"Wolamulira ndiye amene amasankha yekha," anatero katswiri woganiza bwino Carl Schmitt mu 1922, kutanthauza kuti mtsogoleri wa dziko akhoza kuphwanya lamulo kuti athandize ubwino waukulu. Ngakhale kuti ntchito ya Schmitt monga woweruza wamkulu wa Nazi Germany ndi kuthandizira kwake kosasunthika kwa Hitler kuyambira usiku wa mipeni yaitali mpaka ku Kristallnacht ndipo kupitirira kuwononga mbiri yake kwa zaka zambiri, lero malingaliro ake apindula kwambiri. M'malo mwake, apanga malingaliro a neo-conservative a pulezidenti omwe akhala akuphatikizana kuyambira pa 9/11. Zowonadi, Schmitt wakhudza ndale za ku America mwachindunji kudzera mwa katswiri wake wanzeru Leo Strauss yemwe, monga pulofesa wosamukira ku yunivesite ya Chicago, adaphunzitsa okonza mapulani a Bush ankhondo yaku Iraq Paul Wolfowitz ndi Abram Shulsky.
Zonsezo ziyenera kukhala zochititsa chidwi mokwanira kwa woganiza monyanyira, wakufa kalekale. Koma dictum ya Schmitt idakhalanso maziko anzeru pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zapadziko lonse zaku America mzaka za zana zomwe zidatsatira kutha kwa Cold War. Washington, kuposa mphamvu ina iliyonse, inapanga malamulo ndi mapangano amakono padziko lonse lapansi, komabe tsopano ili ndi ufulu wokana malamulo omwewo popanda chilango. Wolamulira wodziyimira payekha ayenera, adatero Schmitt, kutaya malamulo panthawi yadzidzidzi. Kotero United States, monga mphamvu yotsiriza ya pulanetili kapena, mโmawu a Schmitt, wolamulira wake wapadziko lonse, mโzaka zimenezi mobwerezabwereza yanyalanyaza malamulo a mayiko, kutsatira mโmalo mwake malamulo ake osalembedwa apamsewu ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za dziko.
Monga momwe wolamulira wa Schmitt adakonda kulamulira m'malo osatha popanda lamulo la Reich, Washington tsopano ili m'zaka khumi zachiwiri za Nkhondo Yachigawenga yomwe ikuwoneka ngati yosiyana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi: kumangidwa kosatha, kuphwanya malamulo. kupha, kuyang'anitsitsa kofala, kumenyedwa kwa ndege zoyendetsa ndege zosagwirizana ndi malire a mayiko, kuzunzidwa pofunidwa, komanso kusatetezedwa kwa zonsezi chifukwa chachinsinsi cha boma. Komabe, kupatula izi zambiri zaku America ndi ziwonetsero zapadziko lapansi zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira mobisa za dziko la America. Zopangidwa pamtengo wopitilira madola thililiyoni kuyambira pa 9/11, cholinga cha zida zazikuluzikuluzi ndikuwongolera dera lobisika lomwe likukhala bwalo lalikulu la mikangano yazandale mzaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi.
Imeneyi iyenera kukhala (koma kaลตirikaลตiri imaganiziridwa) njira yododometsa, yosokoneza kaamba ka dziko limene, koposa lina lirilonse, linakulitsa lingaliro la, ndi kulemba malamulo a, gulu lapadziko lonse la mayiko olamulidwa ndi lamulo. Pamsonkhano Woyamba wa Mtendere wa Hague ku 1899, nthumwi ya ku United States, Andrew Dickson White, yemwe anayambitsa yunivesite ya Cornell, adakakamiza kuti pakhale Khothi Losatha Loweruza milandu ndipo anakakamiza Andrew Carnegie kuti amange Nyumba Yamtendere ku The Hague monga nyumba yake. Pamsonkhano Wachiwiri wa ku Hague mu 1907, Mlembi wa Boma Elihu Root analimbikitsa kuti mikangano yapadziko lonse ithetsedwe ndi khoti la akatswiri oweruza milandu, lingaliro lomwe linazindikirika pamene Khoti Lachiweruzo la Chilungamo Chadziko Lonse linakhazikitsidwa mu 1920.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, a US adagwiritsa ntchito kupambana kwawo kuti athandize United Nations, kukankhira kuvomerezedwa kwa Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ndikuvomereza Misonkhano ya Geneva yothandizira anthu pankhondo. Ngati mutaya njira zina zochirikizidwa ndi America monga World Health Organisation, World Trade Organisation, ndi World Bank, muli ndi zida zonse zomwe timazitcha kuti "maiko apadziko lonse lapansi."
