July 28 ndi chikumbutso cha lO4th cha kubadwa kwa mtsogoleri wa ntchito Harry Bridges, mmodzi mwa atsogoleri akuluakulu a zaka zapitazo zamtundu uliwonse, womenyana ndi ufulu waumunthu wa tonsefe, munthu wa masomphenya odabwitsa, wolimba mtima, wodzipereka komanso luso la bungwe.
Bridges anali woyambitsa nawo komanso kwa zaka 40 pulezidenti wa mabungwe omwe akupita patsogolo komanso otchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi, San Francisco-based International Longshore and Warehouse Union.
Wamwalira zaka 15 tsopano. Koma ndimamuonabe, munthu watsitsi, waimvi, wamphuno ya kabawe ndi maso oboola abuluu akuyenda mopanda bata kuseri kwa malo ochezera a pamisonkhano ya ILWU, akugwedeza ndudu mwamantha, akupumira ndudu mosalekeza. Ndimamumva akuitana mamembala amgwirizano, oyera, akuda, Asiya, Latino, m'mawu omveka bwino a kwawo ku Australia, akulimbikitsa kutsutsana komanso kusagwirizana.
Milatho nthawi zambiri imakwiyitsa abwenzi ndi adani a ILWU. Anali wokwiya komanso wovuta. Koma mosakayikira anali mโmodzi mwa ogwirizana nawo ofunika kwambiri omwe anthu wamba akhala nawo.
Milatho inalibe mmenemo chifukwa cha ndalama. Anapuma pantchito mu 1977 ndi penshoni yapachaka ya $15,000 chabe, osapezapo ndalama zoposera $27,000 pachaka, zocheperapo kuposa zomwe akanapanga akadakhalabe wogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali. Bridges anali mmenemo chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chake chosasunthika cha "maudindo-ndi-mafayilo," monga adandiuza nthawi ina, mtolankhani wachinyamata wosadziwa komanso wofuna kudziwa - "wogwira ntchito molimba mtima, ndiye ndani! Mukumvetsa zimenezo?โ
Ndinamvetsa, potsiriza. Ndipo ngakhale ine ndi ena nthawi zina tinkakayikira malingaliro enieni a Bridges pa zomwe zimafunikira ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, palibe amene angakayikire kudzipereka kwake kodabwitsa, luso ndi kukhulupirika kwake.
โChinthu chachikulu pa dongosolo lotayirira la chikapitalist limeneli,โ anatero Bridges, โnโchakuti antchito amapanga chuma, koma eni ake, olemera, akulemerabe ndipo osauka amasauka kwambiri.โ
Choncho, ntchito yake ya moyo wonse inali yochotsa chuma cha anthu amene anali nacho nโkupita kwa amene anachilenga.
Bridges adayamba ntchitoyi mwachangu mu 1934, akutsogolera amzake am'mphepete mwa nyanja pachiwopsezo chomwe cholinga chake ndikupeza ufulu wogwirizana ndi eni zombo ku West Coast.
Wolemba mbiri ya Bridges, Charles Larrowe, anakumbukira kuti: "Eni zombowo anati ayi," anatero Charles Larrowe ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi, alonda ndi magulu ankhondo omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi apolisi omwe ankaganiza kuti ali patsogolo polimbana ndi kulanda chikomyunizimu. Kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa gombe, nyanjayo inasanduka bwalo lankhondo.โ
Anthu 10 aphedwa ndi zipolopolo za apolisi pa sitirakayi yomwe yatenga miyezi itatu.
Unali mtengo wokwera, koma pamapeto pake anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja adapeza zomwe adafuna - kuyimira bwino mgwirizano wamagulu komanso kutha kwa njira yodziwika bwino yogawira ntchito yomwe imadziwika kuti "shape-up." M'mbuyomu, ntchito zinali kugawanika ndi mabwana olemba ganyu, nthawi zambiri posinthanitsa ndi ziphuphu kuchokera kwa amuna omwe ankakhala pamzere pamadoko m'mawa uliwonse akudandaula kuti akufuna ntchito.
Kupambana kwawo kunapatsa anthu a mโmphepete mwa nyanja ufulu wofunika kwambiri woti akhale ndi ntchito zoperekedwa ndi munthu wosankhidwa kuti atumize bungwe la anthu mโholo yolembedwa ntchito yoyendetsedwa ndi mabungwe olembedwa ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito kasinthasintha wantchito imene imafalitsa ntchitoyo mofanana.
Patangotha โโzaka ziwiri chigonjetsochi, Lou Goldblatt, mtsogoleri wachinyamata wanzeru wa osungira katundu yemwe amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja pamadoko, adalowa nawo ku Bridges. Iwo adabweretsa magulu awiriwa kukhala mgwirizano umodzi wamphamvu pansi pa mbendera ya Congress of Industrial Organisations yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kumene, potsirizira pake kukulitsa ulamuliro wa ILWU kwa pafupifupi ogwira ntchito m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Pacific magombe a United States ndi Canada.
