olemba anzawo ntchito kulemba anthu opanda zikalata ndikukhazikitsa malamulo." Mu June 2009, adauza mamembala a Congress kuti boma "lithana ndi olemba anzawo ntchito omwe akugwiritsa ntchito anthu osaloledwa kuti achepetse malipiro awo - ndipo nthawi zambiri amazunza antchitowo."
Lamulo limene Obama akukhazikitsa ndi lamulo la Immigration Reform and Control Act la 1986, lomwe limafuna olemba ntchito kuti azisunga zolemba za ogwira ntchito olowa m'mayiko ena, ndipo amawaletsa "kulemba ntchito modziwa" omwe alibe zikalata zovomerezeka, kapena "chilolezo cha ntchito." Mโchenicheni, lamulolo linapangitsa kukhala mlandu kwa anthu obwera mโdziko lina opanda zikalata kugwira ntchito. Dongosololi, zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito, ndiye maziko ovomerezeka pazachiwembu za anthu olowa m'malo antchito komanso kukakamiza kwazaka za zana limodzi ndipo pano pakuwunika kwa Obama zolemba zantchito. Zotsatira zake ndi zofanana: ogwira ntchito amachotsedwa ntchito. Zilango zimanamizira kulanga owalemba ntchito, koma zoona zake nโzakuti amalanga antchito.
I. Obama's Interior Enforcement Strategy
Kuukira kwa Workplace Immigration and Customs Enforuction (ICE) kochitidwa ndi onyamula mfuti zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri amangidwe komanso nthawi zina mazana ambiri ogwira ntchito omwe anali ofala muulamuliro wa George W. Bush zikuwoneka kuti zasiya pansi pa ulamuliro wa Obama. Kumangidwa kwaunyinji kokayikitsa mwalamulo kukupitilira kuchitika m'malo oyandikana nawo ponamizira kuti akupereka zigawenga kwa alendo omwe ali ndi zigawenga. Komabe, zosokoneza, ziwopsezo zapamwamba zapamalo ogwirira ntchito zikuwoneka kuti zachepa. Pamene chiwopsezo cha ICE cha Bush chinachitika ku Washington State mu February 2009 Janet Napolitano atatenga utsogoleri monga Mlembi wa Dipatimenti Yoona za Chitetezo cha Pakhomo (DHS), adadabwa ndipo adalamula kuti afufuze. Zowukira zamtunduwu sizinali mu dongosolo lake lomwe adanena; m'malo mwake kukakamiza muulamuliro wake kumayang'ana kwambiri kwa olemba anzawo ntchito omwe amalemba antchito opanda zikalata, osati ogwira ntchito okha.
Musalakwitse, ngakhale kuthamangitsidwa komwe kumakhudzana ndi ntchito zapamalo kutha kuchepa pansi pa njira ya Obama mosiyana ndi zomwe zinali pansi pa George W. Bush, ziwerengero zenizeni zothamangitsidwa sizinatsike. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya Washington Post, boma la Obama likuthamangitsa anthu othawa kwawo omwe alibe zikalata, ndipo ICE ikuyembekeza kuchotsa anthu pafupifupi 400,000 mu 2010. Chiwerengerocho ndi pafupifupi khumi peresenti kuposa chiwerengero cha Bush Bush mu 2008 ndi makumi awiri ndi asanu peresenti kuposa omwe anathamangitsidwa. 2007. Malinga ndi ICE, kuwonjezekaku kwachitika chifukwa cha kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu omwe adatengedwa pamilandu ina ndikuwonjezera kufufuza m'ndende ndi ndende za anthu othawa kwawo omwe ali kale m'ndende. "Mosiyana ndi zigawenga zakale zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu amangidwe ndi kuthamangitsidwa, 'kuukira mwakachetechete,' kapena kuwunika zolemba zamakampani ndi othandizira, nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kuwomberedwa." "Antchito 765 okha omwe alibe zikalata adamangidwa pantchito yawo mu 2010 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, poyerekeza ndi 5,100 mu 2008, malinga ndi ziwerengero za Department of Homeland Security."
Komabe, monga tikuwonera ku zovuta za banja la Contreras, njira ya Obama yoyang'ana-olemba-osati-ogwira ntchito imagwera pamapewa a ogwira ntchito. Kuukira kwa anthu olowa m'mafakitole ndi m'mafamu kwasinthidwa ndi njira yolimbikitsira: kutumiza maofesala kuti akafufuze zolemba zamakampani za ogwira ntchito omwe alibe zikalata. โNgakhale kuti kuseseratu kwa mโmbuyomu kunkachititsa kuti antchito oterowo athamangitsidwe, โkuukira mwakachetechete,โ monga momwe olemba ntchito amatchulira ma audits, kaลตirikaลตiri kumapangitsa antchitowo kuchotsedwa ntchito, ngakhale kuti nthaลตi zambiri sathamangitsidwa.โ Lingaliro ndiloti ngati ogwira ntchito sangathe kugwira ntchito, adzithamangitsa okha, ndikusiya okha. Komabe, samachoka chifukwa amafunikira kugwira ntchito. Amakhala osimidwa kwambiri ndikugwira ntchito ndi malipiro ochepa. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kakakamizo, izi zitha kupangitsa kuti malipiro a anthu mamiliyoni ambiri achepe, zomwe kwenikweni ndi thandizo kwa olemba anzawo ntchito. Kwa miyezi khumi ndi iwiri, ICE idachita kafukufuku wamafayilo a antchito m'makampani opitilira 2900. "Bungweli linapereka ndalama zokwana madola 3 miliyoni pa chindapusa chapachiweniweni [m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira ya 2010] pamabizinesi omwe adalemba ganyu anthu osaloledwa, malinga ndi ziwerengero za boma." Anthu zikwizikwi anachotsedwa ntchito.
Olemba ntchito akuti zowerengerazo zimafikira makampani ochulukirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa malo ogwirira ntchito a Bush. Zofufuzazi zimakakamiza mabizinesi kuthamangitsa aliyense amene akuganiziridwa kuti alibe zikalata zolipira - osati okhawo omwe anali pantchito panthawi yachiwembu - ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulembera antchito ena osaloledwa kuti alowe m'malo. Auditing ndi othandiza kuti ogwira ntchito osaloledwa achotsedwe.
Taonani zitsanzo zina. Kufufuza kwa Gebbers Farms mโtawuni yolima zipatso ku Brewster, Washington kunapeza zotsatira zofanana ndi zimene zinachitika ku American Apparel. Oyang'anira olowa m'dzikolo adafufuza zolemba za Gebbers Farms ndipo adapeza umboni wakuti pafupifupi 550 mwa antchito ake, makamaka ochokera ku Mexico, analibe zolemba zoyenera. Choncho antchitowo anachotsedwa ntchito. Akuluakulu a ICE adakakamizanso imodzi mwamakampani akuluakulu omanga ku San Francisco, ABM, kuti athamangitse mazana a antchito ake masika apitawa. Othandizira a ICE adauza ABM kuti adalemba mbiri ya ogwira ntchitowo. Masabata angapo m'mbuyomu, othandizira adasefa zolemba za Social Security, ndipo mafomu osamukira ku I-9 ogwira ntchito onse ayenera kulemba akafunsira ntchito. Kenako adauza ABM kuti kampaniyo idachotsa antchito 475 omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wosowa chilolezo cholowa m'dzikolo. Zochita zofananira za ICE zidapangitsa kuthamangitsidwa kwa oyang'anira 1200 ABM ku Minneapolis, ndi osungira 100 ku Seattle kumapeto kwa 2009.
Potengera mutu wa Purezidenti Obama wokhudza olemba anzawo ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito anthu osalemba ntchito kuti "achepetse malipiro" ndi "kuzunza" ogwira ntchito, mkulu wa ICE John Morton akuti bungweli likuyang'ana makamaka "'olemba anzawo ntchito' omwe amachita nkhanza zantchito komanso kuphwanya malamulo olowa m'mayiko ena." Koma American Apparel, ABM, ndi Gebbers Farms sizikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi mbiriyi.
Ngakhale kuti American Apparel ndi bungwe lalikulu lomwe limapanga madola mamiliyoni ambiri pachaka, ogwira ntchito omwe adachotsedwa ntchito anali "ogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali akulipidwa malipiro abwino." "Kampaniyi imanyadira zilembo zawo za 'Made in America'" ndipo inali ndi mbiri yolipira ndalama zambiri kuposa malo ogulitsa zovala. Asanafufuze, Mtsogoleri wawo wamkulu, a Dov Charney, adayenda m'misewu ndikuyima phewa ndi ogwira ntchito potsutsa komanso kufuna kuvomerezeka kwa ogwira ntchito omwe "azunzidwa ndi dongosolo lathu losweka la anthu othawa kwawo."