Kuphwanya Malamulo
Sikuti a US adangotenga gawo lofunikira polemba malamulo atsopano ammudziwo, koma nthawi yomweyo adayamba kuwaphwanya. Kupatula apo, ngakhale kukwera kwamphamvu kwina, Soviet Union, Washington panthawiyo inali yodzilamulira padziko lonse lapansi motero ikanatha kusankha chomwe chiyenera kukhala chosiyana ndi malamulo ake, makamaka pa mfundo yoyambira ya ulamuliro wapadziko lonse uwu: ulamuliro. Pamene idavutika kulamulira mayiko zana atsopano omwe adayamba kuwonekera nkhondo itangotha, aliyense adakhala ndi ulamuliro wosagonjetseka, Washington idafunikira njira yatsopano yowonetsera mphamvu kuposa zokambirana wamba kapena gulu lankhondo. Zotsatira zake, ntchito zobisika za CIA zidakhala njira yake yolowera m'dziko latsopano momwe simungathe kapena osalowererapo poyera.
Zina zonse zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri zimachokera ku lingaliro la America lolowa nawo kazitape wakale John Le Carrรฉ wotchedwa kuti โgulu lotayirira la zitsiru zopanda pake, oukiraโฆ omvetsa chisoni, ndi oledzera,โ ndipo amavomereza ukazitape mokulira pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa CIA mu 1947, United States inali yosalakwa kunja kwa dziko lanzeru. Pamene General John J. Pershing anatsogolera asilikali mamiliyoni awiri a ku America kupita ku Ulaya pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, a U.S. Ngakhale Washington idamanga zida zachitetezo chambiri panthawi yankhondoyo, idachepetsedwa mwachangu ndi osunga malamulo aku Republican m'ma 1920s. Kwa zaka zambiri, chidwi chodula kapena kukakamiza mabungwe achinsinsi oterowo adakhalabe osagwirizana, monga Purezidenti Harry Truman adathetsa omwe adatsogolera CIA, Ofesi ya Strategic Services (OSS), itangotha โโโโNkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kapena Purezidenti Jimmy Carter adathamangitsa ma 800 CIA obisala. pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Vietnam.
Komabe potengera ndikuyamba, malo obisika mkati mwa boma la US akula mobisa kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri mpaka pano. Zinayamba ndi kupangidwa kwa FBI mu 1908 ndi Military Intelligence mu 1917. Central Intelligence Agency inatsatira pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse pamodzi ndi mabungwe ambiri a zilembo omwe amapanga masiku ano. Bungwe la U.S. Intelligence, kuphatikiza National Security Agency (NSA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), ndipo chomaliza koma chocheperako, mu 2004, Ofesi ya Director of National Intelligence. Musalakwitse: pali mgwirizano womveka bwino pakati pa chinsinsi cha boma ndi malamulo - pamene wina akukula, winayo amachepa.