Bridges ndi Goldblatt adagwiritsa ntchito maziko awo amphamvu kuti athandizire kutsogozedwa ndi mabungwe ena a CIO omwe amafalitsa mgwirizano kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja kupita ku mafakitale ena osiyanasiyana kumadzulo kwa West panthawi yomwe olemba ntchito ankachitira antchito ngati chattel, kuwapatsa mwayi wochepa koma kuvomereza pafupi- malipiro a njala ndi china chilichonse chimene mabwanawa akufuna.
Zinalinso kampeni yodabwitsa yomwe idabweretsa chiwonetsero cha ILWU kwa ogwira ntchito ku Hawaii amitundu yosiyanasiyana - osati kwa omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso kwa omwe ali muulimi komanso pafupifupi mafakitale ena onse kuzilumbazi.
Kuyendetsa kumeneko kunasintha dziko la Hawaii kuchoka m'dera lolamulidwa ndi anthu ochepa chabe azachuma kukhala dziko lamakono lamakono, momwe anthu ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe awo amagwira ntchito yaikulu pazachuma ndi ndale.
Kwa ILWU, Bridges ndi Goldblatt adalemba malamulo oyendetsera mgwirizano omwe ndi apadera pakuwongolera komwe amapereka mamembala. Malamulo ambiri amgwirizano sapatsa mamembala mwayi wochepa kwambiri woti atha kulipira ngongole posinthanitsa ndi ntchito zoperekedwa ndi akuluakulu okhazikika amgwirizanowu. Koma malamulo a ILWU amatsimikizira kuti palibe chofunikira chomwe chingachitike popanda voti yachindunji.
Palibe amene angatenge udindo wa ILWU kupatulapo voti ya mamembala onse; palibe mgwirizano ndi owalemba ntchito womwe ungavomerezedwe pokhapokha voti ya mamembala onse; mgwirizano sungathe kutengapo mbali pa chilichonse popanda chilolezo cha umembala.
Zikomo kwambiri kwa Bridges, ILWU inalinso imodzi mwamagwirizano oyamba kuphatikizidwa mosamalitsa tsankho. Mgwirizanowu nthawi zonse wakhala mwina m'dzikomo kwambiri anthu odziwa mgwirizano. Monga momwe mbiri ya bungwe la ILWU imanenera molondola, โndilo limalankhula kwambiri pakati pa mabungwe a zamalonda pankhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe, ufulu wa anthu, ubwino wa anthu onse, ndi ubale wapadziko lonse, kuchotsera zida ndi mtendere.โ
Mgwirizanowu unatsutsa kwambiri zochita za akuluakulu a boma ndi ena omwe anayesa kukana ufulu wa malamulo kwa ambiri - Milatho inaphatikizapo
- powatchula kuti achikomyunizimu, kukhazikitsa zoyambira zofunika zomwe zimakulitsa ufulu wa anthu onse.
Bridges ndi omutsatira anakhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu akulimbana ndi zoyesayesa zomuthamangitsira ku Australia, ndipo pamapeto pake anapambana chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu lomwe linamuthandiza kukhala nzika ya United States mu 1945.
ILWU inali mdani wamkulu wa US ku Vietnam, ngakhale panthawi yomwe mabungwe ena ambiri adathandizira nawo mwachangu. Mgwirizanowu walankhulanso chimodzimodzi motsutsana ndi kuwukira ndi kulandidwa kwa Iraq komanso motsutsana ndi kuwukira kwa boma paufulu wa anthu m'dzina la anti-uchigawenga. Ndipo mamembala atsutsa maulamuliro opondereza akunja pokana kunyamula katundu wopita kapena kuchokera kumayiko awo.
Kufupi ndi kwathu, bungwe la ILWU linagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake zapenshoni kuti lipereke ndalama zomanga nyumba za lendi yaingโono pabwalo la St. Francis Square ku San Francisco, zomwe ndi chitsanzo chosowa kwambiri pa zimene bungweli limatcha โnyumba zogwirira ntchito limodzi, zotsika mtengo, zophatikizika.โ
Harry Bridges adatsogolera njira yopita ku izi ndi zina zambiri zomwe zidapindulira ambiri, ndikulimbikira nthawi zonse kuti mbiriyo siyenera kupita kwa iye, koma kuudindo wa mgwirizanowu, omwe "adachita ndewu, kukonza, kumenya."
Monga momwe nyuzipepala ina inanyoza Bridges monga munthu wowopsa kwambiri inati ponena za imfa yake, โIye anafunafuna zabwino koposa padziko lonse lapansi. Izi ndizabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake. โ
Copyright ยฉ 2005 Dick Meister, wolemba nkhani wodziyimira pawokha ku San Francisco yemwe wakhala akulemba nkhani zantchito kwazaka makumi anayi ngati mtolankhani komanso wofalitsa nkhani, mkonzi ndi wothirira ndemanga. ([imelo ndiotetezedwa], www.dickmeister.com).
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