Mofananamo, Gebbers Farms anali ndi mbiri yabwino "yochita bwino ndi antchito awo." "Inamanga nyumba ndi mabwalo a mpira kwa antchito ake ndipo, mosiyana ndi alimi ena ambiri, imapereka ntchito yokhazikika ya chaka chonse." "Atawotchedwa, Gebbers Farms adalengeza ntchito mazanamazana kwa ogwira ntchito m'minda ya zipatso. Koma m'boma munali anthu ochepa." Pomaliza, abwanawo anafunsira ku bungwe la federal guest worker kuti atenge anthu osakhalitsa pantchito pafupifupi 1200 - ambiri ochokera ku Mexico. "Ogwira ntchito alendo, omwe amatha kukhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, adaphatikizanso pafupifupi 300 ochokera ku Jamaica." Uku kunali kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira ya Chertoff, "tsegulani chitseko chakumbuyo ndikutseka chitseko chakumbuyo." Zolinga zosanenedwa za kafukufukuyu zimawululidwa - kukakamiza olemba ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a alendo.
Ponena za ABM, ntchito yomangayi yakhala ikugwirizanitsa mgwirizano kwazaka zambiri, ndipo antchito ambiri akhalapo kwa zaka zambiri. Malinga ndi Olga Miranda, Purezidenti wa Ogwira Ntchito Zantchito Local 87: "Iwo akhala akugwira ntchito m'nyumba zapakati pa mzinda kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu, makumi awiri, ena mpaka zaka makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri. Amanga nyumba. Anatumiza ana awo ku koleji. Sali antchito atsopano. Sanangofika kuno chaka chapitacho."
Njira yowunikira ndi yozimitsa moto idakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa kayendetsedwe ka Obama. Mwachitsanzo, mu Meyi 2009, ogwira ntchito 254 ku Overhill Farms ku Los Angeles adachotsedwa ntchito mumikhalidwe yofananira. Kampaniyo, yokhala ndi antchito opitilira 800, idawunikiridwa ndi Internal Revenue Service koyambirira kwa chaka chimenecho. Malinga ndi John Grant, Packinghouse Division Director wa Local 770 wa United Food and Commercial Workers, omwe amaimira ogwira ntchito pamakampani opanga chakudya, "adapeza kusiyana kwa chiwerengero cha Social Security cha antchito ambiri. Overhill ndiye adatumiza kalata .... kwa anthu 254 - onse mamembala a mgwirizano wathu - kuwapatsa masiku makumi atatu kuti agwirizanenso kuchuluka kwawo. "
Pa Meyi 2, kampaniyo idayimitsa mizere yopanga ndikutumiza aliyense kunyumba, kunena kuti sipadzakhala ntchito mpaka "atatiyitana kuti tibwerere." Kwa anthu 254 omwe adayimba sanabwere. Malinga ndi mneneri wa nthambi ya Overhill Farms, "kampaniyo idalamulidwa ndi malamulo a Federal kuti athetse antchitowa chifukwa anali ndi manambala olakwika a Social Security. Kupanda kutero kukanavumbula onse ogwira nawo ntchito ndi kampaniyo ku milandu ndi milandu."
II. Mbiri ya Zolango za Olemba Ntchito
Njira yofewa, yofewa kwambiri yokakamiza olemba anzawo ntchito kutsata zilango zomwe boma la Obama likuchita zitha kuwoneka ngati zachifundo. Kupatula apo, kufufuza ndi kuwombera kumachitika popanda mfuti, maunyolo, kapena kutsekeredwa. Komabe, zotsatira - kutayika kwa ntchito - sikukhala kofewa kapena kosavuta kwa antchito zikwizikwi ochotsedwa omwe akhala akugwira ntchito kuti azisamalira mabanja awo.
Zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito ndi za mpesa zaposachedwa m'malamulo adziko olowa ndi otuluka. Chifukwa cha nkhaลตa yowonjezereka ya chiลตerengero cha antchito opanda zikalata (makamaka aku Mexico) ku United States mโzaka za mโma 1970 ndi kuchiyambi kwa ma 1980, kuyerekezera kwa anthu opitirira 1986 miliyoni opanda zikalata okhala mโdzikoli kunaperekedwa kusonyeza kuti zoyesayesa zokakamiza olowa mโdzikolo sizinaphule kanthu. Opanga ndondomeko adaganiza zothana ndi vutoli mwatsopano-polanga olemba anzawo ntchito omwe amalemba anthu osalemba ntchito, kudzera pazomwe zimatchedwa "zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito." "Pofika m'chaka cha 1970, zilango za olemba ntchito zinali mbali ya malamulo a dziko olowa m'dzikolo. Ndime ya Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) inayimira kumapeto kwa zaka za mkangano wa chikhalidwe, ndale, ndi makontrakitala okhudzana ndi kusowa kwa ulamuliro kumwera kwa US. malire." "Chikhulupiriro chakuti chinachake chinayenera kuchitidwa ponena za chiwerengero chachikulu cha antchito osalembedwa omwe adalowa ku United States kuchokera ku Mexico m'zaka za m'ma 1980 chinalimbikitsidwa ndi kusefukira kwa anthu a ku Central America omwe anayamba kufika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX." Ngakhale kuti chipwirikiti cha nkhondo yapachiลตeniลตeni ku El Salvador, Guatemala, ndi Nicaragua chinathamangitsa anthu ambiri a ku Central America kuchoka kwawo, iwo, pamodzi ndi anthu a ku Mexico omwe anapitirizabe kufika, ankatchedwa "osamukira kudziko lina" ndi akuluakulu a Reagan, Immigration and Naturalization. Service, ndi makhoti.
Lingaliro la zilango za olemba ntchito silinali lachilendo.
Mu 1952โpamene malamulo okhudza anthu olowa mโmayiko ena anasinthidwanso kuti aletse anthu oukira boma ndi achikomyunizimuโpanatsutsana lamulo loletsa kulowetsa mwadala, kunyamula, kapena kusunga alendo opanda zikalata; kukonzanso kumodzi kumapereka chilango chaupandu kwa anthu omwe alibe zikalata ngati bwanayo ali ndi "zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti wogwira ntchito sanali ku United States mwalamulo."
Sikuti kusinthaku kunagonjetsedwa momveka bwino, koma chinenero chotsatira chinawonjezeredwa ku lamulo lomaliza: "Molingana ndi gawoli, ntchito (kuphatikizapo zochitika zachizolowezi ndi zochitika zachizoloลตezi zogwira ntchito) sizidzaganiziridwa kukhala zosungira." Panthawiyi, sitinali pafupi kulanga olemba ntchito a US omwe angakhale akupindula ndi ntchito ya antchito a malipiro ochepa, opanda zikalata. "Kuyambira mu 1971, malingaliro azamalamulo okhala ndi zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito ngati maziko adawonekeranso ndipo adanenedwa ngati chida chofunikira kuthana ndi vuto lachilendo lomwe silinalembedwe." Kuthetsa โvutoโ la anthu opanda zikalata kwenikweni kunatanthauza kuwakakamiza kuchoka mโdzikolo mwa kuwakaniza kugwira ntchito, motero kudya, kulipira lendi, kapena kudzisamalira okha ndi mabanja awo. Kumapeto kwa utsogoleri wa Carter mu 1980, Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy idawonetsa kuvomerezeka kwa anthu omwe ali pano kale ngati njira yoyenera yoperekera zilango, zomwe, mwina, zingalepheretse anthu ambiri osalembedwa kuti abwere mtsogolo.
Pasanathe zaka makumi atatu kuchokera ku 1952 kukanidwa kwa zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito, Congress idakhulupirira kuti anthu ambiri aku America anali otsimikiza kuti vuto la kusamuka kwa anthu osavomerezeka - makamaka kusamuka kwa anthu aku Mexico omwe alibe zikalata kunalipo komanso kuti china chake chiyenera kuchitika. Pofika m'chaka cha 1986 zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito zidakhazikitsidwa ngati gawo lalikulu lakusintha. Ndi mavoti osasunthika a mamembala anayi okha a Nyumba ya Oyimilira, zovomerezeka (kapena chikhululukiro) zidapangidwanso kuti zikhale gawo la phukusili kuti athane ndi vuto la osamukira kumayiko ena.