Wolamulira Wadziko Lonse
Kulowa kosasinthika kwa America kudziko lobisalali kudabwera pomwe Purezidenti Truman adatumiza CIA yake yatsopano kuti ikhale ndi chipwirikiti cha Soviet ku Europe. Iyi inali kontinenti yomwe inali yodzaza ndi akazitape a mikwingwirima iliyonse: achifashisti olephera, achikominisi ofunitsitsa, ndi chilichonse chapakati. Podziwitsidwa zaukazitape ndi "abale" ake aku Britain, CIA posakhalitsa idachita bwino mwa kukhazikitsa maubwenzi amtundu wa akazitape akale a chipani cha Nazi, othandizira achifasi ku Italy, ndi ntchito zambiri zachinsinsi zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Monga wolamulira watsopano wapadziko lonse lapansi, Washington idagwiritsa ntchito CIA kuti ikhazikitse zomwe zasankhidwa ku malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka pa mfundo yayikulu yaulamuliro. Pa nthawi yake iwiri, Purezidenti Dwight Eisenhower ovomerezeka Ntchito 104 zobisika m'makontinenti anayi, zomwe zidayang'ana kwambiri kulamulira mayiko ambiri atsopano omwe adatuluka muzaka mazana atsamunda. Kupatulapo kwa Eisenhower kumaphatikizapo kuphwanya ufulu wadziko monga kusandutsa kumpoto kwa Burma kukhala malo osafuna kuukira China, kulimbikitsa zigawenga zachigawo kuti zigawike Indonesia, ndikugwetsa maboma osankhidwa ku Guatemala ndi Iran. Podzafika nthawi yomwe Eisenhower adachoka paudindo wake mu 1961, ma ops anali atapeza zinsinsi zamphamvu kwambiri ku Washington kotero kuti Purezidenti John F. Kennedy adavomereza 163 mwa iwo zaka zitatu asanaphedwe.
Monga mkulu wa CIA yemwe adatumizidwa ku Near East kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, bungweli lidawona mtsogoleri aliyense wachisilamu yemwe sanali wogwirizana ndi America ngati "chandamale chovomerezeka ndi lamulo la ndale za CIA." Kugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi osati kwa Asilamu okha, mfundoyi idathandizira kutulutsa "reverse wave" pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi za demokalase kuyambira 1958 mpaka 1975, popeza zigawenga - zambiri zomwe zidavomerezedwa ndi US - zidalola asitikali kulanda mphamvu zambiri. maiko oposa khumi ndi atatu, akuimira gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a mayiko odzilamulira okha padziko lapansi.
"Kupatulapo" kwa White House kudapangitsanso malingaliro otsutsana kwambiri a US okhudza kuzunzidwa kuyambira zaka zoyambirira za Cold War kupita mtsogolo. Poyera, kutsutsa kwa Washington kuzunzidwa kunawonekera polimbikitsa bungwe la United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights ku 1948 ndi Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva ku 1949. Panthawi imodzimodziyo komanso mobisa, CIA inayamba kupanga njira zatsopano zozunzira anthu mosagwirizana ndi misonkhano yapadziko lonse yomweyi. Pambuyo pazaka khumi zakufufuza zowongolera malingaliro, CIA kwenikweni kodi njira yake yatsopano yozunzika m'maganizo m'buku lachidziwitso lachinsinsi, buku la "KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation", lomwe kenako linafalitsidwa mkati mwa U.S. Intelligence Community ndi ku mabungwe achitetezo ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuzunzika kwakukulu komwe kunakhala kofanana ndi nthawi ya ulamuliro waulamuliro ku Asia ndi Latin America m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970s zikuwoneka kuti zinachokera ku mapulogalamu a maphunziro a US omwe amapereka njira zamakono, zipangizo zamakono, ndi kuvomerezeka kwa makhalidwe abwino kwa mchitidwewu. Kuyambira 1962 mpaka 1974, CIA idagwira ntchito kudzera ku Office of Public Safety (OPS), gawo la U.S. Agency for International Development lomwe linatumiza alangizi apolisi aku America kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Yakhazikitsidwa ndi Purezidenti Kennedy mu 1962, m'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha OPS kukula kukhala ntchito yolimbana ndi chikominisi padziko lonse lapansi yokhala ndi alangizi apolisi aku US opitilira 400. Pofika mu 1971, inali itaphunzitsa apolisi oposa miliyoni imodzi mโmayiko 47, kuphatikizapo 85,000 ku South Vietnam ndi 100,000 ku Brazil.