Ngakhale kuti papepala zinaoneka kuti mgwirizano wokhudza zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito kuti akhululukidwe waphwanyidwa, panalibe kusinthana kwa ndale; IRCA ikanapita patsogolo ngati kukhazikitsidwa kwalamulo kukanachotsedwa ndi Nyumbayo, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwake mogwira mtima m'manja mwa osamukira kumayiko ena ndi Naturalization Service kunali kukayikira kwambiri.
Kugwira ntchito kwa zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito pochepetsa kusamuka kwa anthu opanda zikalata akukangana kwambiri. Ochirikiza kuwonjezereka kwa kachitidwe ka malamulo amanena kuti mabwana oลตerengeka okha ndi amene alipidwa chindapusa kapena kulangidwa chiyambire 1986. Komabe, lingaliro limenelo, silidziลตa kuti antchito zikwi mazanamazana achotsedwa ntchito. Ndipotu, kulanga olemba anzawo ntchito, kapena kuwawopseza kuti atero, nthawi zonse inali njira chabe yowonongera ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito okha, ndipo potero amawakakamiza kuchoka m'dzikoli, kapena kuti asabwere poyamba.
Kuwonjezera pa zochitika zambiri za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma zomwe zimabweretsa mbiri yakale ku United States kuchokera ku Mexico, tikudziwa tsopano kuti NAFTA ndi zotsatira za kudalirana kwa mayiko kumapangitsa kuti anthu a ku Mexican akhale ovuta kwambiri. Zinthu zokankhira-koka ndizolimba. Monga kazembe waku Mexico waku Douglas, Arizona adanenera kale, malirewo atha "kukumbidwa" ndipo othawa kwawo amayesabe kuwoloka. Monga momwe Renee Saucedo akunenera kuti: "Malinga ngati tili ndi mapangano a malonda monga NAFTA omwe amachititsa umphawi m'mayiko monga Mexico, anthu adzapitiriza kubwera kuno, mosasamala kanthu za makoma angati omwe timamanga." Taganizirani za Ismael Rojas, amene anasiya banja lake ku Mexico kambirimbiri kwa zaka 25 kupita kukagwira ntchito ku United States popanda zikalata. Mโmawu ake, โmutha kusiya ana anu kuti mupange ndalama zowasamalira, kapena mungakhale ndi ana anu nโkumawayangโana akukhala mโmasautso. Kugwiritsa ntchito zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito kuti athane ndi vuto la kusamuka kwa anthu aku Mexico pankhani ya umphawi ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko kumabweretsa mavuto kwa ogwira ntchito, koma sikuchepetsa kusamuka. Kumanga ndi kuthamangitsa ogwira ntchito chifukwa chogwira ntchito popanda chilolezo ngati njira yowalepheretsa kubwera kuno kudzakhala ndi moyo wabwino sikungakhale kothandiza poyang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu azachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Tiyeneranso kudzifunsa tokha ngati tingavomerezedi kulanga antchito omwe ali pano chifukwa cha zotsatira za ndondomeko zambiri zachuma za US.
Vuto lina la zilango za olemba ntchito ndi tsankho lomwe limabwerapo. Kale kwambiri kusanaunike kwaposachedwa kwa zotsatira za tsankho za pulogalamu ya E-Verify, tsankho linali ponseponse. Mu lipoti lake lomaliza ku Congress pa zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito mu 1990, Ofesi Yowerengera za Boma inati mwa olemba ntchito 4.6 miliyoni ku United States, 346,000 adavomereza kuti amatsatira zofunikira za IRCA okhawo omwe adalemba ntchito omwe anali ndi mawu "achilendo" kapena mawonekedwe. Olemba ntchito enanso 430,000 adangolemba olemba ntchito omwe adabadwira ku United States kapena sanalembe olemba ntchito akanthawi kochepa kuti akhale osamala.
Kulemba anthu mwachindunji komanso mosadziwika bwino kwa ogwira ntchito ku Mexico kwapitilirabe ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo oletsa abwanamkubwa mu 1986. Mu 2001, ofufuza adapitilizabe kuzindikira magulu amakampani omwe amapita kumizinda ndi matauni aku Mexico, komwe amapereka ngongole ndi zitsimikiziro zantchito limbikitsani ogwira ntchito mโmafamu kuti awoloke malire a dziko la United States. Ntchitoyi ikukhudza maukonde olinganizidwa bwino a makontrakitala ndi ma kontrakitala oimira makampani akuluakulu azaulimi aku US. Anthu osaka mutu nthawi zambiri amakhala aku Mexico omwe amalemba ntchito m'matauni awo komanso m'madera omwe amalima kumene sikovuta kuti anthu azikhulupirirana ndi manja aulimi. Imodzi mwa njira zomwe makontrakitala amakonda kukopa antchito ndi kuwapatsa ngongole kuti athe kubweza ngongole, limodzi ndi chikole chopezera ntchito kwa munthu wakumpoto kwa malire. Makampani ambiri aku US amadalira maukonde awa a olemba ntchito.
Ngakhale kuwunika kwakanthawi kochepa kwa kuukira kwa ICE m'zaka zingapo zapitazi kukuwonetsa kusiyana koonekeratu pakulunjika kwa ogwira ntchito omwe alibe zikalata kuposa owalemba ntchito omwe amawalemba ntchito. Aliyense amene amamvera chisoni udindo wa wogwira ntchitoyo koma akuona kuti โlamulo ndi lamuloโ ayenera kusunga owalemba ntchito pa muyezo womwewo. Zimenezo zikutanthauza kulamula kuti malamulo a ntchito azitsatiridwa ndi mabwana osakhulupirika amene amapezerapo mwayi pa anthu amene amapeza ndalama zochepa powalemba kapena osawalemba. Kaลตirikaลตiri, antchito opanda zikalata amene amalipidwa ndalama zochepera pa ntchito zimene zimaswa malamulo a zaumoyo ndi chitetezo amathamangitsidwa, ndipo owalemba ntchito salandira chilango. Mโmalo mochotsa ogwira ntchito mโdzikoli, tiyenera kuchotsa zopinga zimene zimawalepheretsa kukakamiza olemba ntchito kuti awonjezere malipiro awo komanso mmene amagwirira ntchito. M'kati mwake, ntchitozo zitha kukhala zokongola kwambiri kwa ogwira ntchito m'dzikolo-chinthu chomwe, modabwitsa, magulu odana ndi anthu othawa kwawo amafuna.
Mu 2009, Ken Georgetti, Purezidenti wa Canadian Labor Congress, ndi John Sweeney, Purezidenti wa AFL-CIO, adalembera Purezidenti Obama ndi Prime Minister waku Canada Harper, kuwakumbutsa kuti, "kulephera kwa mfundo za neoliberal kupanga ntchito zabwino mu Chuma cha Mexico chomwe chili pansi pa NAFTA chatanthauza kuti antchito ambiri othawa kwawo komanso olowa kumene akakamizidwa kukasakasaka kwambiri kuti apeze ntchito kwina. kuthandizira pulogalamu yophatikiza, yothandiza komanso yofulumira, yomwe tikukhulupirira kuti ingakhale ndi zotsatira zokweza miyezo yantchito kwa onse ogwira ntchito."
Ngakhale kuti chilango cha olemba ntchito sichimakhudza kusamuka, chapangitsa antchito kukhala pachiopsezo chachikulu cha kukakamizidwa ndi abwana. Chifukwa chakuti ntchito ndi yoletsedwa kwa iwo, ogwira ntchito opanda zikalata akuwopa kuchita zionetsero za malipiro ochepa ndi mikhalidwe yoipa. Zilango za olemba ntchito zimawalepheretsa kulandira malipiro a ulova ndi olumala, ngakhale kuti amawalipira. Ngati achotsedwa ntchito chifukwa chodandaula kapena kukonzekera zimakhala zovuta kupeza ntchito ina. Ngakhale kuti pali zopinga zimenezi, ogwira ntchito ochokera mโmayiko ena, kuphatikizapo amene sanalembedwe zikalata, asonyeza kuti ali ndi ufulu wogwira ntchito, anakonza mabungwe ogwirira ntchito limodzi, ndipo zinthu zinawayendera bwino. Koma zilango zamabwana zapangitsa izi kukhala zovuta komanso zowopsa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito manambala a Social Security kutsimikizira momwe anthu osamukira kudziko lina kwachititsa kuti athamangitsidwe ndikuchotsa anthu ambiri omenyera ufulu wachigwirizano. Ngakhale nzika ndi okhalamo okhazikika amamva izi, chifukwa m'malo athu osiyanasiyana aku US ogwira ntchito ochokera kumayiko ena komanso obadwa kwawo amagwira ntchito limodzi. Kupanga kukhala mlandu kuti gulu limodzi likhazikitse malamulo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo kwangobweretsa zopinga kwa wina aliyense. Mabungwe tsopano akuvutika kwambiri kuteteza ufulu wa mamembala awo kapena kukonza zatsopano. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito opanda zikalata kutha kokha ngati ogwira ntchito ali omasuka kudandaula ndikukonzekera.
Kuchotsa anthu ogwira ntchito opanda zikalata popanda kupereka njira yoti ntchito yawo igwiritsidwe ntchito ku United States, zingakhalenso ndi zotsatira zoyipa zachuma. Deta ikuwonetsa magulu ambiri a ntchito aku US omwe amadalira antchito omwe alibe zikalata. Zomwe Gordon Hanson adapeza ku Council on Foreign Relations zimathandizira mfundo izi. Ananenanso kuti pakati pa 1960 ndi 2000 chiwerengero cha anthu okhala ku US omwe adaphunzira zaka zosakwana khumi ndi ziwiri adatsika kuchoka pa makumi asanu pa zana kufika pa khumi ndi awiri pa zana.
Arizona ikuyimira kuwona zotsatira zoyipa zakuchotsedwa kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito osalembedwa. Boma lisanakhazikitse lamulo lake la "Legal Workers Arizona Act" mu 2007, boma lidakula kwazaka makumi angapo, kulimbikitsidwa ndi anthu pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri mwa anthu XNUMX aliwonse osalembedwa. Lamulo latsopanoli lidayambitsa mutu wambiri komanso kutayika kwa ntchito kwa olemba ntchito aku Arizona omwe amafunikira antchito. Komanso tisaiwale kuti anthu ochokera mโmayiko ena ndi ogulanso. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunika kwa katundu ndi ntchito zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito.
III. Union Focus-Mwangozi kapena Mwadala
Purezidenti Obama akuti kukakamiza olemba anzawo ntchito kumalimbana ndi olemba anzawo ntchito "omwe akugwiritsa ntchito antchito osaloledwa kuti achepetse malipiro - ndipo nthawi zambiri amazunza antchitowo." Bungwe la ICE Worksite Enforcement Advisory linanena kuti "ICE . . . imafufuza olemba anzawo ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kuopseza kapena kukakamiza ... kuti aletse ogwira ntchito m'mayiko ena osaloledwa kuti anene za malipiro otsika kapena ntchito." Munthu ayenera kudabwa ngati kuwombera kapena kuthamangitsa antchito omwe akuwapirira kumathandizadi kuchiritsa mikhalidwe yoteroyo. Komanso, taganizirani za ogwira ntchito omwe ICE yakhala ikuwalunjika panjira ya Obama. Ogwira ntchito ku Smithfield anali kuyesa kukonza mgwirizano kuti asinthe zinthu. Overhill Farms ali ndi mgwirizano. American Apparel amalipira bwino kuposa mafakitale ambiri opanga zovala. Ogwira ntchito ku ABM ku San Francisco, ndi oyang'anira ena 1200 omwe adachotsedwa ntchito ku Minneapolis, anali mamembala amgwirizano omwe amalandila malipiro apamwamba kuposa ogwira ntchito omwe si a mgwirizano - ndipo adamenyera kuti apambane.
ABM ndi imodzi mwamakampani akuluakulu ogwira ntchito zomanga mdziko muno, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti makampani oyang'anira mabungwe amgwirizano ndi omwe akufuna kutsata pulogalamu ya Obama Administration. Mkulu wa bungwe lokhumudwa ananena kuti,
Homeland Security ikutsatira olemba anzawo ntchito omwe ndi mabungwe. . . . Iwo akupita pambuyo mabwana kuti kupereka phindu ndi kulipira kuposa avareji. . . . Ndi kukonzanso kwachuma kwamtundu wanji komwe kumapita ndikuchotsa antchito masauzande ambiri? Nanga nโcifukwa ciani sakuika mabwana amene sakupeleka misonkho, amene sakutsatila malamulo a chitetezo kapena ogwila nchito?
Oyang'anira 1200 omwe adachotsedwa ntchito ku Minneapolis anali a SEIU Local 26, osungira 475 ku San Francisco anali ochokera ku Local 87, ndipo osungira 100 ogwira ntchito ku Seattle Building Maintenance omwe adachotsedwa ntchito mu Novembala 2009 anali a Local 6.
Ndipo ngakhale a Obama adatsutsa kuti kutsata zilango kudzalanga olemba anzawo ntchito omwe amadyera masuku pamutu osamukira kumayiko ena, olemba anzawo ntchito amalandila mphotho chifukwa chogwirizana ndi ICE polandira katemera wotsutsidwa. Javier Murillo, pulezidenti wa SEIU Local 26, akuti, "[t] adalonjeza pa kafukufukuyu ndikuti ngati kampaniyo ikugwirizana ndi kumvera, sadzalipidwa.
Ogwira ntchito omwe achotsedwa ntchito ku Overhill Farms amatsutsa kampaniyo kuti imalemba anthu ena ntchito, omwe amatchedwa "part timers," omwe salandira phindu mu mgwirizano wa mgwirizano. Mwa kuthamangitsa antchito okhazikika omwe anali kulipidwa phindu, kampaniyo inatha kusunga "ndalama zambiri."
Mbiri yokakamiza anthu olowa m'dziko lantchito ili ndi zitsanzo za olemba anzawo ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zowerengera ndi zosagwirizana ngati zifukwa zothamangitsira zigawenga kapena kufooketsa gulu la ogwira ntchito. Mgwirizano wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi pafakitale ya nkhumba ku Smithfield ku North Carolina, mwachitsanzo, adawukira, ndikuthamangitsa antchito makumi asanu chifukwa cha manambala oyipa a Social Security. Kampeni ya ICE yowunikira ndi kuwombera, yomwe SEIU Local 26's Murillo imayitcha "ndondomeko yolimbikitsira a Obama," imayang'ananso olemba anzawo ntchito omwe a Bush adaukira makampani omwe amatsatira mgwirizano kapena omwe ali ndi ma drive oyendetsa. Ngati zili choncho, ICE ikuwoneka kuti ikufuna kulanga antchito osalemba omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri, kapena kuwonekera kwambiri pofuna malipiro apamwamba ndikukonzekera mabungwe.
Kuwomberana kumeneku kukudzetsa mkangano waukulu m'mabungwe, makamaka omwe ali ndi mamembala ambiri ochokera kumayiko ena. Ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito yokonza chakudya ku Overhill Farms ndi oyang'anira nyumba a ABM akhala akulipira ndalama kwazaka zambiri. Iwo akuyembekezera kuti bungweli liziwateteza pamene kampaniyo iwachotsa ntchito chifukwa chosowa udindo. "Mgwirizanowu uyenera kuyesa kuletsa anthu kuti asachotsedwe ntchito," akutsutsa Erlinda Silerio, wogwira ntchito ku Overhill Farms.
"Iyenera kuyesa kuti kampaniyo itibwerezenso ntchito, ndikulipira chipukuta misozi pa nthawi yomwe takhala titachoka." Ku American Apparel, ngakhale kunalibe mgwirizano, antchito ena adayesa mwakhama kupanga umodzi zaka zapitazo. Jose Covarrubias adapeza ntchito yotsuka pomwe bungwe lazovala limawathandiza kukonza. "Ndinali nditagwirapo ntchito ndi International Ladies' Garment Workers and the Garment Workers Center kale," akukumbukira motero, "m'malo otuluka thukuta momwe tinkasumira eni ake atasowa popanda kutilipira. Nditafika ku American Apparel ndinalowa nawo nthawi yomweyo. kutsutsana ndi ogwira ntchito omwe siabungwe, kuyesa kuwatsimikizira kuti bungweli lingatiteteze. "
Njira ya Obama imamaliza kulimbikitsa pulogalamu ya alendo monga momwe adawonera m'mbuyomu. Monga taonera, ku Gebbers Farms, kunalibe kwenikweni ogwira ntchito pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito, ndipo ogwira ntchito alendo anabweretsedwa. Ndemanga za Mlembi wa Pulezidenti Bush wa DHS Michael Chertoff mu 2008 akuwulula kuti: "[T] pano [ndi] zoonekeratu[ ] . . . njira yothetsera vuto la ntchito yosaloledwa ndi boma, yomwe ndi yotsegula chitseko chakumbuyo ndikutseka chitseko chakumbuyo . . . . "Kutsegula khomo lakutsogolo" kumalola olemba ntchito kulemba antchito kuti abwere ku United States, kuwapatsa ma visa omwe amawagwirizanitsa kuti apitirize ntchito yawo. Ndipo kukakamiza ogwira ntchito kuti abwere kudzera mu dongosololi, "kutseka chitseko chakumbuyo" kumapangitsa anthu othawa kwawo kukhala olakwa omwe amagwira ntchito popanda "chilolezo cha ntchito." Monga Bwanamkubwa wa Arizona, Mlembi wa DHS Janet Napolitano adathandizira dongosololi, kusaina chigamulo cha boma chomwe chili ndi zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito, kwinaku akuthandizira mapulogalamu a alendo.