Zobisika mkati mwa ntchito yayikuluyi ya OPS, Maphunziro a mafunso a CIA zinakhala zofanana ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, makamaka ku Iran, Philippines, South Vietnam, Brazil, ndi Uruguay. Amnesty International zolembedwa kuzunzidwa kofala, kaลตirikaลตiri ndi apolisi akumaloko, mโmaiko 24 mwa maiko 49 amene anali ndi magulu ophunzitsa apolisi a OPS. Potsata ozunza padziko lonse lapansi, Amnesty akuwoneka kuti akutsatira njira zophunzitsira za CIA. Chochititsa chidwi nโchakuti, chizunzo chinayamba kuchepa pamene Amereka anatembenukiranso kotheratu kutsutsana ndi mchitidwewo kumapeto kwa Cold War.
Nkhondo Yachigawenga
Ngakhale mphamvu za CIA pakupha, kulowererapo mobisa, kuyang'anira, ndi kuzunza zidachepetsedwa kumapeto kwa Cold War, zigawenga za Seputembara 2001 zidadzetsa kuchulukira kosaneneka kwa gulu la aluntha komanso kuyambiranso kofananako pazosiyana ndi akuluakulu. The War on Terror's chilakolako chofuna kudziwa zambiri zomwe zatulutsidwa, m'zaka zake khumi zoyambirira, zomwe Washington Post chizindikiro "Nthambi yachinayi" yowona ya boma la United States lomwe lili ndi akuluakulu achitetezo okwana 854,000, mabungwe achitetezo 263, mabungwe azamalamulo opitilira 3,000, ndi malo atsopano achitetezo 33 - onse amatulutsa malipoti anzeru okwana 50,000 pachaka pofika 2010.
Pofika nthawi imeneyo, m'modzi mwa mamembala atsopano a Intelligence Community, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, anali nazo kale Ogwira ntchito a 16,000, bajeti ya $ 5 biliyoni, ndi likulu lalikulu pafupifupi $ 2 biliyoni ku Fort Belvoir, Maryland - zonsezo zinali ndi cholinga chogwirizanitsa deta yowonongeka kuchokera ku drones, ndege za U-2 spy, Google Earth, ndi ma satellites ozungulira.
Malinga ndi zikalata whistleblower Edward Snowden zinawukhira kwa Washington Post, U.S watha $ 500 biliyoni pa mabungwe ake anzeru pazaka khumi ndi ziwiri pambuyo pa kuwukira kwa 9/11, kuphatikizapo Zopereka zapachaka mu 2012 za $ 11 biliyoni za National Security Agency (NSA) ndi $ 15 biliyoni za CIA. Ngati tiwonjezera $ 790 biliyoni ndalama pa Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo cha Kwawo mpaka $ 500 biliyoni yazanzeru zakunja, ndiye Washington adawononga pafupifupi $ 1.3 thililiyoni kuti apange dziko lachinsinsi mkati mwa dziko la kukula ndi mphamvu zomwe sizinachitikepo.
Pamene dziko lachinsinsili likuchulukirachulukira, wolamulira wapadziko lonse lapansi adaganiza kuti zopatula zina zapadera pa ufulu wa anthu kunyumba ndi ulamuliro wakunja zinali zoyenera. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinabwera ndi CIA yodziwikanso yozunza anthu omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi zigawenga komanso kukhazikitsa kwawo ndende zapadziko lonse lapansi, kapena "masamba akuda,โ kupitirira malire a khoti lililonse kapena akuluakulu azamalamulo. Pamodzi ndi piracy ndi ukapolo, kuthetsedwa kwa kuzunzika kwakhala nkhani yosainira kwa nthawi yayitali pankhani ya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Mfundo imeneyi inali yamphamvu kwambiri moti bungwe la U.N. General Assembly linavota mogwirizana mu 1984 kuti livomereze Mgwirizano Wotsutsa Chizunzo. Zikafika pakuvomereza, komabe, Washington idasokoneza nkhaniyi mpaka kumapeto kwa Cold War pomwe idayambiranso kulimbikitsa chilungamo chapadziko lonse, kutenga nawo gawo pa Msonkhano Wadziko Lonse wa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku Vienna mu 1993 ndipo, patapita chaka, kuvomereza. Msonkhano wa U.N. Wotsutsa Chizunzo.