M'malingaliro ake omaliza oti "atseke chitseko chakumbuyo," olamulira a Bush adalengeza lamulo loti olemba anzawo ntchito azichotsa ntchito aliyense amene nambala yake ya Social Security siyikugwirizana ndi nkhokwe ya Social Security Administration. Makalata osagwirizana ndi Social Security pakali pano safuna kuti olemba ntchito achotse antchito omwe ali ndi manambala osagwirizana, ngakhale olemba anzawo ntchito adawagwiritsabe ntchito kuthetsa masauzande a anthu. Purezidenti Bush akadapanga kuti izi zitheke.
Mabungwe, ACLU, ndi National Immigration Law Center adalandira lamulo loletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamuloli m'chilimwe cha 2007, ponena kuti zingawononge nzika ndi anthu ovomerezeka omwe angakhale ozunzidwa ndi zolakwa za atsogoleri. Mu Julayi 2009, olamulira a Obama adaganiza zokana kutsutsa lamuloli. Koma pogwetsa malamulo a Bush, DHS idalengeza kuti ikulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe yamagetsi ya E-Verify, ponena kuti ndiyothandiza kwambiri kulunjika omwe sanalembedwe.
Social Security, komabe, ikupitilizabe kutumiza makalata osafananitsa kwa olemba anzawo ntchito, ndipo nkhokwe ya E-Verify imapangidwa, mwa zina, ndikusefa manambala a Social Security, kufunafuna zolakwika. Mlembi wa DHS Janet Napolitano adapempha olemba anzawo ntchito kuti awonere ntchito zatsopano pogwiritsa ntchito E-Verify, ndipo adati omwe atero adzakhala ndi ufulu woyika chizindikiro chapadera pazogulitsa zawo zonena kuti "I E-Verify." Ndipo ngakhale malamulo omaliza sanagwire ntchito, DHS imati kulephera kwa olemba ntchito kutsatira kalata yosagwirizana kungakhale umboni kapena kumathandizira kuti abwana adziwe za kusaloledwa kwa wogwira ntchitoyo.
Anthu 1999 miliyoni omwe alibe zikalata ku United States, omwe amafalikira m'mafakitole, minda, ndi malo omanga m'dziko lonselo, akuphatikiza antchito ambiri. Ambiri amadziwa za ufulu wawo ndipo akufuna kusintha moyo wawo. Makampeni okonzekera mabungwe amgwirizano wamayiko, monga Justice for Janitors ndi Hotel Workers Rising, zimadalira kutsimikiza komanso kuchitapo kanthu kwa osamukira kumayiko ena, olembedwa komanso osalembedwa chimodzimodzi. Izi zinapangitsa kuti AFL-CIO mu XNUMX ikane thandizo lakale la feduro pa zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito ndikuyitanitsa kuti zithetsedwe. Mabungwe adazindikira kuti kukhazikitsa zilango kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kwa ogwira ntchito kuteteza ufulu wawo, kukonza mabungwe, ndikukweza malipiro.
Kutsutsa zilango, komabe, kumapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yotsutsana ndi kayendetsedwe kameneka, komwe kunathandiza kusankha. Magulu ena okopa anthu ku Washington DC asankha kuthandizira mfundo zoyendetsera zilango m'malo mwake. Mmodzi wa iwo, Reform Immigration for America, akuti, "njira iliyonse yotsimikizira ntchito iyenera kutsimikizira chilolezo cha ntchito molondola komanso moyenera." Kutsimikizira chilolezo ndizomwe zidachitika ku American Apparel ndi ABM, ndipo mosakayikira kumabweretsa kuwomberedwa. Bungwe la AFL-CIO ndi bungwe la Change to Win labour federation mchakachi linagwirizananso za malo atsopano obwera ndi anthu othawa kwawo omwe amathandizira "njira yotetezeka komanso yogwira ntchito yovomerezeka ya ogwira ntchito ... yomwe imatsimikizira chilolezo chogwira ntchito molondola pomwe ikupereka chitetezo chokwanira kwa ogwira ntchito."
Jose Covarrubias, m'modzi mwa ogwira ntchito ku American Apparel omwe adachotsedwa ntchito, adasiyidwa opanda chitetezo ndi chitetezo chotere. M'malo mwake, akuti, "tikufuna mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito. Pali anthu 15 miliyoni ku AFL-CIO. Ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pazachuma ndi ndale. Bwanji sakutsutsa kuwombera kumeneku ndi kutiteteza? akufunsa. "Ife tathandizira ku gululi kwa zaka 20, ndipo sitikuchoka. Tikhalabe ndikumenyera nkhondo yokonzanso anthu othawa kwawo."
IV. Institutionalized Racism
Aliyense amene amatsutsana ndi kutsata tsankho komanso kusankhana mitundu akuyenera kukhudzidwa ndi njira yoyendetsera ntchito za Obama. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi kuwukira kwamtundu wa Bush ku ICE, njira yowerengera a Obama yomwe yachititsa kuti anthu masauzande ambiri achotsedwe ntchito yasokoneza antchito aku Latino okha. Zotsatira zamitundu siziyenera kutayidwa mosavuta.
Monga tanenera kwina, kusankhana mitundu kwa Latinos kudakhazikitsidwa pakukhazikitsa malamulo olowa ndi anthu aku US. M'mawu amasiku ano komanso mkati mwa malingaliro akuda-oyera ku United States, tsankho lamagulu limamveka kuti lidachokera ku chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chinakhazikika, ndipo chinalimbikitsidwa ndi ukapolo ndi tsankho. Ngakhale kuti malamulo amene anachititsa kuti anthu azisankhana mitundu mโdzikoli saliponso, munthu angatsutse kuti dongosololi lidakalipobe mpaka pano. Chotero lerolino, wina anganene kuti kusankhana mitundu kumalanda gulu lodziลตika bwino laufuko, limene kaลตirikaลตiri limafotokozedwa kukhala lotsika poyerekezera ndi gulu lodziลตika bwino, mwayi wofanana wamaphunziro, chithandizo chamankhwala, malamulo, ndale, nyumba, ndi zina zotero.
"Pomvetsetsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za tsankho lokhazikitsidwa ndi mabungwe, timayamba kuona kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa lingaliroli kupitirira paradigm wamba wakuda." Tsankho la m'masukulu limaphatikizapo kusankhana magulu ena a anthu pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo kapena zochita zokondera.
Mapangidwe ndi makonzedwe a anthu amavomerezedwa, ndipo amagwira ntchito ndikuyendetsedwa m'njira yochirikiza kapena kuvomereza mchitidwe wa tsankho. Tsankho la m'masukulu likhoza kukhala losaoneka bwino komanso losaoneka bwino, koma silingawononge moyo wa munthu ndi ulemu wa munthu kusiyana ndi zochita za munthu aliyense payekha.
Mphamvu za tsankho zakhala zikuphatikizidwa m'malamulo a US olowa ndi otuluka. Pamene malamulowa akutsatiridwa, amavomerezedwa monga machitidwe wamba, mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira zautundu. Sitingakonde malamulo enaake kapena mfundo zoyendetsera ntchito chifukwa cha nkhanza zawo kapena kuphwanya ulemu wa anthu kapena ufulu wachibadwidwe, koma ambiri aife sitizindikira tsankho lomwe limachokera chifukwa sitikuzindikira mtundu womwe udachulukirachulukira. "Kumvetsetsa kusintha kwa malamulo okhudza anthu olowa m'dziko la US ndi kutsatiridwa kwake kumatipatsa chidziwitso chabwino cha [zomwe zikuchitika ndi] tsankho lomwe limayang'anira ndondomekozi."