Ngakhale zinali choncho, mfumuyo inaganiza zongosiyira dziko lake lokha. Patangotha โโchaka chimodzi Purezidenti Bill Clinton atasaina UN Convention, othandizira a CIA anayamba kukwatula okayikira zauchigawenga ku Balkan, ena mwa iwo nzika zaku Egypt, ndikuwatumiza ku Cairo, komwe boma lokonda kuzunzidwa limatha kuchita chilichonse chomwe lingafune kwa iwo m'ndende zake. Mtsogoleri wakale wa CIA George Tenet pambuyo pake anachitira umboni kuti, zaka zisanachitike 9/11, CIA idatumiza anthu ena a 70 kupita kumayiko akunja popanda kubweza - njira yotchedwa "kumasulira kwachilendo" yomwe idaletsedwa momveka bwino pansi pa Article 3 ya UN Convention.
Atangomaliza kulankhula kudziko lina logwedezeka pa September 11, 2001, Purezidenti George W. Bush analamula antchito ake kuti aziwazunza. kuwonjezera (m'chinenero cha anthu wamba cha mawu a Schmitt), "Sindikusamala zomwe maloya apadziko lonse akunena, tidzakankha bulu." Mwa mzimu uwu, White House idavomereza CIA kuti ipange ndende zachinsinsi zapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso ndende zachinsinsi zida za ndege kwa iwo omwe amawaganizira zauchigawenga, ndi a zopezera za ogwirizana omwe akanakhoza thandizani kulanda omwe akuganiziridwa kuchokera ku mayiko odziyimira pawokha ndikuwalowetsa mu a supranational gulag ya malo asanu ndi atatu akuda kuchokera ku Thailand kupita ku Poland kapena kulowa m'gulu lamtengo wapatali la dongosololi, Guantรกnamo, motero amalepheretsa malamulo ndi mapangano omwe adakhazikika pamalingaliro ozikidwa m'madera okhudzana ndi ulamuliro.
Kamodzi CIA chatsekedwa malo akuda mu 2008-2009, ogwira nawo ntchito mu gulag yapadziko lonseyi anayamba kumva mphamvu ya malamulo chifukwa cha milandu yawo yotsutsana ndi anthu. Mokakamizidwa ndi Council of Europe, Poland Adayamba Kufufuza kosalekeza kwa 2008 kwa apolisi ake omwe adathandizira ndende yachinsinsi ya CIA kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo. Mu Seputembala 2012, Khothi Lalikulu ku Italy lidatsimikizira kuti a 22 a CIA ali ndi mlandu chifukwa chopereka ukapolo ku Egypt Abu Omar kuchokera ku Milan kupita ku Cairo, ndipo adalamula kuti aimbidwe mlandu kwa mkulu wankhondo waku Italy pa milandu yoti adamuweruza mpaka zaka 10 mโndende. Mu 2012, Scotland Yard idatsegula kafukufuku wokhudza milandu ya MI6 omwe adapereka otsutsa aku Libya kundende za Colonel Gaddafi chifukwa chozunzidwa, ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri Khothi la Apilo. analoledwa ena mwa anthu a ku Libyan kuti akasumire mlandu wa MI6 chifukwa chobedwa komanso kuzunzidwa.
koma osati CIA. Ngakhale pambuyo pa Lipoti lachizunzo la Senate la 2014 zolembedwa za Agency kuzunzidwa mwankhanza mwatsatanetsatane, palibe kusuntha kwa zilango zaupandu kapena zachiwembu kwa awo omwe adalamula kuti azunze kapena omwe adachichita. Mu a mkonzi wamphamvu pa Disembala 21, 2014 New York Times adafunsa "ngati mtunduwu udzaimirira ndikulola ozunzawo kukhala ndi chitetezo chosatha." Yankho, ndithudi, linali inde. Kutetezedwa kwa aganyu ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zofunika kwambiri za olamulira.
Purezidenti Bush atamaliza nthawi yake yachiwiri mu 2008, kafukufuku wa International Commission of Jurists adapeza kuti kusonkhanitsa kwa CIA kwa mabungwe ogwirizana achitetezo padziko lonse lapansi kudawononga kwambiri malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. "Akuluakulu a boma ... asakayike pazovuta zilizonse kuti aletse anthu omwe akuphwanyidwa ufulu wa anthu ... kuti apeze chilungamo," bungwe la Commission. analimbikitsa pambuyo polemba za kuwonongeka kwa ufulu wa anthu mโmaiko 40. "Zinsinsi za boma ndi zoletsa zofananira siziyenera kulepheretsa ufulu wopeza chithandizo choyenera pakuphwanya ufulu wa anthu."
Zaka za Bush zidabweretsanso Washington kukana kowonekera kwambiri kwa malamulo. Pomwe Khothi Ladziko Lonse Lamilandu (ICC) lidakhazikitsidwa kumene ku The Hague mu 2002, Bush White House "osasainidwaโ kapena โanasainaโ pangano la U.N. lopanga khothi ndipo kenako anayesetsa kulimbikitsa ntchito zankhondo za U.S. kuchokera mโmalamulo ake. Uku kunali kudziwitsidwa kwapadera kwa dziko lomwe lidapereka lingaliro la khoti lapadziko lonse lapansi.
Mafumu Opanda Malire a Mfumu
Pomwe Purezidenti Eisenhower ndi Bush adasankha zosiyana zomwe zimaphwanya malire a mayiko ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, Purezidenti Obama akugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wake wapadera pamagawo opanda malire azamlengalenga ndi pa intaneti.
Onsewa ndi atsopano, osalamuliridwa ndi mikangano yankhondo mopitilira muyeso wa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndipo Washington imakhulupirira kuti itha kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati zowongolera za Archimedean kuti zilamulire padziko lonse lapansi. Monga momwe Britain idalamulirapo kuchokera kunyanja komanso pambuyo pa nkhondo ku America idafikira padziko lonse lapansi kudzera pamagetsi, Washington tsopano ikuwona zakuthambo ndi cyberpace ngati madera apadera olamulira mzaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi.
Pansi pa a Obama, ma drones akula kuchokera ku Band-Aid yanzeru ku Afghanistan kukhala chida champhamvu chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kuchokera ku 2009 mpaka 2015, CIA ndi US Air Force inatumiza zida za drone zoposa 200 Predators ndi Reapers, Kutsegula 413 ku Pakistan kokha, kupha anthu pafupifupi 3,800. Lachiwiri lililonse mkati mwa White House Situation Room, monga New York Times idanenedwa mu 2012, Purezidenti Obama ndemanga CIA drone "mndandanda wakupha" ndikuyang'ana nkhope za omwe akuwafuna zotheka kupha kuchokera mumlengalenga. Kenako amasankha, popanda ndondomeko iliyonse yalamulo, amene adzakhala ndi moyo ndi amene adzafa, ngakhale pa nkhani ya Nzika zaku America. Mosiyana ndi atsogoleri ena apadziko lonse lapansi, wolamulirayu amagwiritsa ntchito kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ku Middle East, madera ena a Africa, ndi kwina kulikonse ngati angafune.
Kupambana koopsa kumeneku ndikumapeto kwa projekiti yachinsinsi ya Pentagon yomwe, pofika 2020, idzatumiza โchishangoโ cha danga la denga la katatu kuchokera ku stratosphere kupita ku exosphere, yoyendetsedwa ndi ma drones a Global Hawk ndi X-37B okhala ndi zida zoponya zothamanga.
Pamene Washington ikufuna kupolisi padziko lapansi losakhazikika kuchokera kumwamba ndi mlengalenga, dziko likhoza kufunsa kuti: Kodi ulamuliro wadziko lililonse uli patali bwanji? Pambuyo pa kulephera kotsatizana kwa msonkhano wa ndege wa ku Paris wa 1910, Malamulo a Hague a Nkhondo ya Ndege ya 1923, ndi Geneva Protocol I wa 1977 kuti adziwe kukula kwa ndege zodziyimira pawokha kapena kuletsa nkhondo zapamlengalenga, loya wina wa Pentagon wopusa angayankhe kuti: mopitilira momwe mungathere.