Moyenera kapena molakwa, lero chimene chimatchedwa โkusamuka kosaloledwaโ vuto lakhala lofanana ndi kulamulira, kapena kusowa kwake, kwa malire a kumโmwera chakumadzulo. "Motero, 'vuto' ndilofanana ndi kusamuka kwa anthu a ku Mexico, ndipo anthu othawa kwawo ku Mexico amaonedwa ndi mawu ambiri odana ndi anthu othawa kwawo ngati mdani." Anthu odana ndi anthu othawa kwawo samadziona ngati atsankho; amadziona ngati mawu a lamulo ndi dongosolo.
"Mbiri yamalire, kulembera anthu ntchito komanso kutsata malire akufotokoza momwe kukhazikitsira malamulo odana ndi anthu ochokera ku Mexico kudakhazikitsa dongosolo lolola mawuwa kunena kuti satenga nawo mbali pamitundu ndi mafuko komanso kuti anthu ambiri aku America amavomereza izi."
Njira yamakono yochepetsera manambala, ngakhale ilibe tsankho, imagwira ntchito m'njira yomwe imaletsa kwambiri kusamuka kuchokera ku Mexico ndi mayiko omwe amafunikira visa kwambiri ku Asia. Zosintha za 1965 zidayimira kusintha kolandirika, koma lamulo latsopanolo silinali vuto. Purezidenti John F. Kennedy poyambirira adapereka lingaliro la dziwe lalikulu la ma visa olowa m'mayiko ena kuti aperekedwe panjira yobwera koyamba, yopanda malire ya dziko. Ngati atagwiritsidwa ntchito, dongosololi nthawi yomweyo likanathandizira kulowa kwa anthu ambiri ochokera ku Asia, chifukwa choyamba, chothandizira choyamba chidzapindulitsa mayiko omwe ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri. Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa JFK, mchimwene wake, Ted, ndi Purezidenti Lyndon Johnson anapitiriza kulimbikitsa malamulo. Komabe, masomphenya a JFK ogwirizana sanapulumuke ndondomeko ya ndale. M'malo mwake, dongosolo lomwe limaphatikizapo ma visa pafupifupi 20,000 kudziko lililonse kunja kwa Western Hemisphere idakhazikitsidwa mu 1965 immigration act, ndi ma visa 200 okha omwe amapezeka kumadera monga Hong Kong. Kuletsa kwa manambala a Kum'mawa kwa ma visa 170,000 kudakhazikitsidwa.
Pakati pa 1965 ndi 1976, pamene dziko lonse lapansi linasangalala ndi kuwonjezereka kwa malire a chiwerengero ndi dongosolo lodziwika bwino lokonda, Mexico ndi mayiko ena a Kumadzulo kwa Dziko Lapansi mwadzidzidzi anakumana ndi malire a chiwerengero kwa nthawi yoyamba. Maikowa adayenera kugawana gawo la 120,000. Dongosololi lidabwera koyamba, njira yoyamba, pomwe Mexico ikutenga gawo lalikulu la 120,000, kuposa 40,000 chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa visa. Olemba ntchito amayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zovomerezeka za ogwira ntchito, koma zoletsedwa zinalipo kwa ena ofunsira monga makolo a ana a nzika za US; anthu ambiri a ku Mexico anayenerera kuchotsedwako. Monga momwe munthu angayembekezere, poganizira za kuchepa kwa manambala kwatsopano koma zofuna zazikulu za visa, pofika 1976 dongosolo la Western Hemisphere linapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsalira kokulirapo kwa pafupifupi zaka zitatu ndi mndandanda wodikira wokhala ndi mayina pafupifupi 300,000.
Pamene ndondomekoyi inachititsa kuti mayiko a Kumadzulo kwa Dziko Lapansi achuluke, zinthu zinaipiraipira mu 1977. Bungwe la Congress linasinthanso dongosolo la Western Hemisphere, nโkukhazikitsanso dongosolo lofananalo la zokonda ndi kuletsa ma visa a 20,000 mโdziko lililonse zimene mayiko ena anayamba kukumana nazo. 1965. Motero, chiลตerengero cha chiลตerengero cha ma visa ku Mexico (kuposa 40,000) pachaka chinadulidwa pafupifupi theka la usiku umodzi, ndipo zikwi zinasiyidwa pa ndandanda ya oyembekezera ya dongosolo lakale.
Njira yamasiku ano yosankha ilibe malo kwa achibale ambiri chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa manambala kapena ogwira ntchito omwe adasamutsidwa. Sali oyenerera ma visa apadera operekedwa kwa akatswiri ndi oyang'anira ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe amitundu yambiri kapena ma visa omwe amafunikira ndalama zambiri kuti agulitse. Mofananamo, dongosololi lilibe malo kwa aliyense amene moyo wake ukulamulidwa ndi mgwirizano wamalonda ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko komwe kumayambitsa kutaya ntchito m'madera omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa, monga makampani amitundu yambiri, omwe amapindula ndi malonda aulere, amasamukira kumalo ena kumene ndalama zawo zopangira zimakhala zotsika mtengo. .
Dongosololi limabweretsa kusayenda bwino m'magulu ena olowa m'mabanja - makamaka kwa okwatirana, ana aamuna ndi aakazi osakwatiwa omwe amakhala movomerezeka, komanso abale a nzika zaku US. Kwa mayiko ena, monga Philippines ndi Mexico, nthawi zodikirira magulu ena ndi zaka khumi mpaka makumi awiri! Poganizira zotsalira zotsalira komanso kukopa kopitilira muyeso kwa United States (osati chabe mwa mwayi wachuma, koma chifukwa achibale ali kale pano chifukwa chofuna kulemba anthu ntchito kapena kukhazikika pazandale), ambiri omwe akufuna kukhala osamukira kumayiko ena amasiyidwa opanda chochita. Mosapeweka amafufuza njira zina zolowera ku United States osadikirira. Pochita izi, amagwera m'nsagwada za malamulo ochotsera anthu othawa kwawo omwe amapereka zilango zapachiweniweni komanso zaupandu chifukwa chophwanya njira zoyenera zosamukira.
Chilango chapachiweniweni chochotsa (kuthamangitsidwa) chimagwira ntchito kwa anthu omwe agwera mumsampha wosamukira kumayiko ena chifukwa chotsatira chibadwa chawo kuti agwirizanenso ndi mabanja kapena kufunafuna mwayi wopeza chuma. Magulu a alendo othamangitsidwa akuphatikizapo anthu otsatirawa: omwe ali ku United States akuphwanya malamulo olowa m'mayiko ena (mwachitsanzo, kulowa popanda kuyendera, kunena zabodza kuti ndi nzika); anthu omwe si osamukira kumayiko ena omwe amadumpha visa yawo kapena kugwira ntchito popanda chilolezo; amene adathandiza anzawo kulowa (ozembetsa) popanda kuwayang'anira; ndi amene ali mโmaukwati achinyengo.
Zilango zina zapachiweniweni, kuphatikizapo chindapusa, zitha kuperekedwa chifukwa chonamizira kapena kupanga chinyengo chikalata cholowa, kulephera kuchoka motsatira lamulo lochotsa, kulowa popanda kuyendera, komanso kulowa m'banja lachinyengo.
Bungwe la Congress lakhazikitsanso malamulo ophwanya malamulo omwe amapitilira kuchotsedwa kwa boma komanso chindapusa chandalama pazochita zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mchitidwe wotsatirawu ndi wolakwa (kutengera kundende ndi/kapena chindapusa chandalama): kunamizira zambiri zolembetsera banja; aliyense wobweretsa (kuzembetsa), kunyamula, kapena kusunga (mkati mwa United States) wa mlendo wopanda zikalata (kuphatikiza achibale); kulowa popanda kuyang'aniridwa kapena kupyolera mwachinyengo; kulowanso kwa mlendo (popanda chilolezo) yemwe kale adachotsedwa kapena kukana kuloledwa; ndi, kunena zabodza za nzika zaku US.
Chifukwa chake, popeza kuperewera kwa ma visa osamukira kumayiko ena kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna kugwirizanitsa mabanja, komanso kusakhalapo kwa ogwira ntchito osavuta, othawa kwawo, mayendedwe opita ku United States podutsa momwe zilili pano atha kubweretsa zigawenga komanso nthawi zina. udindo.
Osamuka omwe amalowa m'maguluwa ndi ochokera kumayiko omwe chiwerengero cha anthu osamukira m'mabanja awo ndi ochulukirapo kapena omwe chuma chawo chawonongeka chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi malonda aulere. Maiko amenewo kwenikweni ndi aku Asia ndi Latin.
Sizitenga nthawi yaitali kuzindikira kuti ngakhale kuti malamulo okhudza anthu olowa ndi kutuluka m'dziko ndi ndondomeko zoyendetsera ntchito zasintha m'njira yomwe ikupitilirabe anthu a ku Mexico, Asiya, ndi ena osamukira ku Latin, mgwirizano wa malamulo ndi ndondomekozi ndi mabungwe ena amitundu yosiyanasiyana amatsindika zovuta zomwe anthu othawa kwawo amakumana nazo. wa nkhope yamtundu. Ganizirani za NAFTA ndi World Trade Organisation. Mwachitsanzo, NAFTA yaika dziko la Mexico mโmavuto aakulu ochita mpikisano ndi United States pakupanga chimanga moti Mexico tsopano imaitanitsa chimanga chake chochuluka kuchokera ku United States, ndipo ogwira ntchito mโmafamu a chimanga a ku Mexico achotsedwa ntchito. Bungwe la World Trade Organisation lomwe limagwirizana ndi US, lomwe limalimbikitsa malonda aulere padziko lonse lapansi, limakonda mayiko opanga malonda otsika kwambiri monga China ndi India, kotero kuti opanga mdziko ngati Mexico sangapikisane ndipo achotse antchito. Kodi nโzosadabwitsa kuti antchito ambiri a ku Mexico amayangโana ku United States kaamba ka ntchito, makamaka pamene mabungwe ndi makampani ambiri amitundumitundu amene amapindula ndi malonda aulere ali ndi malikulu kuno?
Ganiziraninso za mapologalamu okhazikitsanso anthu othawa kwawo ngati bungwe. "Othawa kwawo aku Southeast Asia akakhazikika m'nyumba za anthu kapena m'malo osauka, ana awo amakhala m'malo omwe angayambitse khalidwe loipa kapena upandu." Makolo othaลตa kwawo, mofanana ndi makolo ena ogwira ntchito osamukira kudziko lina, kaลตirikaลตiri amagwira ntchito maola ambiri ndipo ana awo amawasiya osawayangโanira. Ndipo lingalirani kulowererapo kwa US kunkhondo ndi mikangano yapachiweniweni kunja. Kukhazikitsidwa kwankhondo pakokha kumatulutsa othawa kwawo. Kutenga nawo mbali kwa US pankhondo zapachiweniweni m'maiko ngati Guatemala ndi El Salvador kunatulutsa othawa kwawo muzaka za m'ma 1980. Koma taganiziraninso za kulowererapo kwa US m'malo ngati kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, ndipo tsopano Afghanistan ndi Iraq, zomwe zatulutsanso anthu osamukira kumayiko ena mongodzipereka kupita kugombe lathu.
Mabungwe ena atsankho omwe amalumikizana ndi malamulo okhudza anthu olowa ndi otuluka ndi kukakamizidwa amakumbukiranso: taganizirani za kayendetsedwe ka milandu, madera osauka, ndi masukulu amkati mwamizinda. Ngakhale titabwereranso kuukapolo wa mabungwe ozembetsa anthu masiku ano - timayamba kuzindikira kuyanjana komvetsa chisoni ndi malamulo olowa m'dziko lomwe limafuna chidwi chachikulu. Mabungwe awa atha kubweretsa zovuta zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta mkati mwazokakamiza anthu olowa m'dzikolo.
Chifukwa chake, maulamuliro ovomerezeka olowa ndi okakamiza anthu osamukira kumayiko ena angawoneke ngati osalowerera pankhope zawo, koma asintha mwanjira yosankhana mitundu, ndipo pomwe dongosolo la anthu osamukira kumayiko ena limalumikizana ndi mabungwe ena monga chilungamo chaupandu, NAFTA, kudalirana kwapadziko lonse, madera osauka, ndi masukulu mu omwe ambiri othawa kwawo komanso othawa kwawo amakhala, mumazindikira kuti dongosololi limapangitsanso kusiyana pakati pa mitundu. NAFTA ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko kumapereka chifukwa chachikulu chimene osamukira amitundu ambiri sangathe kukhala mโmaiko awo ngati akufuna kusamalira mabanja awo. Akuluakulu oweruza milandu komanso umphawi amavutitsa kwambiri anthu osauka amitundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala olakwa ngati omwe akuimbidwa mlandu si nzika zaku US.
Kumangidwa kwa ndondomeko ya anthu othawa kwawo ku United States ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zaubundundundunkendundundujojojojojoroILIroILIro kokurorororororo wongamangamarowewewewewewewewe okwenalinsoshonirani,โฆ Osamukira amitundu awa adakhala mutu wa ICE paulamuliro wa Bush. Ndiwo omwe amaphatikiza zotsalira za visa yotuluka. Ndiwo amene amayesa kudutsa malire akummwera chakumadzulo kwaudani. Masiku ano, ogwira ntchito ku Latino ndi Latina ndi omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi njira yowunikira a Obama.
Kuzunzidwa kwawo kwakhazikitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, madandaulo aliwonse okhudzana ndi osamukira kumayiko ena-zachuma kapena chikhalidwe-atha kufotokozedwa mosagwirizana ndi tsankho, malamulo oyendetsera malamulo chifukwa bungweli labisala tsankho ndi malamulo ndi magwiridwe antchito omwe amalumikizidwa mosagwirizana ndi tsankho. Otsutsa othawa kwawo amatetezedwa ku milandu ya tsankho polemba zomwe akufuna kuti "zophwanya malamulo" kapena "zosafanana." Kuthamangitsidwa, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, ndi kuchotsedwa m'malire a DHS anganene kuti ndi osalowerera ndale chifukwa dongosololi lapangidwa kale ndi zaka zambiri zakukonzanso mitundu. Akuluakulu akungo "kukhazikitsa malamulo." Kuzunzika kwa Latinos ndi malamulo olowa ndi osamukira kudziko lina ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino kwasinthidwa, kulola anthu aku America kuvomereza ziwerengero za kusagwirizana (monga momwe amachitira ndi kusalingana kwamitundu, mwachitsanzo, machitidwe a maphunziro kapena milandu) monga "momwe zinthu zilili. ." Mofanana ndi mwayi wa azungu, tsankho lokhazikika nthawi zambiri silidziwika ndi iwo omwe sakhudzidwa.
Tiyenera kudziwa bwino. Makhadiwo amapachikidwa motsutsana ndi anthu osamukira ku Latin - makamaka aku Mexico. Lamulo la anthu olowa ndi kulowa m'dziko ndi misampha yoyendetsera anthu amakhazikitsidwa kudzera m'malire ankhondo komanso kachitidwe ka visa ka anachronistic. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu ochokera ku Mexico ndi omwe amazunzidwa ndi misampha imeneyi. Adakhazikitsidwa ndi mbiri yakale yolemba anthu ntchito ngati Bracero Program, Khothi Lalikulu kukana kukakamiza, komanso kumenya nkhondo m'malire zomwe zidakhazikitsa maziko a malamulo apano ndi mfundo zokakamira. Mchitidwe wotsatirawu ukhoza kukhazikitsidwa kudzera m'makonzedwe ooneka ngati opanda tsankho ndi ntchito zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zatsankho.
Kutsiliza
Kufuna magazi ochulukirapo, ena kumanja akudandaula kuti abwana a Obama amaletsa "kuukira mwakachetechete" njira ndiyofewa kwambiri, chifukwa ngakhale ogwira ntchito amachotsedwa ntchito, samathamangitsidwa. Iwo amati "palibe sewero, palibe zowawa, palibe mabanja akutha, palibe maunyolo." Palibe zoopsa? Talingalirani za oyangโanira oyeretsa ochotsedwa ntchito ku San Francisco amene anakumana ndi vuto lalikulu. Kodi adzipereke okha ku Homeland Security, yemwe angawaimbe mlandu wopereka nambala yoyipa ya Social Security kwa abwana awo, kuwasunga kuti athamangitsidwe, ngakhale kuwatumiza kundende, monga momwe adachitira ndi ogwira ntchito ku Iowa ndi Howard Industries ku Mississippi? Kwa ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi mabanja, nyumba komanso mizu yozama mdera lanu, sizingatheke kungochokapo ndikungosowa. Monga momwe pulezidenti wa SEIU Local 87, Olga Miranda, akunenera kuti: โNdili ndi mamembala ambiri amene ali amayi osakwatiwa amene ana awo anabadwira kuno. Ndili ndi membala amene mwana wake ali ndi khansa ya mโmagazi. bwererani ku Mexico mukadikire? Ndipo mudikire chiyani?"