Purezidenti Obama adatengeranso njira yayikulu yowunikira ya NSA ngati chida chokhazikika pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, kuwunika kotereku kumakwaniritsa njira zonse zodzitchinjiriza za Obama, zomwe zidalengezedwa mu 2012, zodula mphamvu wamba pomwe. kusunga Mphamvu yapadziko lonse ya U.S. kudzera mu kuthekera kwa "kampeni yophatikiza zida zankhondo m'magawo onse: pamtunda, mpweya, nyanja, mlengalenga, ndi cyberspace." Kuphatikiza apo, siziyenera kudabwitsa kuti, popeza adachita upainiya woyambitsa nkhondo pa intaneti, Purezidenti sanazengereze kutero. Kutuluka Nkhondo yoyamba yapaintaneti m'mbiri yolimbana ndi Iran.
Kumapeto kwa nthawi yoyamba ya Obama, NSA ikhoza kusesa mabiliyoni a mauthenga padziko lonse lapansi kudzera muzomangamanga zake zowoneka bwino. Izi zinaphatikizapo mazana a malo olowera kulowa kwa zingwe zapadziko lonse lapansi za fiber optic; zowonjezera kudzera mu ma protocol apadera ndi zolakwika za pulogalamu ya "backdoor"; makompyuta apamwamba kuti awononge kubisa kwa mtsinje wa digito uwu; ndi famu yayikulu ya data mkati Bluffdale, Utah, yomangidwa pamtengo wa $ 2 biliyoni kuti isunge yottabytes ya data purloined.
Ngakhale pambuyo okwiya a Silicon Valley akuluakulu amatsutsa kuti kuwunika kwa mapulogalamu a "backdoor" a NSA kuwopseza bizinesi yawo ya mabiliyoni ambiri, Obama. wotchedwa kuphatikiza kwa chidziwitso cha intaneti ndi makompyuta apamwamba "chida champhamvu." Iye anaumirira kuti, monga โdziko lokhalo lamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi,โ United States โsiingathe kuchotsera zida zathu zanzeru.โ M'mawu ena, wolamulirayo sangavomereze chilichonse chosiyana ndi zinthu zake zonse.
Zovumbulutsidwa kuchokera ku cache ya Edward Snowden ya zikalata zotayikira kumapeto kwa 2013 zikuwonetsa kuti NSA idayang'anira atsogoleri mโmaiko 122 padziko lonse, 35 mwa iwo kwambiri, kuphatikizapo pulezidenti wa Brazil Dilma Rousseff, pulezidenti wakale wa Mexico Felipe Calderon, ndi Chancellor waku Germany Angela Merkel. Pambuyo potsutsa mwamphamvu, Obama adavomera kuti Merkel asayang'anenso ndi NSA, koma anasungira ufulu, monga momwe ananenera, kuti apitirize "kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso za zolinga za maboma ... padziko lonse lapansi." Wayekha anakana kunena amene atsogoleri a dziko sangakhale okhululukidwa kwa iye wodziลตa zonse.
Kodi pangakhale funso lililonse loti, m'zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, Washington ipitiliza kuphwanya ulamuliro wadziko kudzera mwachinsinsi akale komanso kulowererapo kwapoyera, ngakhale ikulimbikitsa kukana misonkhano yapadziko lonse yomwe imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndege kapena mlengalenga kuti asasokonezedwe. kukakamiza kuyerekeza, kulikonse, nthawi iliyonse? Malamulo omwe alipo kapena mapangano omwe mwa njira iliyonse amawunika mphamvuyi adzaphwanyidwa pamene wolamulira asankha. Awa ndi malamulo osalembedwa a misewu ya dziko lathu lapansi. Iwo amaimira American wapadera wapadera.
Alfred W. McCoy ndi pulofesa wa mbiri yakale pa yunivesite ya Wisconsin-Madison. A TomDispatch zonse, ndiye mlembi wa Kuzunzidwa & Kupanda Chilango: Chiphunzitso cha U.S. cha Mafunso Okakamiza, mwa ntchito zina.
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