Atsogoleri a mgwirizanowu ngati Miranda amawona mkangano pakati pa mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Purezidenti ndi andale ena a Washington DC ndi olimbikitsa anthu kutsutsa lamulo la Arizona, ndi malingaliro osamukira kudziko lina omwe amapanga ku Congress. "Pali kutsutsana kwakukulu pano," akutero. "Simungauze dziko limodzi kuti zomwe akuchitazo zikuphwanya anthu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amatsatira olemba ntchito omwe amalipira ndalama zambiri kuposa malipiro amoyo komanso ogwira ntchito omwe adamenyera malipiro amenewo."
Renee Saucedo, loya wa La Raza Centro Legal komanso mkulu wakale wa San Francisco Day Labor Program, ndiwotsutsa kwambiri. "Mabilu a Congress, omwe amaperekedwa kuti athandize anthu ena kukhala ovomerezeka, apangitsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire. Tidzawonanso kuwombera kwina kochuluka monga osungira malo pano, ndi zilango zambiri kwa anthu omwe akungogwira ntchito ndikuyesera. kuti azisamalira mabanja awo."
Komabe, kaya akulimbikitsidwa kapena ayi chifukwa cha phindu lazachuma kapena anti-union animus, kuwombera komweku kukuwonetsa mafunso akulu okhudza kukakamiza anthu osamukira kumayiko ena. Nativo Lรณpez, mkulu wa bungwe la Hermandad Mexicana Latinoamericanna, wokonza ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi kuwombera pa Overhill Farms ndi American Apparel, akunena motere:
"Ogwira ntchitowa sanachite cholakwika chilichonse, atha zaka zambiri akulemeretsa kampaniyo. Palibe amene adanenapo kuti phindu la kampani ndi loletsedwa, kapena kunena kuti azibwezera kwa ogwira ntchito. Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani ogwira ntchitowo amatchedwa oletsedwa? zomwe zimati ogwira ntchitowa alibe ufulu wogwira ntchito ndipo kudyetsa mabanja awo n'kulakwa ndipo akuyenera kusinthidwa."
Kaya Purezidenti Obama kapena Mlembi Napolitano anganene kuti amalanga olemba anzawo anzawo ntchito, mabwana omwe amagwirizana ndi kafukufukuyu akuwoneka kuti akuzemba zilango. ICE idawopseza kuti apereka ndalama kwa Dov Charney, mwini wake wa American Apparel, koma adachotsa chiwopsezocho. Zotsatira zake, ogwira ntchito omwe achotsedwa ntchito ndi omwe amalangidwa, chifukwa mabwanawa amathawa chindapusa kuti agwirizane.
Ndipo kulungamitsidwa kwa ogwira ntchito ovulaza kumawonekeranso mu ndondomeko yomwe idalengezedwa patsamba la White House, "chotsani zolimbikitsa kulowa mdziko muno mosaloledwa." Uku kunali kulungamitsidwa koyambirira kwa zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito mu 1986-ngati osamuka sangagwire ntchito, sabwera. Inde, anthu adabwera, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo Congress idadutsa IRCA, idayambanso kutsutsana NAFTA. Zimenezi zinatsimikizira kusamuka kwa mtsogolo. Popeza NAFTA idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1994, mamiliyoni a anthu aku Mexico akhala akuyendetsedwa ndi umphawi kudutsa malire. Mafunso enieni omwe tiyenera kufunsa ndi omwe amachotsa anthu ku Mexico, komanso chifukwa chake olemba ntchito aku US amadalira kwambiri antchito omwe amalandila malipiro ochepa.
Mosakayikira, palibe m'maboma a Obama kapena Bush, kapena oyang'anira Clinton pamaso pawo, akufuna kuletsa kusamukira ku United States kapena akuganiza kuti izi zitha kuchitika popanda zotsatirapo zoyipa. Mafakitale omwe amayang'ana kuti akagwire ntchito amadalira ntchito za anthu osamukira kumayiko ena kotero kuti angagwe popanda iwo. M'malo mwake, malamulo okhudza anthu olowa ndi kutuluka m'dziko ndi kukakamizika kumapangitsa osamukirawo kukhala "osaloledwa", ndikuchepetsa mtengo wantchito yawo. Kukakamiza ndi njira yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka anthu osamukira kumayiko ena ndikupangitsa kuti ntchito yawo ipezeke kwa owalemba ntchito pamtengo womwe akufuna kulipira.
Mu 1998, oyang'anira Clinton adakhazikitsa zilango zazikulu kwambiri mpaka pano, pomwe othandizira adasanthula mayina a antchito 24,310 m'mafakitale makumi anayi a Nebraska. Kenako adatumiza makalata kwa ogwira ntchito 4762, akunena kuti zikalata zawo zinali zoyipa, ndipo opitilira 3500 adakakamizidwa kusiya ntchito. A Mark Reed, omwe adatsogolera "Operation Vanguard," adanena kuti cholinga chake chinali kukakamiza Congress ndi magulu a olemba anzawo ntchito kuti athandizire malamulo ogwirira ntchito alendo. โTimadalira ntchito yakunja,โ iye anatero. "Ngati sitikhalanso ndi anthu olowa m'mayiko ena osaloledwa, tikhala ndi chithandizo cha ndale kwa ogwira ntchito alendo."
Kuwonjezedwa kwa ICE, kulimbikitsa kukakamira malire, komanso kulanga olemba anzawo ntchito sikunachepetse anthu osamukira ku United States osalembetsa. Kulephera kwa zoyesayesa zankhanzazi kuyenera kutiphunzitsa kanthu. Njira yokakamiza yokhayo yachititsa kuti anthu azivutika, kuwonjezereka kwa umphaลตi, ndi kupatukana kwa mabanja, pamene ogwira ntchito osalembedwa akupitirizabe kupita ku United States. Ili ndi vuto lomwe limafuna kuti timvetsetse chifukwa chake ogwira ntchito amabwera kuno ndikuthana ndi vutoli mwanzeru.
Kupanda chifundo kwa mkhalidwewo kumawonekera kwa ambiri. Monga momwe Tom Barry akunenera, "tikuwononga mabiliyoni a madola kunyumba zomwe zakhala nkhondo yolimbana ndi anthu othawa kwawo. Ndalama zachikole zomwe zimatsutsana ndi anthu othawa kwawo, kuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa ogwira ntchito, mabanja omwe akusweka chifukwa cha kuthamangitsidwa, ndende zodzaza ndi anthu komanso malo osungiramo anthu; kufa kumalire, makhothi odzaza ndi milandu yotuluka, komanso madera ogawanika - nawonso ndiambiri. "
Ndipo nyuzipepala ya New York Times ikudandaula kuti titatha kupyola nthawi ino ya "Great Immigration Panic," "tsiku lina, dzikolo lidzazindikira mtengo weniweni wa nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi anthu olowa mwalamulo. Sitikutanthauza madola, ngakhale izo zikuwonongedwa Mtengo weniweni ndi kuzindikirika kwa dziko: kudzimva kuti ndife ndani komanso zomwe timaona kuti ndife ofunika.Zidzatikhudza tikamatsatira malamulowa, tikayang'ana zomwe zachitidwa ndipo sitidzazindikiranso dziko lomwe lachita. izi."
Yakwana nthawi yoti tibwerere m'mbuyo ndikuzindikira kuti njira yolimbikitsira komanso yogwira ntchito alendo yalephera. Kuwonjezeka kwa zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito kumabweretsa zovuta kwa anzathu apaulendo omwe amangofunafuna mwayi wogwira ntchito kuti adyetse mabanja awo ndi malipiro atsiku limodzi. Ngakhale kuti zilango za olemba anzawo ntchito zakwera, tikupempherera kugwa kwake.
Kusamuka kosavomerezeka ndi chifukwa cha zinthu ndi zochitika zomwe sizingathe kulamulidwa ndi mantha, mfuti, ndi nkhondo. Nthawi yoti mukhale anzeru yafika; tiyenera kuyamba kulingalira njira zopangira zambiri pomvetsetsa mphamvu zomwe zikugwira ntchito.
Ndondomeko zathu zamakono zimatulutsa anthu othawa kwawo ku Mexico, kuwapanga kukhala olakwa akafika ku United States, ndipo amawaona ngati gwero la ntchito zotsika mtengo kwa olemba ntchito. Tiyenera kuwona anthu osamukira kudziko lina ngati anthu poyamba ndikukhazikitsa ndondomeko yotetezera ufulu wawo waumunthu ndi wantchito, pamodzi ndi anthu ena ogwira ntchito m'dziko lino. Kuchotsa zilango za olemba ntchito ndikofunikira kwambiri kutipangitsa kuti tifike mbali imeneyo.
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